Revised Manuscript 1-05-2020 1

ORGANIC FERTILIZER FROM Chorchorus olitaris STEM AND ITS EFFECT ON
MITOTIC ACTIVITY ON ROOTS AND SHOOT SYSTEM OF Oryza sativa (NSIC

Rc 222)
A. M. GARCIA , A. M. B. CRUZ , E. C. S. SANTIAGO

GRADE: X - QUISUMBING
CATEGORY: Life Science
SUBCATEGORY: Botany
SCHOOL: Honorato C. Perez Sr. Memorial Science High School
SCHOOL ADDRESS: Mabini Extension, Cabanatuan City, N.E.
CONTACT INFORMATION: 09663313521, 09325263275, 09152195362
ABSTRACT
Organic fertilizer from Chorchorus olitaris or Saluyot targeted to find an low cost alternative source
of fertilizer for local farmers that lack source of production to increase the yield of Rc 222 breed of rice.
Mitotic Activity was seen on various rice seedlings and treatments. Meanwhile, moderate amount of organic
fertilizer had the best cell division among the treatments.
This experiment had major procedures. Firstly, Bio-fertilizer production out of saluyot stem.
Secondly, planting of Rc 222 rice. Thirdly, measurement of stem length and number of roots and lastly,
microscopy. By using ANOVA, the number of roots and the length of stem is both significant with a p-value
below 0.1 and the number of stem is not significant with its p-value above 0.1.
The gathered seedling were exposed in 5 treatments; low, moderate, high amount of C. olitaris,
positive and environmental control was measured based on its growth. In the number of roots, moderate
amount was the highest with an average of 84 roots. For stem length, the highest is 33.33cm with positive
control, but it is comparable to moderate amount with 33.08cm. Lastly, for the number of stems, low amount
was the highest with an average of 9 pieces.
Arriving at a conclusion that the mitotic activity was seen and observed best on moderate amount as
its cell wall indicates that it is on the telophase stage, were cells are rapidly dividing, thus it is proven to use
moderate amount in rice production.
INTRODUCTION capital and the opportunity to have disease and

pest-resistant rice variety (Businessmirror, 2016)
Philippines is known as an agricultural
country, besides almost half of the population As an agricultural country, Filipinos tend
belongs to farming or agricultural sector. In region to grow their own gardens containing fresh fruits
3, being the rice granary depends livelihood mostly and vegetables, furthermore food waste is relevant
through farming. However, many typhoons hit the in every household. To eliminate wastes, it can be
area yearly that damage the crop. One solution is to transformed into organic fertilizers that help crops
plant hybrid rice like Rc 222 which can withstand grow naturally without using fertilizers with
typhoons. However, it has lesser yields than other chemicals that could possibly kill the plants.
hybrid rice like SL8H.
Organic fertilizers are fertilizers derived
According to Gutierez of Philippine Rice from animal matter, animal excreta
Research Institute Rc 222 is highly resistant to (manure), human excreta, and vegetable
disease and pests. However, it requires higher matter (e.g. compost and crop residues).Naturally
amount of fertilizers in order to have greater yield. occurring organic fertilizers include animal wastes
Thus, higher capital is also needed for this kind of from meat processing, peat, manure, slurry,
rice variety. Therefore, organic fertilizer might be a and guano. In contrast, the majority of fertilizers
better solution to resolve the needs for higher used in commercial farming are extracted from
Rc 222)

