3.electromagnetic Theory GATE

fiziks
Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT‐JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY SOLUTIONS
GATE- 2010
Q1. An insulating sphere of radius a carries a charge density

 r   0 a 2  r 2 cos  ; r  a .
The leading order term for the electric field at a distance d, far away from the charge
distribution, is proportional to
(a) d 1 (b) d 2 (c) d 3 (d) d 4
Ans: (c)
1 1 
Solution: V r     d  2   cos d   ,
r V r 
a  2
  d       a  r 2  cos   r 2 sin  drd d  0

st 2
I term, 0
0 0 0
a  2
  cos  d       a  r 2  cos 2   r 2 sin  drd d  0 .

nd 2
II term, 0
0 0 0
1 1
 V 2
 E 3
r r
Q2. Two magnetic dipoles of magnitude m each are placed in a plane as shown in figure.
m
The energy of interaction is given by
45 o 2
 m2
(a) Zero (b) 0 3
4d d
o
3 0 m 2 3 0 m 2 45
(c) (d) 
2d 3 8d 3 m 1
Ans: (d)
0 
Solution: U  m1  m2  3m 1  rˆ m 2  rˆ ,
4r 3

   
Since m1  m2  m1  m2  0  U  0 3  3  m cos 45 0  m cos 45 0
4d
 
3 0 m 2
U   .
8 d 3
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Statement for Linked Answer Questions 3 and 4:
Consider the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a linear, homogeneous and
isotropic material medium with electric permittivity ε and magnetic permeability μ.
Q3. For a plane wave of angular frequency ω and propagation vector k propagating in the
medium Maxwell’s equations reduce to
(a) k  E  0; k  H  0; k  E   H ; k  H   E
(b) k  E  0; k  H  0; k  E   H ; k  H   E
(c) k  E  0; k  H  0; k  E   H ; k  H   E
(d) k  E  0; k  H  0; k  E   H ; k  H   E
Ans: (d)
Q4. If  and  assume negative values in a certain frequency range, then the directions of
the propagation vector k and the Poynting vector S in that frequency range are related
as
(a) k and S are parallel
(b) k and S are anti-parallel
(c) k and S are perpendicular to each other
(d) k and S makes an angle that depends on the magnitude of |ε| and |μ|
Ans: (a)
Q5. Consider a conducting loop of radius a and total loop resistance R placed in a region with
a magnetic field B thereby enclosing a flux 0. The loop is connected to an electronic
circuit as shown, the capacitor being initially uncharged
 C


 

   
 Vout

 


If the loop is pulled out of the region of the magnetic field at a constant speed u, the final
output voltage Vout is independent of
(a) 0 (b) u (c) R (d) C
Ans: (a)
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GATE-2011
Q6. If a force F is derivable from a potential function V(r), where r is the distance from the
origin of the coordinate system, it follows that
(a)   F  0 (b)   F  0 (c)  V  0 (d)  2 V  0

Ans: (a)
Q7. Two charges q and 2q are placed along the x -axis in front of a grounded, infinite
conducting plane, as shown in the figure. They
are located respectively at a distance of 0.5 m and
1.5 m from the plane. The force acting on the
0 .5 m q 2q
charge q is   x
1 .5 m
7q 2
1 1 2
(a) (b) 2q
4 0 2 4 0
1 1 q2
(c) q2 (d)
4 0 4 0 2
Ans: (a)
Solution: Using method of Images we can draw equivalent figure as shown below:
 2q q 0 .5 m 0 .5 m q 2q
    x
1 .5 m 1 .5 m
q  2q q 2q  q 7q 1 7q 2
F      
4 0  12 12  2 2  4 0 2 4 0 2
Q8. A uniform surface current is flowing in the positive y-direction over an infinite sheet
lying in x-y plane. The direction of the magnetic field is
(a) along iˆ for z > 0 and along  iˆ for z < 0
(b) along k̂ for z > 0 and along  k̂ for z < 0
(c) along  iˆ for z > 0 and along iˆ for z < 0
(d) along  k̂ for z > 0 and along k̂ for z < 0
Ans: (a)
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Q9. A magnetic dipole of dipole moment m is placed in a non-uniform magnetic field B . If
the position vector of the dipole is r , the torque acting on the dipole about the origin is

(a) r  m  B   
(b) r   m  B
(c) m  B  
(d) m  B  r   m  B
Ans: (c)
Q10. A spherical conductor of radius a is placed in a uniform electric field E  E 0 kˆ . The

potential at a point P(r, θ) for r > a, is given by
E0 a 3
Φ(r, θ) = constant – E 0 r cos   2 cos 
r
where r is the distance of P from the centre O of the sphere and θ is the angle OP makes
with the z-axis P
The charge density on the sphere at θ = 30o is r
(a) 3 3 0 E 0 / 2 (b) 3 0 E 0 / 2 
O k̂
(c) 3 0 E 0 / 2 (d))  0 E 0 / 2
Ans: (a)
V  2E a 3 
Solution:    0   0  E 0 cos   03 cos   .
r r a  r  r a
3 3
   0  E 0 cos   2 E 0 cos      3E 0  0 cos   3E 0  0 cos 30 0   0 E0
2
Q11. Which of the following expressions for a vector potential A DOES NOT represent a
uniform magnetic field of magnitude B0 along the z-direction?
(a) A  0, B0 x,0 (b) A   B0 y,0,0 
 B0 x B0 y   B0 y B0 x 
(c) A   , ,0  (d) A    , ,0 
 2 2   2 2 
Ans: (c)
 
Solution: B    A .
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Statement for Linked Questions 12 and 13:
A plane electromagnetic wave has the magnetic field given by
 k 
B x, y, z , t   B0 sin x  y    t  kˆ
 2 
where k is the wave number and iˆ, ˆj and kˆ are the Cartesian unit vectors in x, y and z
directions respectively.
Q12. The electric field E  x, y, z , t  corresponding to the above wave is given by

