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Lesson 1 (Physics)
Lesson 1 (Physics)
DIVISION OF SCIENCE
Mathematics
⮚ Arithmetic
⮚ Plane and Analytic Geometry
⮚ Statistics
⮚ Algebra
⮚ Trigonometry
⮚ Differential and Integral Calculus
⮚ Differential Equation
Logic
⮚ Inductive
⮚ Deductive
Physical Science
⮚ Physics
⮚ Geology
⮚ Astronomy
⮚ Chemistry
⮚ Meteorology
Life Science
⮚ Anatomy
⮚ Physiology
⮚ Microbiology
⮚ Pathology
Social Science
⮚ Sociology
⮚ Psychology
⮚ Political Science
⮚ Economics
⮚ Anthropology
Page 1 of 25
PHYSICS
Wave
⮚ Acoustic “sound”
⮚ Optics “light”
Electromagnetism
⮚ Electricity
⮚ Magnetism
Mechanics
⮚ Motion
Life Physics
Thermodynamics
⮚ Heat
⮚ Fluid
Atomic Physics
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
⮚ All non-zero digits are significant.
Ex. numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9
⮚ Zeros to the right of a non-zero digits in unexpressed decimal point are not
significant
Ex. 200 - 1
⮚ Zeros at the right of a non-zero digit in an express decimal point are significant.
Ex. 200.0 – 4
⮚ Zeros at left of a non-zero digit but to the right of a decimal point are not
significant.
Ex. 0.01 – 1
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Rounding Off
⮚ When the number to be rounded off is less than 5 change that number to zero “0”
to retain the preceding number.
Ex. 12.34 – 12
⮚ When the number to be rounded off is greater than or equivalent to 5 change that
number to zero “0” and add one to the preceding number.
Ex. 98.76 – 99
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
⮚ It simplifies the writing, reading and computation of very large and small number
thereby decreasing the risk of errors.
Exponential
⮚ Uses the power of ten
Writing as: N=ax 10b
Where:
N = any given number
a = number having single non-zero digit to the left of a decimal point and
two decimal places.
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Operational Definitions = Definitions that gives of procedure of measuring the quantity.
1. Algebraic Methods
⮚ Solving an unknown of a given operation
⮚ Trigonometric functions and law
⮚ Analytical method – interprets through graphs
International System of Units = the modernized version of the metric system which
includes the base quantities and derived quantities
Meter (m) = the SI unit for length, 1/10,000,000 of the distance from the North Pole to
the Equator along the meridian running through Paris
Kilogram (kg) = The SI unit of mass, specific volume of water but is now referenced to a
specific material standard The mass of a cylinder of a platinum, iridium, alloy, kept at the
international Bureau of Weights and Measurements in Paris, France
Second (s) = the SI unit of time, time required for cesium 133/133 CS to undergo
9192631770 vibration
MKS System = meter-kilogram-second
Page 4 of 25
Dimensional Analysis = a procedure by which the dimensional consistency of any
equation may be checked
Measured Number = obtained from measurement processes and so generally have some
degree of uncertainty or error
Important Equations:
Density
ρ = m/V
Where:ρ = density
m = mass
V = volume
PREFIXES
21
Zetta x 10 Zepto x 10-21
Exa x 1018 Atto x 10-18
Peta x 1015 Femto x 10-15
Tera x 1012 Meter/Gram/Liter/Pascal Pico x 10-12
Giga x 109 x 100 Nano x 10-9
Mega x 106 Micro x 10-6
Kilo x 103 Milli x 10-3
Hecto x 102 Centi x 10-2
Deca x 101 Deci x 10-1
1m = 100 cm 1 kg = 2.2 lb
1m = 3.28 ft 1 hr = 60 min
1in = 2.54 cm 1 min = 60 sec
1ft = 12 in 1 mL = 1 cc
1 yd = 3 ft 1L = 1000 ml
1 mi = 5280 ft 1 kips = 1000 lbs
1 mi = 1.609 km
1 km = 0.62 mi
100 212
Page 5 of 25
o o
C F
1 32
9
° F= ° C +32
5
5
° C= ( ° F−32 )
9
100 C 5 C
= , =
180 F−32 9 F−32
K = 273 + oC
R = 460 + oF
Example 1:
1. 40 km/hr → ft/sec =
40 km 1000 m 3.28 ft 1 hr
x x x =36.44 ft /s
hr 1km 1m 3600 s
2. 500g → lbs
1 kg 2.2 lbs
500 g x x =1.1lbs
1000 g 1 kg
3. 5 ft 5 in → m
1 ft
5∈x
12∈¿=0.42 ft ¿
1m
5.42 ft x =1.65 m
3.28 ft
4. 4000 mi → km
1 km
4000 mi x =6,451.61km
0.62 mi
1.609 km
4000 mi x =6,436 km
1mi
5280 ft 1m 1 km
4000 mi x x x =6,439.02 km
1 mi 3.28 ft 1000 m
Page 6 of 25
1,000 kg
1 metric ton x =1000 kg
1 metric ton
N = +Y
W = -x E = +x
S = -y
Note: The direction will just be represented at the angle from any two of the fixed axes
which the vector is enclosed.