SUBCATEGORY: Botany
minerals (e.g., phosphate rock) or produced benefits. The researchers are certain of its superior
industrially (e.g., ammonia). benefits. It’s better than any age defying cream.
Organic agriculture, a system of farming, allows Jute leaves contain almost all of the nutrients
for certain fertilizers and amendments and needed by humans. But, the most important
disallows others; that is also distinct from this benefit is their high antioxidant property, primarily
topic. in the form of Vitamin E. These antioxidants
combine with free radicals that cause problems like
Every year, millions of metric tons of arthritis, hardening of arteries, heart and kidney
fertilizers must be produced to meet the world’s ailments. (Hendricksen, R.; Minson, D. J., 2009)
growing need for food. The fertilizer industry tries Among the many benefits, saluyot contains:
to match its production with this need. If the Vitamin A, which aids in repairing the body’s cells
industry does not do so, severe food shortages and improves eyesight. Vitamin C or ascorbic acid,
might result. (The World Book Encyclopedia which improves blood circulation and helps lower
Volume 7) the risk of cataracts and other eye disorders.
Vitamin E, which slows down the aches and pains
Processed organic fertilizers associated with aging, holds infertility at bay and
include compost, humic acid, amino acids, increases stamina. A high percentage of calcium,
and seaweed extracts. Other examples are natural which contributes to strong teeth and bones.
enzyme-digested proteins. Decomposing crop
residue (green manure) from prior years is another Chorchorus olitaris is a genus of about
source of fertility. Other ARS studies have found 40–100 species of flowering plants in the
that algae used to capture nitrogen and phosphorus family Malvaceae, native to tropical and
runoff from agricultural fields can not only prevent subtropical regions throughout the world.
water contamination of these nutrients, but also can Different common names are used in different
be used as an organic fertilizer. ARS scientists contexts, with jute applying to the fiber produced
originally developed the "algal turf scrubber" to from the plant, and mallow-leaves for the leaves
reduce nutrient runoff and increase quality of water used as a vegetable. The genus Chorchorus is
flowing into streams, rivers, and lakes. They found classified under the subfamily Grewioideae of the
that this nutrient-rich algae, once dried, can be family Malvaceae. It contains around 40 to 100
applied to cucumber and corn seedlings and result species. The genus Oceanopapaver, previously of
in growth comparable to that seen using synthetic uncertain placement, has recently
fertilizers. (Dittmar, 2009) been synonymized under Corchorus. The name
was established by Guillaumin in 1932 for the
According to the Philippine Textile single specie Oceanopapaver neocaledonicum
Research Institute (PTRI) has developed new sets Guillaumin from New Caledonia. The genus has
of earth-friendly, fiber-blended yarns from been classified in a number of different families
polyester and stems of saluyot (Chorchorus including Capparaceae, Cistaceae, Papaveraceae,
olitoris.), being a rich source of natural fibers. and Tiliaceae. The putative family name
Every time a crop is grown and harvested, nutrients "Oceanopapaveraceae" has occasionally appeared
are taken from the soil—and those nutrients must in print and on the web but is a nomen nudum and
be replaced in order to continue producing food, has never been validly published nor recognized by
feed, fuel and fiber crops, providing the nutrients any system of plant taxonomy (Stewart Robert
plants need for growth. Hinsley, 2011).
According to Department of Agriculture, The plant (though the exact part used is
saluyot or jute has the following anti-aging not stipulated) is anticholesterolemic, antidote (to
Rc 222)

SUBCATEGORY: Botany
most forms of poison), antivinous, carminative, 1.b high amount;
hypoglycaemic. Prolongs coagulation time. It is 1.c moderate amount; and
used in the treatment of cholera, vomiting, 1.d low amount of Chorchorus
diarrhea, leucorrhoea, gonorrhea, alcoholic olitaris stem?
intoxication and globefish poisoning. The leaves
are antidote, cardiac, emmenagogue and 3. Is there a significant difference between
stomachic. They are used to accelerate childbirth, number of roots, number of stem and length of
to treat stomach troubles and tonsillitis. They are stem on Rc-222 Rice when treated with different
combined with the leaves of other plants and taken amount of Chorchorus olitaris organic fertilizers
in a decoction to treat heart problems. They are and control groups?
crushed and sniffed to cure headache. The green
leaves, crushed in vinegar, have been used to treat 4. How may the mitotic activity on root
snakebites. The flowers are antivinous, alexiteric and shoot meristematic region and shoot of Rc 222
and carminative. The stem is used in the treatment rice be described when treated with:
of cholera. The juice from the pods is used to treat 2.a control (commercial
inflamed ears and throats. fertilizer),
2.b high amount;
The hybrid rice in order to gain higher 2.c moderate amount; and
yields required the use of fertilizers which most of 2.d low amount of Chorchorus
the farmers cannot afford. Therefore, this study is olitaris stem?
attempt to find alternative source of organic
fertilizer that may cause rapid cellular division on
both roots and shoot system of the rice. This study Hypothesis
was an attempt to utilize the generalist plant
Chorchorus olitaris in making organic fertilizer Based on the stated problems the null
that will enhance further the yields of Rc 222 rice. hypothesis below was derived:
Statement of the Problem There is no significant difference between

number of roots, number of stem and length of
This study aimed to make organic stem on Rc-222 Rice when treated with different
fertilizers out of the dried stem of Chorchorus amount of Chorchorus olitaris organic fertilizers
olitaris stem and test its effectiveness through the and control groups.
roots and shoot of Rc 222 rice. Furthermore, this
specifically sought answer to the following
questions:
1. Is the stem of Chorchorus olitaris can Scope and Delimitation of the Study
be used as source in the production of organic
fertilizer? This study aimed to find alternative
source of organic fertilizer that may cause rapid
2. How may the Rc 222 Rice number of cellular division on both roots and shoot system of
roots, number of stem and length of stem be the rice to increase the number of yield or to
described when treated with: amplify the rice production specifically the Rc 222
1.a control (commercial rice with 15 seedlings and 5 different amounts of
fertilizer), C. olitaris organic fertilizer per 17x7 rectangular
Rc 222)