(a) cB0 sin  x  y 
k  iˆ  ˆj
  t
  
(b) cB0 sin  x  y 
k
  t

 iˆ  ˆj 
 2  2  2  2
 k   k 
(c) cB0 sin  x  y    t  iˆ (d) cB0 sin  x  y    t  ˆj
 2   2 
Ans: (a)
 c   c  k iˆ  ˆj  
 x  y k  ˆ

Solution: E   k  B   
k
   B0 sin   t  k 
k

2  2  
 
E  cB0 sin  x  y 
k  iˆ  ˆj
 t 
 
 2  2
Q13. The average Poynting vector is given by
(a)

cB02 iˆ  ˆj  (b) 

cB02 iˆ  ˆj  (c)

cB02 iˆ  ˆj  (d) 

cB02 iˆ  ˆj 
2 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 2
Ans: (d)
 cB02 cB02  iˆ  ˆj  cB02  iˆ  ˆj 
Solution: S  ˆ
k    
2 0 2 0  2  2 0  2 
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GATE-2012
Q14. The space-time dependence of the electric field of a linearly polarized light in free space
ˆ 0 cos t  kz  where E0, ω and k are the amplitude, the angular frequency
is given by xE
and the wavevector, respectively. The time average energy density associated with the
electric field is
1 1
(a)  0 E 02 (b)  0 E 02 (c)  0 E 02 (d) 2 0 E 02
4 2
Ans: (a)
1 1 1
Solution: u E   0 E 2   0 E 2 cos 2 wt  kz   u E   0 E 02
2 2 4
Q15. A plane electromagnetic wave traveling in free space is incident normally on a glass plate
of refractive index 3/2. If there is no absorption by the glass, its reflectivity is
(a) 4% (b) 16% (c) 20% (d) 50%
Ans: (a)
2 2
 n  n2  1 3/ 2  1 4
Solution: R   1        .04 or 4%
 n1  n2  1 3/ 2  4 25

Q16. The electric and the magnetic field E  z , t  and B z , t  , respectively corresponding to the

scalar potential   z , t   0 and vector potential A z , t   iˆtz are
   
(a) E  iˆz and B  -ĵt (b) E  iˆz and B  ĵt
   
(c) E  iˆz and B  -ĵt (d) E  iˆz and B  -ĵt
Ans: (d)  
  A A   
Solution: E      iˆz , B    A   ˆjt .
t t
Q17. A plane polarized electromagnetic wave in free space at time t=0 is given
 
by E  x, z   10 ˆj exp i  6 x  8 z   . The magnetic field B x, z , t  is given by
 1
 
(a) B x, z , t   6kˆ  8iˆ expi 6 x  8 z  10ct 
c
 1
 
(b) B x, z , t   6kˆ  8iˆ expi 6 x  8 z  10ct 
c


1 ˆ ˆ

(c) B x, z , t   6k  8i expi 6 x  8 z  ct 
c
 1
 
(d) B x, z , t   6kˆ  8iˆ expi 6 x  8 z  ct 
c
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Ans: (a)
 1  k   1  6iˆ  8kˆ 
 1
c
ˆ  
Solution: B  k  E    E   
c k


  10 ˆjexp i k .r  t
 
 c  10 
 
 1
 
B  6kˆ  8iˆ expi 6 x  8 z  10ct ,   10c.
c
Q18. Two infinitely extended homogeneous isotopic dielectric media (medium-1and medium-2
1 
with dielectric constant  2 and 2  5 , respectively)
0 0
medium - 1
meet at the z = 0 plane as shown in the figure. A uniform
electric field exists everywhere. For z ≥ 0, the electric field
 medium - 2 z=0
is given by E1  2iˆ  3 ˆj  5kˆ . The interface separating the
two media is charge free. The electric displacement vector
in the medium-2 is given by

(a) D 2   0 10iˆ  15 ˆj  10kˆ  
(b) D 2   0 10iˆ  15 ˆj  10kˆ 
(c) D 2   4iˆ  6 ˆj  10kˆ 
0 (d) D 2   4iˆ  6 ˆj  10kˆ 
0
Ans: (b)
Solution:  E1  E 2  E 2  2iˆ  3 ˆj
1  2  5 ˆ 
and  f  0  D1  D2  E 2  E1  k  2kˆ  E 2  2iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ
2 5
 
 
 D2   2 E 2   0 10iˆ  15 ˆj  10kˆ .
GATE-2013
Q19. At a surface current, which one of the magnetostatic boundary condition is NOT
CORRECT?
(a) Normal component of the magnetic field is continuous.
(b) Normal component of the magnetic vector potential is continuous.
(c) Tangential component of the magnetic vector potential is continuous.
(d) Tangential component of the magnetic vector potential is not continuous.
Ans: (d)
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Q20. Interference fringes are seen at an observation plane z  0 , by the superposition of two
 
   
 
plane waves A1 exp i k1  r  t and A2 exp i k 2  r  t , where A1 and A2 are real
amplitudes. The condition for interference maximum is
     
 
(a) k1  k 2  r  2m  1 
(b) k1  k 2  r  2m 
     
 
(c) k1  k 2  r  2m  1 
(d) k1  k 2  r  2m 
Ans: (b)
Q21. For a scalar function  satisfying the Laplace equation,  has
(a) zero curl and non-zero divergence
(b) non-zero curl and zero divergence
(c) zero curl and zero divergence
(d) non-zero curl and non-zero divergence
Ans: (c)
 