Resolution of Vectors
- Graphical Method
Resultant Vectors
- It is a vector whose effect is the same as all the component vectors put
together.
Page 7 of 25
F2 = 20 N due E
Scale 10 N = 1 cm
F1 = 10N/10 = 1cm
F2 = 20 N/10 = 2cm
R = 3cm due E
R = 30N, due E
F1 = 40N due E
F2 = 60N due W
Case III: Two or more force acting on an object perpendicular to each other.
F1 = 30N due E
Page 8 of 25
F2 = 40N due S
F1 = 40N due E
F2 = 40N due E
F3 = 40N NE
Ex.
F1 = 50N 50o E of S = 50N, S50E
F2 = 50N 30o W of N=50N, N30W
Page 9 of 25
Scale: 20N = 1cm
F1 = 50N/20N = 2.5cm
F2 = 50N/20N = 2.5cm
R = 0.95cm, N48oE
R = 19N,
ANALYTICAL METHODS
F1 = 10 N due E
F2 = 30 N due E
R = 40 N due E
Case II: You just subtract and follow the directions of greater value.
F1 = 40N due E
F2 = 60N due W
R = 20N due W
R=√ ❑
Fx −1 30
θ=tan
−1
Fy ( )
=tan ( )
40
= S 36.8 E
= 36.87 E of S
Case IV: Construct a Cartesian plane without a need of a scale, plot the given vectors in
the Cartesian plane and use component method or sine and cosine law.
Ex.1
Page 10 of 25
F1 = 50N 50oE of S
F2 = 50N 30o W of N
50N
50 20 30
50N
40
R=√ ❑
= 17.36 N
Solution:
F x : 50 sin sin 50=38.30=+38.30 F y: 50 cos cos 50=32.14=−32.14
50 sin sin 30=25=−25 50 cos cos 30=43.30=+43.30
R=√ ❑
13.3
θ= (
11.16 )
=N 50 ° E
Page 11 of 25
Inclined Axis
F1 = 50#,1:2
F2 = 100#, 3:1 y : x = rise is to run
F3 = 155#, 3:2
100#
3 50#
1
2
2 3 1
155#
Forces # Fx Fy
50 2
50 ( )
√❑
50 ( −1
√❑ )
100 1 3
100 ( )
√❑
100 (
√❑ )
155 −2 3
155 ( )
√❑
155 (
√❑ )
-9.63 +201.48
R=√ ❑
9.63
θ=tan −1 ( 201.48 )=N 2.74 ° W
3 DIMENSIONAL
Components:
F x =F m x , F y =F m y , F z=F m z , F=F m d
F 2=F2x + F 2y + F 2z
d 2=x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , d= √❑
Slope:
Page 12 of 25
F x F y F z Fm
= = =
x y z d
Direction:
Fx Fy Fz
cos θ x = , cos θ y = , cos θ z=
F F F
Given:
x=3
y=4
z=5
F = 100#
Solution:
d 2=x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , d= √ ❑
d= √ ❑
F 100
F m= =
d 5 √❑
F x =F m x =3 (10 √❑ )
F y =F m y =4 ( 10 √❑ )
F z =F m z=5 ( 10 √ ❑ )
Fx F 42.43
cos θ x =
F ( )
; θ x =cos−1 x =cos−1
F 100( =64.89 ° )
Fy F 56.57
cos θ y =
F ( )
; θ y =cos−1 y =cos−1
F 100 (=55.55 ° )
Fz F 70.71
cos θ z =
F ( )
; θz =cos−1 z =cos−1
F 100 (=45.00° )
Coordinate = head - tail
x = right or left
y = upward or downward
z = forward or backward
Example:
Page 13 of 25
From (0, 12, 0)
P = 280# → (-4, 0, 6)
F = 210# → (6, 0, 4)
T = 260# → (-4, 0, -3)
Required:
a. Resultant
b. Components
c. Directions.