SUBCATEGORY: Botany
pots. This may be achieved the utilization the
generalist plant L. pupureus in making organic To the community. This study provides
fertilizer that will enhance further the yields of Rc enough supply of rice for them to consume, thus
222 rice. food shortages might not result.
The discarded stem of saluyot or METHODOLOGY

Chorchorus olitaris was used in making of organic
fertilizers that was used in planting Rc 222 rice. This chapter provides the outline of the
The roots and shoot system will be analyzed in research methodology used to answer the research
terms of cell division. questions – methods of research used, materials
and the flow of the general procedure.
This study was conducted in PhilRice
Science City of Muñoz from April 2019, May to
Methods of Research Used
June 2019 in Brgy. Bitas, Cabanatuan City and
July 2019 in the Wesleyan-University Philippines’
This research utilized experimental
Laboratory
method wherein two major experimental
procedures were conducted. The first procedure
was the biofertilizer production out of
Significance of the Study
Chorchorous olitaris stem and the second one was
the planting of Rc 222 rice where the said
This study may be important to the fertilizer was applied. In selecting seeds for each
following aspects or people: treatment CRD or completely randomized design
was employed.
To the environment. Since this study had
just used organic fertilizer, therefore no Materials
environmental hazard is associated in fertilizing
the rice. In addition, no chemicals have been used For the organic fertilizer
and composting is encouraged.  5-10kg of fresh stem of Chorchorus
olitaris
To farmers. Since it resulted to higher
 1kg of sugar
yields even without using commercial fertilizer, it
 1kg of loam soil
had been a big help for the farmers in gaining more
 1 pail
profit with lesser capital on rice production.
For planting the Triple 2 rice
To the National Food Authority. The
country may have sufficient supply of rice and  75 pcs. of Rc 222 seedlings (same aged)
importation may be lessen or avoided. Thus, the  5 7x17 rectangular plastic pots
NFA mission of having sufficient food for all
Filipinos may be achieved.
To future researchers. This may serve as

basis of future researches on farming or
agricultural development. This may also be a guide
to those who are seeking for good and effective
organic fertilizer.
Rc 222)

SUBCATEGORY: Botany
General Procedures
Rc 222)

SUBCATEGORY: Botany
Figure 1. Shows the schematic diagram on how to

STEP 1out of Chorchorous
Bio- Fertilizer Production conduct the study
olitaris stem
* 20 bundles of fresh saluyot Bio- Fertilizer Production out of Chorchrous
olitaris stem
The leaves from fresh (5-10kg) stems of

C. olitaris were removed and the stems were
collected. It was stored on container with cover for
2 weeks until temperature on the container rise.
Sugar was added to reduce the odor. One kilogram
STEP 2
Collection of Plant Sample of loam soil was added to the container and another
* 75 pcs of 2-3 mo. seedling 2kg of stem C. olitaris. It was covered again and
was composted for another 2 weeks.
Collection of Plant Sample
The Rc 222 seedlings was bought and

properly identified at Philippine Rice Research
Institute (PhilRice) at Barangay Maligaya, Science
STEP 3 City of Munoz.
Planting of Rc 222 Rice
*5 pcs of 7"x17" plastic pots Planting of Rc 222 Rice
Three set-ups were organized; the first

set-up will be the experimental treatment which
was high amount, moderate amount and low
amount of organic fertilizer from C. olitaris stem
received; the second set-up was the environmental
control which was received no treatment; and the
STEP 4 third treatment which was received urea or
Measurement of Stem Length and Number of commercial fertilizer which were served as
Roots positive control. Proper planting of rice was
observed as to follow the recommendations of
Philrice. However, ex-situ experimentation was
observed.
Measurement of Stem Length and Number of

Roots
STEP 5
Microscopy
* HPO (400x Magnification)
* OIO (1000x Magnification)
Rc 222)