Solution:  2  0  .   0 and      0 .  
Q22. A circularly polarized monochromatic plane wave is incident on a dielectric interface at
Brewaster angle. Which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) The reflected light is plane polarized in the plane of incidence and the transmitted
light is circularly polarized.
(b) The reflected light is plane polarized perpendicular to the plane of incidence and the
transmitted light is plane polarized in the plane of incidence.
(c) The reflected light is plane polarized perpendicular to the plane of incidence and the
transmitted light is elliptically polarized.
(d) There will be no reflected light and the transmitted light is circularly polarized.
Ans: (c)
Q23. A charge distribution has the charge density given by   Q x  x 0     x  x0  . For
this charge distribution the electric field at 2 x0 ,0,0
2Qxˆ Qxˆ Qxˆ Qxˆ

(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 0 x02 4 0 x03 4 0 x02 16 0 x02
Ans:
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1   x      x2 dx  ....
a ' a  x' a  x'
Solution: Potential V  r    dx   x dx    x3
4 0   a x x2 
 a a
First term, total charge

x0 x0
QT     x dx  Q    x   x 0 dx   Q    x   x 0 dx   Q  Q  0

 x0  x0
Second term, dipole moment

x0 x0
p   x   x dx  Q  x   x   x 0 dx   Q  x  x   x 0 dx   Qx 0  Q   x 0  2Qx 0

 x0  x0
2Qx 0 V 4Qx 0 4Qx 0 Q

V E xˆ  xˆ  xˆ  xˆ
4 0 x x 4 0 x 4 0 2 x 0  8 0 x 20
2 3 3
Q24. A monochromatic plane wave at oblique incidence undergoes reflection at a dielectric

interface. If kî , kˆr and n̂ are the unit vectors in the directions of incident wave, reflected
wave and the normal to the surface respectively, which one of the following expressions
is correct?
 
(a) kî  kˆr  nˆ  0  
(b) kî  kˆr  nˆ  0  
(c) kî  nˆ  kˆr  0  
(d) kî  nˆ  kˆr  0
Ans: (c)
Q25. In a constant magnetic field of 0.6 Tesla along the z direction, find the value of the path

integral  A  dl in the units of (Tesla m 2 ) on a square loop of side length 1 / 2 meters.  
The normal to the loop makes an angle of 60 0 to the z-axis, as shown in the figure. The
answer should be up to two decimal places. ___________
60 o
ẑ
Ans: 0.15
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 
2
  1  1
Solution:  A  dl     A .d a   B.d a  BA cos 60  0.6  
0
   0.15T .m 2
S S  2 2
GATE-2014
Q26. Which one of the following quantities is invariant under Lorentz transformation?
(a) Charge density (b) Charge (c) Current (d) Electric field
Ans: (b)
Q27. An unpolarized light wave is incident from air on a glass surface at the Brewster angle.
The angle between the reflected and the refracted wave is
(a) 0 o (b) 45 o (c) 90 o (d) 120 o
Ans: (c)
Q28. The electric field of a uniform plane wave propagating in a dielectric non-conducting

medium is given by E  xˆ 10 cos  6 107 t  0.4 z  V / m . The phase velocity of the
wave is _________ 10 8 m / s
Ans: 1.5
 6 107
Solution: v    1.5 108 m / sec
k 0.4

Q29. If the vector potential A  xxˆ  2 yyˆ  3zzˆ , satisfies the Coulomb gauge, the value of the
constant  is _______
Ans: 1
 
Solution: Coulomb gauge condition . A  0    2  3  0    1
Q30. A ray of light inside Region 1 in the xy -plane is incident y
at the semicircular boundary that carries no free charges.
  P r0 ,  / 4 
The electric field at the point P  r0 ,  in plane polar
 4
 O
coordinates is E1  7eˆr  3eˆ where êr and ê are the unit 1 2 x
Region 1 Region 2
vectors. The emerging ray in Region 2 has the electric

field E 2 parallel to x -axis. If  1 and  2 are the dielectric
2
constants of Region-1 and Region-2 respectively, then is ________
1
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Ans: 2.32
 y
Solution:  E1  7er  3e
ˆ ˆ P r0 ,  / 4 

10  E2
 Ex   7eˆr  3eˆ  .xˆ  7 cos 45  3sin 45 
2
1 
2 E1

O
4 1 x
 E y   7eˆr  3eˆ  . yˆ  7 sin 45  3sin 45  2
2 Region 1 Region 2
 E   4
Thus E1 makes an angle   tan 1  y   tan 1    21.80
 Ex   10 
tan  2  2  tan 45
   2   2.32 . where 1    450 and  2  450
tan 1 1 1 tan 23.2
Q31. The value of the magnetic field required to maintain non-relativistic protons of energy
1MeV in a circular orbit of radius 100 mm is _______Tesla
(Given: m p  1.67  1027 kg , e  1.6  1019 C )
Ans: 1.44
1.6 1019  B 2  0.1 1.6 1013  2 1.67 1027 

2 2
q2 B2 R2 13
Solution: E   1.6 10  B 
2
2 1.67 1027  1.6 1019   0.12

2
2m p
1013  2 1.67 1027  3.34 1040

B  2
  2.08  B  2.08 Tesla  1.44Tesla
1.6 10   0.01
38
1.6 1040
Q32. In an interference pattern formed by two coherent sources, the maximum and minimum
intensities are 9I 0 and I 0 respectively. The intensities of the individual wave are
(a) 3I 0 and I 0 (b) 4 I 0 and I 0 (c) 5I 0 and 4 I 0 (d) 9 I 0 and I 0

Ans: (b)
   
2 2
Solution: I max  I1  I 2 and I min  I1  I 2
   
2 2
9I 0  I1  I 2 and I 0  I1  I 2  I1  4 I 0 and I 2  I 0
Q33. The intensity of a laser in free space is 150mW / m 2 . The corresponding amplitude of the
electric field of the laser is _________