Y
Solution:
force x y z d fm fx fy fz
280 -4 -12 6 14 20 -80 -240 120
260 -4 -12 -3 13 20 -80 -240 -60
210 6 -12 4 14 15 90 -180 60
❑
-70 -660 120
∑
❑
❑
θ 84.04 11.89 79.75
R=√ ❑
Fx F 70
cos θ x =
F ( )
; θ x =cos−1 x =cos−1
F (
674.46)=84.04 °
Fy F 660
cos θ y =
F ( )
; θ y =cos−1 y =cos−1
F (
674.46 )
=11.89 °
Page 14 of 25
Fz F 120
cos θ z =
F ( ) F (
; θz =cos−1 z =cos−1
674.46)=79.75°
Unit Vectors = A unit vector is vector with magnitude of unit. Its purpose is only to show
direction in space.
A = Axi + Ayj
B = Bxi + Byj
C=A+B
= (Axi + Ayj) + (Bxi + Byj)
= (Ax + Bx)i + (Ay + By)j
C = Cxi + Cyj
Let D = A – B
= (Axi + Ayj) – (Bxi + Byj)
= (Ax - Bx)i + (Ay – By)j
D = Dxi + Dyj
Page 15 of 25
Mag of D = Dx2 + Dy2
Products of Vectors
I. Scalar Product (Dot Product)
A.B = AB Cos ∅
Cos 0 = 1
A.B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz
A x B = AB sin ∅
AxB Ax Bx i Ax Bx
Ay By j Ay By
Az Bz k Az Bz
AxB= (Ay Bz – Az By)i + (Az Bx – Ax Bz – Ax Bz) jt
(Ax By – Ay Bx) k
Page 16 of 25
Example:
A=−i+ 2 j – 5 k
B=2 i+ 3 j – 2 k
Mag of A
A=√ ❑
Mag of B
B= √❑
C= A+ B
C=i+5 j – 7 k
Mag of C
C=√ ❑
D= A−B
D=−3i – 1 j – 3 k
Mag of D
D= √ ❑
Dot Product
Cross Product =
−1 2i 23 j−5−2 k −1 22 3−5−2 = (-3k – 10j – 4i) – (-15i + 2j + 4k)
Mag of AxB= √❑
A · B = ABθ
14
¿( )
√❑
A x B = ABSinθ
θ= √❑
( )
❑
Name:
Course/Year/Section:
Page 17 of 25
A. Count the number of significant figures and place the answer before the number and
transform the following to Scientific Notation
1. 0.000567 –
2. 6705001 –
3. 0.00090350 –
4. 84.650 –
5. 0.01425001 –
1. 78.8 in to m
2. 1.53 m to ft
3. 1.8 lbs to kg
4. 9500 mg to kg
6. 2.4g to cg
Page 18 of 25
7. 45.2 oC to oF
8. 77 oF to C
9. 20 mi/hr to m/s
10. 1120 oF to oK
11. 97.75 oK to C
12. -1 oC to K
13. 87.9 oF to C
15. 5oF to R
Page 19 of 25
Analytical
Forces Direction Fx Fy
R=
2. F1 = 157# 46 E of S
F2 = 175# 56 E of N
Page 20 of 25
Analytical
Forces Direction Fx Fy
R=
3. F1 = 155, N 68o E
F2 = 196N, N 72 W
Page 21 of 25
Analytical
Forces Direction Fx Fy
R=
4. F1 = 70N due W
F2 = 150N due N
F3 = 20N due E
Page 22 of 25
F4 = 30N due S
Analytical
Forces Direction Fx Fy
R=
E.
From (3,6,-1)
Page 23 of 25
A 100KN(-5,0,4)
To B 200KN(4,0,-5)
C 300KN(2,0,1)
Y
Force x y z d fm fx fy fz
R=
F.
A = -3i + 5j – 6k
B = 7i + 8j – 3k
Page 24 of 25
Mag of A
A=
Mag of B
B=
C=
Mag of C
C=
D=
Mag of D
D=
Dot Product
A.B =
Cross Product
AXB =
Mag of AXB =
θ=
θ=¿
Page 25 of 25