SUBCATEGORY: Botany Number
Number Length
SCHOOL: Honorato C. Perez Sr. Memorial Science High School of
of of
SCHOOL ADDRESS: Mabini Extension, Cabanatuan City, N.E. Stem
Roots Stem
The length of stem of Rc 222 rice from Low
different group was measured from the base of the Amount T
root up to the tip of the stem after 14 days of of
exposure from different treatment. The number of 57 9 29.80 r
Organic
roots were counted as well. Hand lens were used to Fertilizer
assure that all roots were counted. (1/2 cup)
Microscopy Moderate
Amount
The root and shoot was mounted on glass of
slide and was squashed for better vision under 84 8 33.01
Organic
microscope. The high power objective and oil Fertilizer
immersion objective were used to observe mitotic (1 cup)
activity. Photomicrograph were taken as well.
High Mitotic
Amount Activity
Number
of Number Length on
37 of 8
Organic of of 29.31 Roots
Stem
Research Design FertilizerRoots Stem and
(2 cups) Shoots
The researchers have formulated the Low
following research design to describe the Amount
differences of the different amounts of organic of Environ-
mental
Organic 51 7 28.20
fertilizer to be utilized in terms of number of roots, Control
Fertilizer
length of stem and the mitotic activity on roots and
(1/2 cup)
shoots, in comparison with the commercial
fertilizer. Moderate
Commer-
Amount 33.08
cial
Table 1. Shows the design of the study of 48 8
Fertilizer
T Organic
(+Control)
Fertilizer
(1 cup)
r
High
Research Paradigm Amount
of
Organic
Fertilizer
(2 cups)
Environ-
mental
Control
Commer-
cial
Fertilizer
(+Control
)
ORGANIC FERTILIZER FROM Chorchorus olitaris STEM AND
Chorchorous
Bio- ITS EFFECT
Fertilizer ON
effect on root
MITOTIC ACTIVITY ON ROOTS AND SHOOT SYSTEM PROCES
OF
Production out
Oryza sativa (NSIC
development
INPUT
olitaris stem of Chorchorous
OUTPUT
of Rc 222 rice
Rc 222) S
olitaris stem
Planting of Rc
A. M. GARCIA , A. M. B. CRUZ , E. C. S. SANTIAGO 222 Rice and
effect on shoot
GRADE: X - QUISUMBING Rc 222 Rice application of
development
of Rc 222 rice
Bio- Fertilizer
SUBCATEGORY: Botany
Figure 2. Shows the paradigm of the study Table 2 shows the results of the different
treatments in number of roots, number of stem, and
length of stem. As seen on the table, moderate
amount has the highest result. The higher the
Statistical Analysis
number of roots, the greater its anchorage from the
A One-Way Analysis of Variance soil.
(ANOVA) was be used as primary statistical
In terms of the number of stem, Low
analysis, to determine if there is significant
amount of organic fertilizer had the highest result,
difference between the number of roots and length
that could result to higher yields of rice, meaning
of stem.
that the bio-fertilizer contributed significantly in
increasing the number of stolon stems.
For the length of stem, positive control

had the highest result with 33.33cm that is
comparable to moderate amount with a result of
33.08cm. Therefore, moderate amount can be used
in rice production intended for lengthening the
stem.
Figure 3. Result on Number of Roots of Rc-222

Rice when Treated with Different Treatments.
Figure 3 shows the graph presenting the

number of roots of Rc-222 rice when treated with
different treatments. The higher the number of
roots of a monocot plant, the stronger the
anchorage to the soil and the greater the chance of
absorption of minerals and water from the soil.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Table 2. Result of the research design of the study.

Rc 222)

SUBCATEGORY: Botany
The highest number of roots can be

observed on the rice treated with moderate amount
of saluyot biofertilizer with an average of 84 roots
per plant. This mean that moderate amount of
saluyot biofertilizer is the most suitable on the
development of the roots. Low amount of saluyot
biofertilizer has 57 roots while the positive control
or commercial fertilizer has only 48 roots. This
means that saluyot biofertilizer is more effective
than the positive control in terms of root
development.
According to Deng 2015, all nutrients of

the plant needs to have a good crop is can be found
on soil, therefore it is a must to have good rooting
of the plant so that it can spread or go deep in the
soil. Thus it can get necessary nutrients such urea,
potassium, calcium etc.
Rc 222)