V
m
 0  8.854  10 12 C 2 / N .m 2 
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Ans: 10.6
1 2I 2 150 103
Solution: I  c 0 E02  E0    10.6 V / m
2 c 0 3 108  8.854 1012
GATE-2015
Q34. A point charge is placed between two semi-infinite conducting plates which are inclined
at an angle of 30 o with respect to each other. The number of image charges
is___________.
Ans.: 11
360 360
Solution: n  1   1  11
 30
R  
Q35. Given that the magnetic flux through the closed loop PQRSP is  . If  A  dl   along
P
1
 
R
PQR , the value of   dl along PSR is
A
P Q
R
S
(a)   1 (b) 1   (c)  1 (d) 1
Ans.: (b)
    R   P  R   R  
Solution:    s B.d a   A.dl   A  dl   A  dl    1   A  dl   A  dl  1  
P R P P
Q36. The space between two plates of a capacitor carrying charges  Q and  Q is filled with
two different dielectric materials, as shown in the figure. Across the interface of the two
dielectric materials, which one of the following statements is correct?
 
(a) E and D are continuous
 
(b) E is continuous and D is discontinuous
 
(c) D is continuous and E is discontinuous Q Q
 
(d) E and D are discontinuous
Ans.: (d)
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Q37. Four forces are given below in Cartesian and spherical polar coordinates
   r2  
(i) F1  K exp 2 rˆ 
(ii) F2  K x 3 yˆ  y 3 zˆ 
 R 
   ˆ 
(iii) F3  K x 3 xˆ  y 3 yˆ  (iv) F4  K  
r
where K is a constant Identify the correct option
(a) (iii) and (iv) are conservative but (i) and (ii)are not
(b) (i) and (ii) are conservative but (iii) and (iv) are not
(c) (ii) and (iii) are conservative but (i) and (iv) are not
(d) (i) and (iii) are conservative but (ii) and (iv) are not
Ans.: (d)
r rˆ r sin 

  1   
Solution:   F 1  0
r sin 
2
r  
 r2 
k exp   2  0 0
 R 
x y z
    
 F2   x  3ky 2  0   zˆ  3kx 2  0   3ky 2 x  3kx 2 zˆ
x y z
0 kx 3  ky 3
x y z
    
 F3  0
x y z
kx3 ky 3 0
r r r sin 

  1    1
 F4  2  r  k cos    2
r sin  r   r sin 
k
0 0 r sin  
r
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Q38. A monochromatic plane wave (wavelength  600 nm ) E 0 expi kz   t  is incident
 

normally on a diffraction grating giving rise to a plane wave E1 exp i k1  r   t in the 
  1 3 
first order of diffraction. Here E1  E 0 and k1  k1  xˆ  zˆ  . The period (in m ) of
2 2 
the diffraction grating is ______________ (upto one decimal place)
Ans.: 1.2
grating

Solution: d sin   n  d  n 1
sin  
  1 3  k1
and k1  k1  xˆ  zˆ 
 2 2   ẑ
k  k1 zˆ
1 3 
  zˆ   xˆ  zˆ 
k  k1  2 2  1
 sin          300
k1 k 1 3 1 3 2
  
4 4 4 4
600
d  nm  1200 nm  1.2  m
sin 30
Q39. A long solenoid is embedded in a conducting medium and is insulated from the medium.
If the current through the solenoid is increased at a constant rate, the induced current in
the medium as a function of the radial distance r from the axis of the solenoid is
proportional to
1 1
(a) r 2 inside the solenoid and outside (b) r inside the solenoid and outside
r r2
1 1
(c) r 2 inside the solenoid and 2 outside (d) r inside the solenoid and outside
r r
Ans.: (d)

  B 
Solution:  E  dl     da ;
t
 dI
r
dI 2 r 2  1 dI
For r  R, E 2 r   0 n
dt r0 2 r dr     0 n
dt 2
 E   0 n r
2 dt
 dI
R
dI 2 R 2  1 dI
For r  R, E 2 r   0 n
dt 
r 0
2 r dr    0 n
dt 2
 E   0 n R 2
2r dt
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Q40. A plane wave xˆ  iyˆ E 0 expikz  t  after passing through an optical element emerges
as xˆ  iyˆ E 0 expi kz  t  , where k and  are the wavevector and the angular
frequency, respectively. The optical element is a
(a) quarter wave plate (b) half wave plate
(c) polarizer (d) Faraday rotator
Ans.: (b)
 
Solution: Incident wave: x  i y E0 ei   E0 cos  x  E0 sin  y 
 
Left circular polarization with phase angle 1     ei
 
Emergent wave: x  i y E0 ei   E0 cos  xˆ  E0 sin  y 
 
Right circular polarization with phase angle 1     ei 0

Thus there is phase change of  and hence path difference is .
2
Q41. A charge  q is distributed uniformly over a sphere, with a positive charge q at its center
in (i). Also in (ii), a charge  q is distributed uniformly over an ellipsoid with a positive
charge q at its center. With respect to the origin of the coordinate system, which one of
the following statements is correct?
X X
Z Z
Y Y
(i ) (ii )
(a) The dipole moment is zero in both (i) and (ii)
(b) The dipole moment is non-zero in (i) but zero in (ii)
(c) The dipole moment is zero in (i) but non-zero in (ii)
(d) The dipole moment is non-zero in both (i) and (ii)
Ans.: (a)
 
Solution: p   qi ri  0 in both cases.
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GATE-2016
Q42. Which of the following magnetic vector potentials gives rise to a uniform magnetic field
B0 kˆ ?
(a) B0 z kˆ (b)  B0 x ˆj (c)

