METAL AND NON METALS

# ELEMENT

Definition

An element is a pure substance which is made up of same kind of atom which differs from their
physical and chemical properties.

 117 elements are known under which 92 are naturally occurring.

Classification of elements

 Elements can be classified into 3 types

• Metals
• Non metals
• Metalloids

CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS

METALS METALLOIDS NON METALS

silicon,
germanium,
arsenic
COMBINED
FREE STATE STATE COMBINED
FREE STATE
STATE
GOLD NA, K, Ca
in the form of catbonate
, oxides, sulphide Oxygen, Nitrogen, sulphur, Sulphur and carbon in
SILVER
Carbon in the form of the form of oxides,
graphite, diamond. carbonates , sulphides
PLATINUM
 Some abundant elements
• Aluminium(most)
• Iron

 Most abundant non metal

• Oxygen

 Less reactive metal

• Gold
• Silver
• Platinum
 Most reactive metals
• Sodium
• Potassium
• Calcium
  Non metal existing in free(native) and combined state
• Sulphur
• Carbon

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MINERAL AND ORE

Mineral ore
A mineral is a naturally occurring Ore is a mineral from which one or
inorganic substance found deep inside more metals can be extracted
the earth surface economically and profitably.

Examples of ore

 Ore of Iron – Hematite ( Fe2O3) ; Magnetite( Fe3O4)

 Ore of aluminium – Bauxite( Al2O3.H2O) ; Cryolite (Na3AlF6)

METALLURGY

DEFINITION

Sequence of processes to extract a metal in its pure form from its ore is called
metallurgy.

STEPS OF METALLURGY

STEP 1 STEP 2
CONCENTRATION REDUCTION
OF ORE

METALLURGY

STEP 3
REFINING OF METAL
• CONCENTRATION OF ORE
It is the process of removal of impurities from its ore.
• REDUCTION
It is the process of the reduction of the metal ire to get the metal in its free state.
• REFINING OF METAL
• The metal obtained in the second step is impure. Refining is the process of
purification of metal.
 Physical properties

Property Metal Non metal

Physical state Are generally solids except Occur in

mercury(liquid state) • Solids- carbon,
sulphur, phosphorous.
• Liquid- bromine
• Gas- oxygen, nitrogen
Lusture Have shiny appearance Dull appearance
Exception
• Graphite
• Iodine
Melting & Boiling point High mp.pt and bp.pt Low mp.pt & bp.pt
Exception
Cesium has mp.pt of Exception
28.70c Carbon has high mp.pt of
37230c
Hardness Very hard & can withstand Soft
high pressure.
Exception Exception
Na & K are soft and can be Diamond, hardest known
easily cut by knife. substance.
Density High Low

Ductility Metals are ductile Non ductile.

Ductility is defined as the

property of metals to be
drawn into thin wires.

Most ductile metals

Gold & silver.

Malleability Metals are malleable Non ductile

Malleability is defined as the

property of metals to be
drawn into thin sheets on
hammering.
Most malleable
Gold and silver
Conductivity Property of metals that Bad conductor of heat
• Thermal allows conduction of heat Exception
conductivity from one region to another.
Graphite

• Electrical Property of metals that

conductivity allows conduction of Bad conductors of current
electricity from one region to
another. Exception
 Graphite(form of carbon)

Exception

Lead and mercury are bad

conductors

Tensile strength Metals have high tensile Do not have tensile strength
strength.

Property of metals due to

which it can bear a lot of
strain without breaking is
called tensile strength.

Sonorosity Metals are sonorous. NON SONOROUS

Property of metals to
produce a ringing sound
when struck is called
Sonorosity.

METALLOIDS
There are some metals which show some properties of a metals and non metals. Such
elements are called metalloids.

Examples: ARSENIC, GERMANIUM, SILICON

Test yourself
Q Name the metals that are found to occur in the Free State.
Q Name the ores of the following metal: Aluminum and Iron
Q Name the two forms of free carbon that occur in the earth crust.
Q Define the following terms: Malleability, ductility, Sonorosity, Tensile strength.
Q Give reasons: Copper is used in making boilers
Copper is used in making wire nets.
Metals are used for making temple bells.
Q In the given figure, will the bulb glow? Support your answer with reason

NOBLE
Mercury

NOBLE METALS

Definition

Those metals that have least reactivity and do not react with air, water, acids and bases
are referred to as noble metals.
Two noble metals are: GOLD, PLATINUM

Q Why noble metals do not get tarnished?

Q silver jewellery when kept in open gets tarnished after some time. Why?

Q Why metals get tarnish after some time when left exposed in air?
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 Pure gold is soft and its purity is measured in units called CARATS. If gold is
22 carats pure, it means that 22 parts of gold are present in 24 parts of mixture of
gold with copper and silver.
 Copper and silver are added to make pure gold hard.

Q why gold is alloyed with silver and copper?

Q Calculate the purity of gold in 18 carats of gold

USES OF METALS.
 ALUMINIUM

USE PROPERTY
In electrical cables • Good conductor
• Ductile (can be drawn into thin
wires.)
In making cooking utensils • Good conductor of electricity.
Making aluminum foils • Malleable(can be beaten into
thin sheets on hammering)
• Good conductor of heat
To make alloys like duralumin(for • Light and strong
making aircraft)

 COPPER

USE PROPERTY
In electrical cables • Good conductor
• Ductile (can be drawn into thin
wires.)
In making cooking utensils • Good conductor of electricity.

# GENERAL USES OF METALS

 For making electrical fittings, net doors, wires as metals are ductile.

 Gold, silver, platinum are used for making jewellery because of its lusture,
ductility and malleability.

 Are used for making bells, because of the property of sonorosity, which
gives ringing sound when struck.

 Iron is used for making cooking utensils, water boilers, and chains because of
its strength, malleability, ductility and versatility.

 Platinum is used in dentistry as it is ductile and least reactive.

 Gold and silver is used for high precision electrical contacts in computer as it
highly ductile and good conductor of electricity

# ALLOYS

DEFINITION

An alloy is a homogenous mixture of metal and a metal or a metal and a non

metal.

Advantage of alloy over metal

⇒ Alloys are corrosion resistant. For eg Iron when mixed with chromium and nickel
forms stainless steel this is corrosion resistant.

⇒ Alloys are hard and have strength. For eg pure gold is soft but when mixed with
copper or silver becomes hard.

⇒ Alloys are chemically resistant.

⇒ Have low melting point. For eg SOLDER alloy of lead and tin have low melting
point than the metal.
SEE TABLE 3 FROM PAGE NO 40

Uses of Non Metals

Nitrogen • For making fertilizers

• Help in making proteins.

Phosphorous • In match industry

• As fertilizers
Iodine • As antiseptic
Sulphur • In fire crackers
• In making gun powder
• In preparation of sulphuric acid.

Oxygen • For survival

Carbon • Used for making jewellery in the form diamond.

• Diamond is used for cutting and grinding tool.
• Graphite is used for making batteries
• Graphite is used in pencils.

Test yourself

Q What is an alloy?
Q Why alloy is generally preferred over metals?
Q Complete the table:

Use Name of the alloy composition

In making surgical
instruments

For making permanent

magnets

For making coins and

medals.

Q Name two alloys of each:

a) Copper
b) Iron

Q Identify the element:

a) The element ‘X’ is used in making of machine parts. It is malleable, ductile and has
high tensile strength.

b) Also give one alloy of the above element.