SUBCATEGORY: Botany
moderate amount of saluyot biofertilizer and the
commercial fertilizer has the same effectiveness in
terms of lengthening the stem. The shortest stem
can be observed on untreated rice with only
28.25cm.
Figure 5. Result on Number of Stem of Rc-222

Figure 4. Result on Length of Stem of Rc-222

Figure 4 shows the mean length of Rc-222

Rice when Treated with Different Treatments. The
highest length can be observed on positive control
with an average length of 33.33cm. However, the
moderate amount of saluyot biofertilizer as almost
the same length of 33.08cm. This means that
Rc 222)

SUBCATEGORY: Botany
Figure 5 shows the mean number of stem

of Rc-222 Rice when Treated with Different
Treatments. The number of stem per rice through Figure 6. Photomicrograph on the Root
its modified stem or stolon dictates the possibility Meristematic Region of Rc-222 Rice Treated With
of higher yields of rice. The Rc-222 Rice treated Different Types of Fertilizers.
with low amount of saluyot biofertilizer has the
Figure 6 shows the photomicrograph of
highest number of roots with an average of 9
root meristems under 1000x; A- Environmental
stems. Followed by the positive control, moderate Control (No treatment), B-Positive Control
and high amount of saluyot biofertilizer. This (Commercial Fertilizer/Swire), C-Low amount of
means that saluyot biofertilizer contribute bio fertilizer, D-Moderate amount of bio fertilizers,
significantly in increasing the number of stolon E-High Amount of Fertilizer.
stems.
Smallest cells can be observe on D which
is the root treated with moderate biofertlizers. This
means that the cells were on telophase stage.
Hence, daughter cells were observe. Furthermore
Rc 222)

SUBCATEGORY: Botany
untreated roots on A shows the largest cytoplasmic Figure 7 shows the photomicrograph of
size meaning it is on resting stage and not shoot meristems under (1) 400x High Power
undergoing mitotic activity. Actively dividing cells Objective, (2) Oil Immersion Objective 1000x; A-
Environmental Control (No treatment), B-Positive
can be observed well on D which is the root treated
Control (Commercial Fertilizer/Swire), C-Low
with moderate biofertlizers and this explains why it amount of bio fertilizer, D-Moderate amount of bio
also has the highest number of roots compare to fertilizers, E-High Amount of bio fertilizer.
other treatment.
In terms of the cells on the shoot or stem
of the rice, it is also noticeable that the cells of D1
and D2 (Moderate amount of bio fertilizers under
HHPO and OIO respectively) has the narrow
cytoplasm. Cell Plate is also observed that is why
most of the cell is shorter. This signifies that the
shoot is actively dividing compare to others and
this is why that the length of stem is comparable to
the positive control as well as the number of stems.
Very thick cell walls were also observed on
positive control, low amount, moderate amount
and high amount of biofertilizers. This means that
stronger stem can be associated with those
treatments. Stronger stem can accommodate more
seeds and therefore many yields may be expected
(Potera, 2009). Furtermore, Girin, Sorefan and
Ostegaard (2009) mentioned that actively dividing
meristematic cells is a pre-requisite to fruit and
seed development since it signals KNOX1 and
BLH meristems genes in later production of fruits,
flowers and or seeds.
Figure 7. Photomicrograph on the Shoot

Meristematic Region of Rc-222 Rice Treated With
Different Types of Fertilizers
Rc 222)

SUBCATEGORY: Botany
Table 2. Comparison on Different Treatments Based on the result of the experiment the following
Using One-Way ANOVA. conclusions were made.
1. The Chorchorus olitaris stem can be

used as source in the production of organic
fertilizer in terms of its ability to supply nutrients
and to sustain its capability to withstand natural
disasters.
2. In terms of number of roots and length

of stem the most effective treatment is the
moderate amount of Chorchorus olitaris
biofertilizer while in terms of number of stem the
most effective treatment is the low amount of
Using Chorchorus olitaris biofertilizer.
ANOVA
3. There is significant difference between
number of roots, and length of stem but no
significant difference in terms of number of roots
of Rc-222 Rice when treated with different amount
of Chorchorus olitaris organic fertilizers and
control groups.
4. Mitotic activity was observed best on

moderate amount of Chorchorus olitaris
comparison were made on different variables and biofertilizer. Therefore, in planting rice moderate
treatments. In terms of number of roots the p- amount of Chorchorus olitaris biofertilizer is
value from 1-way ANOVA is 9.68x10 -5 and on suggested and recommended to have greater yield
length of stem the p-value is 0.001335 which of rice.
means there is significant difference between
number of roots and length of stem on Rc-222
Rice when treated with different amount of RECCOMMENDATIONS
Chorchorus olitaris organic fertilizers and control
groups. However, in terms of number of stem the Based on the limitation of the study, the
p-value is 0.103397 wich means there a significant following recommendations are suggested for
difference number of stem on Rc-222 Rice when improvement:
treated with different amount of Chorchorus
1. Continue the observation up to yield
olitaris organic fertilizers and control groups.
season so that actual yield may be
observed.
CONCLUSIONS
Rc 222)