B0
2

 yiˆ  xˆj  (d)
2

B0 ˆ ˆ
yi  xj 
Ans.: (c)
 
Solution: (a)   A  0
 
(b)   A   B0 kˆ
 
(c)   A  B0 kˆ
 
(d)   A  0
Q43. The magnitude of the magnetic dipole moment associated with a square shaped loop
carrying a steady current I is m . If this loop is changed to a circular shape with the same
pm
current I passing through it, the magnetic dipole moment becomes . The value of p

is ______.
Ans.: 4
Solution: Magnetic dipole moment associated with a square shaped loop (let side is a) carrying a
steady current I is m  Ia 2 .
Magnetic dipole moment associated with a circular shaped loop (let radius is r) carrying a
steady current I is m  I  r 2 .
2
2a  2a  4 Ia 2 4m
Here 4a  2 r  r   m  I  r  I    
2

    
Q44. In a Young’s double slit experiment using light, the apparatus has two slits of unequal
widths. When only slit- 1 is open, the maximum observed intensity on the screen is 4I 0 .
When only slit- 2 is open, the maximum observed intensity is I 0 . When both the slits are
open, an interference pattern appears on the screen. The ratio of the intensity of the
principal maximum to that of the nearest minimum is ________.
Ans.: 9
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     2 
2 2 2
I max I1  I 2 4I0  I0 I0  I0 9I0
Solution:   9
    2 
2 2 2
I min I1  I 2 4I0  I0 I0  I0 I0
Q45. An infinite, conducting slab kept in a horizontal plane carries a uniform charge density  .
Another infinite slab of thickness t, made of a linear dielectric material of dielectric
constant k , is kept above the conducting slab. The bound charge density on the upper
surface of the dielectric slab is
   k  2  k  1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2k k 2k k
Ans.: (d)  1
k  1 z
Solution: 
  
Electric field due to infinite, conducting slab inside the dielectric is E  zˆ  zˆ
  0k
     k  1    k  1
Polarisation P   0  e E   0  k  1 zˆ  zˆ   1  P.zˆ 
 0k k k
Q46. The electric field component of a plane electromagnetic wave travelling in vacuum is

given by E  z , t   E 0 coskz  t iˆ . The Poynting vector for the wave is
 c   c 
(a)  0  E 02 cos 2 kz  t  ˆj (b)  0  E 02 cos 2 kz  t kˆ
 2   2 
(c) c 0 E 02 cos 2 kz  t  ˆj (d) c 0 E 02 cos 2 kz  t kˆ

Ans.: (d)
  1  E
Solution: E  z , t   E 0 coskz  t iˆ  B  zˆ  E  z , t   0 cos  kz  t  ˆj
c c
The Poynting vector for the wave is
 1   E2
S
0
 0 c

E  B  0 cos 2  kz  t  kˆ  c 0 E02 cos 2  kz  t  kˆ
Q47. The x  y plane is the boundary between free space and a magnetic material with relative
permeability  r . The magnetic field in the free space is Bx iˆ  Bz kˆ . The magnetic field in
the magnetic material is
1
(a) B x iˆ  B z kˆ (b) B x iˆ   r B z kˆ (c) B x iˆ  B z kˆ (d)  r B x iˆ  B z kˆ
r
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Ans.: (d)
B B
Solution: B1  Bz kˆ  B2 and H1  H 2  1  2  B2  r B1  r Bx iˆ
0 0 r
The magnetic field in the magnetic material is  r B x iˆ  B z kˆ
GATE- 2017
Q48. Identical charges q are placed at five vertices of a regular hexagon of side a . The
magnitude of the electric field and the electrostatic potential at the centre of the hexagon
are respectively
q q
(a) 0, 0 (b) ,
4 0 a 2
4 0 a
q 5q 5q 5q
(c) , (d) ,
4 0 a 2
4 0 a 4 0 a 4 0 a
2
Ans. : (c) q
q
Solution: The resultant field at P is E  q q
4 0 a 2
a
5q P
The electrostatic potential at P is V  q q
4 0 a
Q49. A parallel plate capacitor with square plates of side 1 m separated by 1 micro meter is
filled with a medium of dielectric constant of 10 . If the charges on the two plates are 1C
and 1C , the voltage across the capacitor is………….. kV . (up to two decimal places).
(  0  8.854 1012 F / m )
Ans. : 11.29
 0 r A 11 106
qd
Solution: q  CV  V V    11.29kV
d  0 r A 8.854 1012 10 1
Q50. Light is incident from a medium of refractive index n  1.5 onto vacuum. The smallest
angle of incidence for which the light is not transmitted into vacuum is…………...
degrees. (up to two decimal places)
Ans. : 41.8
n2 1  1 
Solution: sin C    C  sin 1    C  41.8
n1 1.5  1.5 
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Q51. A monochromatic plane wave in free space with electric field amplitude of 1 V / m is
normally incident on a fully reflecting mirror. The pressure exerted on the mirror
is……………… 1012 Pa . (up to two decimal places) (  0  8.854 1012 F / m )
Ans. : 8.85
2I 2 1
  c 0 E02   0 E02  8.854 1012  1  8.85 1012 Pa
2
Solution: P 
c c 2
Q52. Three charges  2C , 1C , 1C  are placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side
1m as shown in the figure. The component of the electric dipole moment about the
marked origin along the ŷ direction is……… C m .
y
2C
1m
0 1C 1C x
1.5m
Ans. : 1.73


Solution: p  11xˆ   1 2 xˆ   2 1.5 xˆ  1  0.25 yˆ 
Along the ŷ direction  2  1  0.25  1.73
Q53. An infinite solenoid carries a time varying current I  t   At 2 , with A  0 . The axis of
the solenoid is along the ẑ direction. r̂ and ˆ are the usual radial and polar directions in

cylindrical polar coordinates. B  Br rˆ  B ˆ  Bz zˆ is the magnetic field at a point outside
the solenoid. Which one of the following statements is true?
(a) Br  0, B  0, Bz  0 (b) Br  0, B  0, Bz  0
(c) Br  0, B  0, Bz  0 (d) Br  0, B  0, Bz  0
Ans. : (d)
Q54. A uniform volume charge density is placed inside a conductor (with resistivity102 m ).
1
The charge density becomes of its original value after time…….Fermi seconds
 2.718
(up to two decimal places) (  0  8.854 1012 F / m )
Ans. : 88.54
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 t  1
Solution:   t     0  e  t /  0   t /  0  ln  ln 1
 0 2.718
0
t   8.854 1012 102  88.54 1015 sec  88.54 fs

Q55. Consider a metal with free electron density of 6 1022 cm 3 . The lowest frequency of
electromagnetic radiation to which this metal is transparent, is 1.38 1016 Hz . If this
metal had a free electron density of 1.8  1023 cm 3 instead, the lowest frequency
electromagnetic radiation to which it would be transparent is…………… 1016 Hz (up to

two decimal places).
Ans. : 2.39
Solution: Cut-off frequency is f  n .
f2 n n 1.8  1023
Thus  2  f 2  f1 2  f 2  1.38 1016  2.39 1016 Hz
f1 n1 n1 6  1022
GATE- 2018
  
Q56. Among electric field ( E ), magnetic field ( B ), angular momentum ( L ) and vector

potential ( A ), which is/are odd under parity (space inversion) operation?
  
(a) E only (b) E and A only
   
(c) E and B only (d) B and L only
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Under parity operation r  r
V
E ; E : P  E
r
 
B  I r ; B : P  B
 
Lrp ; L : P  L
A
E ; A: P  A
t
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Q57. An infinitely long straight wire is carrying a steady current I . The ratio of magnetic
energy density at distance r1 to that at r2   2r1  from the wire is ___________.
Ans. : 4
B2 1 u r 2  2r 
Solution: uB   2  B1  22  21  4
2 0 r uB 2 r1 r1
Q58. A light beam of intensity I 0 is falling normally on a surface. The surface absorbs 20 %
of the intensity and the rest is reflected. The radiation pressure on the surface is given by
X I 0 / c , where X is __________ (up to one decimal place). Here c is the speed of light.
Ans. : 1.8
I0  I  I
Solution: Radiation pressure    0.8 0   1.8 0
c  c c
Q59. The number of independent components of a general electromagnetic field tensor
is__________
Ans. : 6
Solution: In Cartesian co-ordinate, three Independent coordinate for electric field,  Ex , E y , Ez 
and three Independent co-ordinate for magnetic field  Bx , By , Bz  .
Q60. Consider an infinitely long solenoid with N turns per unit length, radius R and carrying
a current I  t    cos t , where  is a constant and  is the angular frequency. The
magnitude of electric field at the surface of the solenoid is

1 1
(a) 0 NR sin t (b) 0 NR cos t
2 2
(c) 0 NR sin t (d) 0 NR cos t
Ans. : (a)
   NI  t  zˆ, inside
Solution: B   0
0 , outside

  B 
Since,  E  dl     da
line
t

 E  2 R   0 N   sin t    R 2
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 1
 E  0 NR sin t
2

Q61. A constant and uniform magnetic field B  B0 kˆ pervades all space. Which one of the
following is the correct choice for the vector potential in Coulomb gauge?
(a)  B0  x  y  iˆ (b) B0  x  y  ˆj (c) B0 xjˆ

1

(d)  B0 xiˆ  yjˆ
2

Ans. : (c)
Solution: Check option (c),
    
  A  0, B    A  B0 kˆ
Q62. A long straight wire, having radius a and resistance per unit length r , carries a current
I . The magnitude and direction of the Poynting vector on the surface of the wire is
(a) I 2 r / 2 a , perpendicular to axis of the wire and pointing inwards
(b) I 2 r / 2 a , perpendicular to axis of the wire and pointing outwards
(c) I 2 r /  a , perpendicular to axis of the wire and pointing inwards
(d) I 2 r /  a , perpendicular to axis of the wire and pointing outwards
Ans. : (a)
  
Solution: S 
1
0
 E  B   1 Vl  2 Ia  IRl  2I a
0
R  I 2r
V  IR, r   S 
l 2 a
Q63. A quarter wave plate introduces a path difference of  / 4 between the two components
of polarization parallel and perpendicular to the optic axis. An electromagnetic wave with

E   xˆ  yˆ  E0 ei kz t  is incident normally on a quarter wave plate which has its optic axis
y
making an angle 1350 with the x - axis as shown.
The emergent electromagnetic wave would be
Optic axis 1350
(a) elliptically polarized x
(b) circularly polarized
(c) linearly polarized with polarization as that of incident wave
(d) linearly polarized but with polarization at 900 to that of the incident wave
Ans. : (c)
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Q64. An electromagnetic plane wave is propagating with an intensity I  1.0 105 Wm 2 in a
medium with  3 0 and   0 . The amplitude of the electric field inside the medium
is _________ 103 Vm 1 (up to one decimal place).
( 0  8.85 1012 C 2 N 1m 2 , 0  4 107 NA2 , c  3 108 ms 1 )
Ans. : 6.6
1 2I 2I 
Solution: I  v  E2  E2    2I
2 v 1 