SUBCATEGORY: Botany
2. Electron microscopy of the root and
shoot or stem is recommended to
further analyze the mitotic activity of
the plant.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Beveridge, T.J. (2001). Use of Gram Stain in

Microbiology. Pubmed
Deng, H. (2015). Why do farmers use fertilizers.

Soil Science of America.
Soilsmatter.wordpress.com
Girin, T., Sorefan, K. and Ostegaard L. (2009),

Meristematic Sculpting in fruit
Development. Journal of Experimental
Botany. P 1493-1502
Heinrich Dittmar, Manfred Drach, Ralf Vosskamp,

Martin E. Trenkel, Reinhold Gutser,
Günter Steffens (2009) "Fertilizers, 2.
Types" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of
Industrial Chemistry
Stewart Robert Hinsley, 2011. "The Corchorus

(Jute) Pages". Malvaceae Info. Retr
The World Book Dictionary. (1992). Chicago,

London, Sydney and, Toronto: The World
Book Encyclopedia.

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ORGANIC FERTILIZER FROM Chorchorus olitaris STEM AND ITS EFFECT ON

MITOTIC ACTIVITY ON ROOTS AND SHOOT SYSTEM OF Oryza sativa (NSIC

A. M. GARCIA , A. M. B. CRUZ , E. C. S. SANTIAGO

INTRODUCTION capital and the opportunity to have disease and

A. M. GARCIA , A. M. B. CRUZ , E. C. S. SANTIAGO

A. M. GARCIA , A. M. B. CRUZ , E. C. S. SANTIAGO

Statement of the Problem There is no significant difference between

A. M. GARCIA , A. M. B. CRUZ , E. C. S. SANTIAGO

The discarded stem of saluyot or METHODOLOGY

To future researchers. This may serve as

A. M. GARCIA , A. M. B. CRUZ , E. C. S. SANTIAGO

A. M. GARCIA , A. M. B. CRUZ , E. C. S. SANTIAGO

Figure 1. Shows the schematic diagram on how to

The leaves from fresh (5-10kg) stems of

Collection of Plant Sample

The Rc 222 seedlings was bought and

Three set-ups were organized; the first

Measurement of Stem Length and Number of

A. M. GARCIA , A. M. B. CRUZ , E. C. S. SANTIAGO

For the length of stem, positive control

Figure 3. Result on Number of Roots of Rc-222

Figure 3 shows the graph presenting the

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table 2. Result of the research design of the study.

A. M. GARCIA , A. M. B. CRUZ , E. C. S. SANTIAGO

The highest number of roots can be

According to Deng 2015, all nutrients of

A. M. GARCIA , A. M. B. CRUZ , E. C. S. SANTIAGO

Figure 5. Result on Number of Stem of Rc-222

Figure 4. Result on Length of Stem of Rc-222

Figure 4 shows the mean length of Rc-222

A. M. GARCIA , A. M. B. CRUZ , E. C. S. SANTIAGO

Figure 5 shows the mean number of stem

A. M. GARCIA , A. M. B. CRUZ , E. C. S. SANTIAGO

Figure 7. Photomicrograph on the Shoot

A. M. GARCIA , A. M. B. CRUZ , E. C. S. SANTIAGO

1. The Chorchorus olitaris stem can be

2. In terms of number of roots and length

4. Mitotic activity was observed best on

A. M. GARCIA , A. M. B. CRUZ , E. C. S. SANTIAGO

Beveridge, T.J. (2001). Use of Gram Stain in

Deng, H. (2015). Why do farmers use fertilizers.

Girin, T., Sorefan, K. and Ostegaard L. (2009),

Heinrich Dittmar, Manfred Drach, Ralf Vosskamp,

Stewart Robert Hinsley, 2011. "The Corchorus

The World Book Dictionary. (1992). Chicago,

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