0 4  107
 E 2  2  105  2  105  4363.4  104
3 0 3  8.8  1012
 E  66 102  6.6 103 V / m
GATE-2019

Q65. The electric field of an electromagnetic wave is given by E  3sin  kz   t  xˆ 
4 cos  kz  t  yˆ . The wave is
4
(a) linearly polarized at an angle tan 1   from the x - axis
3
3
(b) linearly polarized at an angle tan 1   from the x - axis
4
(c) elliptically polarized in clockwise direction when seen travelling towards the observer
(d) elliptically polarized in counter-clockwise direction when seen travelling towards the
observer
Ans. : (d)
y
Solution: At z  0, Ex  3sin t , E y  4 cos t
At t  0, Ex  0, E y  4
x

At  t  , Ex  3, E y  0
2
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Q66. An infinitely long thin cylindrical shell has its axis coinciding with the z -axis. It carries a
surface charge density  0 cos  , where  is the polar and  0 is a constant. The
magnitude of the electric field inside the cylinder is
0 0 0
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
2 0 3 0 4 0
Ans. : (b)
Solution: dE 
d  cos   Rd    0 cos 
 0
2 0 R 2 0 R 2 0
2
0 0
Along axis of cylinder dEx  dE cos   Ex   cos  d 
2
2 0 0
2 0
Q67. A circular loop made of a thin wire has radius 2 cm and resistance 2  . It is placed

perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of magnitude B0  0.01 Tesla. At time t  0
 
the field starts decaying as B  B0 e  t / t0 , where t0  1s . The total charge that passes
through a cross section of the wire during the decay is Q . The value of Q in  C
(rounded off to two decimal places) is____________
Ans. : 6.28
d AdB  d 1
Solution:     , I  
dt dt R dt R
d d

dt
  r 2
dt
 
B0 e  t / t0   r 2 B0 e t  t0  1

 
 r2  r 2 B0 e t
Q   I  t  dt   t
B0 e dt 
0 0
R R 1 0
 3.14   2  102   0.01  6.28C

2
Q68. The electric field of an electromagnetic wave in vacuum is given by



E  E0 cos 3 y  4 z  1.5 109 t xˆ 
The wave is reflected from the z  0 surface. If the pressure exerted on the surface is
  E02 , the value of  (rounded off to one decimal place) is___________
Ans. : 0.8
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
Solution: K  3 yˆ  4 zˆ
Ky 3
tan  R  
Kz 4
I 2 1 4
P  2 cos  R   0 cE02 
c c 2 5
P  0.80 E02
Q69. A solid cylinder of radius R has total charge Q distributed uniformly over its volume. It
is rotating about its axis with angular speed  . The magnitude of the total magnetic
moment of the cylinder is
1 1 1
(a) QR 2 (b) QR 2 (c) QR 2 (d) QR 2
2 4 8
Ans. : (c)
 R 4
Solution: Magnetic moment due to disc  
4
 R 4
Due to cylinder d     dz     dz 
4
 R 4 L
Q Q R 4

4 0  R 2 L dz 
4
Q70. An infinitely long wire parallel to the x -axis is kept at z  d and carries a current I in
the positive x direction above a superconductor filling the region z  0 (see figure). The

magnetic field B inside the superconductor is zero so that the field just outside the
superconductor is parallel to its surface. The magnetic field due to this configuration at a
point  x, y, z  0  is ẑ
  I    z  d  ˆj  ykˆ
(a)  0 
 2   y 2   z  d  
2
  l
  I     z  d  ˆj  ykˆ  z  d  ˆj  ykˆ  d
(b)  0   2  2 
 2   y   z  d  y   z  d  
2 2
x̂
superconductor
 I     z  d  ˆj  ykˆ  z  d  ˆj  ykˆ 
(c)  0  2  2 
 2   y   z  d  y   z  d  
2 2
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  I   yjˆ   z  d  kˆ yjˆ   z  d  kˆ 
(d)  0   2  2 
 2   y   z  d  y   z  d  
2 2
Ans. : (b)

Solution: Verify that B  0 , when d  0
Q71. The vector potential inside a long solenoid with n turns per unit length and carrying
  nI
current I , written in cylindrical coordinates is A  s,  , z   0 sˆ . If the term
2
0 nI 
2
 
s  cos  ˆ   sin  sˆ , where   0,   0 is added to A  S ,  , z  , the magnetic
field remains the same if


(a)    (b)     (c)   2  (d)  
2
  t ˆ 1 t ˆ t 
 Useful formulae:  t S   zˆ; 
S S  z
 
  v      sv  v  
  v   1 vz    sˆ   vs  vz ˆ  1   s  zˆ  
  s  z   z s s  s   
    
Ans. : (d)
rˆ rˆ zˆ
   1   
Solution: B    A   0 nIzˆ
r r  z
Ar rA 0
rˆ rˆ zˆ
   1      cos  
B    A   0 nI  cos   1  zˆ
r r  z  2 
Ar rA 0
    cos  
Equate B  B   cos   1   0 nI
 2 
 
  cos   cos    
2 2
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 P 
Q72. For a given load resistance RL  4.7 ohm, the power transfer efficiencies   load  of
 Ptotal 
a dc voltage source and a dc current source with internal resistances R1 and R2 ,
respectively, are equal. The product R1 R2 in units of ohm2 (rounded off to one decimal
place) is___________
Ans. : 22.09
Solution: For dc voltage source
R1
2
V 2
 V 
Ptotal  and PRL    RL
R1  RL R
 1  RL 
V RL
PRL RL
 dc vol  
Ptotal R1  RL
For dc current source
2
 RR   R2 I 
Ptotal  I  2 L  and PRL  I L2 RL  
2
 RL
 R2  RL   R2  RL 
PRL R2
 dc curr   I R2 RL
Ptotal R2  RL
Since  dc vol  dc curr
RL R2
   RL  R2  RL   R2  R1  RL   R1 R2  RL2
R1  RL R2  RL
 R1 R2   4.7   22.09  2
2
Q73. Consider a system of three charges as shown in the figure below:

z
 r , 
q
q d  q
 
2 2
y
d d
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For r  10 m;  60 degrees; q  10 Coulomb, and d  103 m , the electric dipole
6
potential in volts (rounded off to three decimal places) at a point  r ,   is _________
1 Nm 2
[Use:  9 109 2 ]
4 0 C
Ans. : 0.045
q q
Solution: Monopole moment     q  0
2 2
 q q
p     dyˆ    dyˆ   q  dzˆ 
2 2

p  qdzˆ

1 pr 1 qd cos 
V  r ,   
4 0 r 2
4 0 r2
106  103  cos 600

V  r ,   9  109 
10 
2
109
 9 10 9
 0.045
2  100

Q74. The electric field of an electromagnetic wave is given by E  3sin  kz   t  xˆ 
4 cos  kz  t  yˆ . The wave is
4
(a) linearly polarized at an angle tan 1   from the x - axis
3
3
(b) linearly polarized at an angle tan 1   from the x - axis
4
(c) elliptically polarized in clockwise direction when seen travelling towards the observer
(d) elliptically polarized in counter-clockwise direction when seen travelling towards the
observer
Ans. : (d)
Solution: At z  0, Ex  3sin t , E y  4 cos t y
At t  0, Ex  0, E y  4
x
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
At  t  , Ex  3, E y  0
2
 m 
Q75. In a set of N successive polarizers, the m th polarizer makes an angle   with the
 2N 
vertical. A vertically polarized light beam of intensity I 0 is incident on two such sets with
N  N1 and N  N 2 , where N 2  N1 . Let the intensity of light beams coming out be
I  N1  and I  N 2  , respectively. Which of the following statements is correct about the
two outgoing beams?

(a) I  N 2   I  N1  ; the polarization in each case is vertical
(b) I  N 2   I  N1  ; the polarization in each case is vertical
(c) I  N 2   I  N1  ; the polarization in each case is horizontal
(d) I  N 2   I  N1  ; the polarization in each case is horizontal
Ans. : (c)
2 N1 2 N2
  n / 2    n / 2 
Solution: I  N1   I 0 cos   , I  N 2   I 0 cos  
  N1     N2 
I  N 2   I  N1 
For last polarization, pass axis will be horizontal.

Ex: N1  5
 
10
I  5   I 0 cos 18   0.605 I 0
 
N 2  10
 
20
I 10   I 0  cos 9   0.780 I 0
 
I 10   I  5 
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3.electromagnetic Theory GATE

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fiziks

  d       a  r 2  cos   r 2 sin  drd d  0

  cos  d       a  r 2  cos 2   r 2 sin  drd d  0 .

(b) k and S are anti-parallel

(c) k and S are perpendicular to each other

(a)   F  0 (b)   F  0 (c)  V  0 (d)  2 V  0

Q10. A spherical conductor of radius a is placed in a uniform electric field E  E 0 kˆ . The

Q12. The electric field E  x, y, z , t  corresponding to the above wave is given by

this charge distribution the electric field at 2 x0 ,0,0

2Qxˆ Qxˆ Qxˆ Qxˆ

First term, total charge

QT     x dx  Q    x   x 0 dx   Q    x   x 0 dx   Q  Q  0

Second term, dipole moment

p   x   x dx  Q  x   x   x 0 dx   Q  x  x   x 0 dx   Qx 0  Q   x 0  2Qx 0

2Qx 0 V 4Qx 0 4Qx 0 Q

Q24. A monochromatic plane wave at oblique incidence undergoes reflection at a dielectric

1.6 1019  B 2  0.1 1.6 1013  2 1.67 1027 

2 1.67 1027  1.6 1019   0.12

1013  2 1.67 1027  3.34 1040

(a) 3I 0 and I 0 (b) 4 I 0 and I 0 (c) 5I 0 and 4 I 0 (d) 9 I 0 and I 0

electric field of the laser is _________

r rˆ r sin 

r r r sin 

(a) B0 z kˆ (b)  B0 x ˆj (c)

(c) c 0 E 02 cos 2 kz  t  ˆj (d) c 0 E 02 cos 2 kz  t kˆ

The magnetic field in the magnetic material is  r B x iˆ  B z kˆ

electromagnetic radiation to which this metal is transparent, is 1.38 1016 Hz . If this

electromagnetic radiation to which it would be transparent is…………… 1016 Hz (up to

and three Independent co-ordinate for magnetic field  Bx , By , Bz  .

magnitude of electric field at the surface of the solenoid is

(a)  B0  x  y  iˆ (b) B0  x  y  ˆj (c) B0 xjˆ

is _________ 103 Vm 1 (up to one decimal place).

( 0  8.85 1012 C 2 N 1m 2 , 0  4 107 NA2 , c  3 108 ms 1 )

 E  66 102  6.6 103 V / m

4 cos  kz  t  yˆ . The wave is

 3.14   2  102   0.01  6.28C

Q68. The electric field of an electromagnetic wave in vacuum is given by

field remains the same if

a dc voltage source and a dc current source with internal resistances R1 and R2 ,

Since  dc vol  dc curr

Q73. Consider a system of three charges as shown in the figure below:

potential in volts (rounded off to three decimal places) at a point  r ,   is _________

106  103  cos 600

4 cos  kz  t  yˆ . The wave is

N  N1 and N  N 2 , where N 2  N1 . Let the intensity of light beams coming out be

I  N1  and I  N 2  , respectively. Which of the following statements is correct about the

two outgoing beams?

(b) I  N 2   I  N1  ; the polarization in each case is vertical

(c) I  N 2   I  N1  ; the polarization in each case is horizontal

(d) I  N 2   I  N1  ; the polarization in each case is horizontal

For last polarization, pass axis will be horizontal.

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