1.

Angle Measure (Degrees and Radians)

In general, there are two measures used to determine. The measure of an angle is degrees
and radians. The ° and "rad" symbols represent degrees and radians, respectively. In

1
short, one full turn¿ 360 °, or 1 ° is defined as the size of the angle formed by rounds.
360

Figure 1.1 Large number of rotations

Of course from Figure 1.1, you can describe for some another unit of rotation. For

1 1 2
example, for round, round, round. Before we understand the relationship
3 6 3
between degrees and radians, let's study the theory regarding the following radians.

One radian is defined as the measure of

the central angle whose arc length is the
same as the radius, pay attention to the
Image 1.2. If ∠ AOB=α and

, then AB radian.
^
^
AB=OA =OB α= =1
r

If the arc length is not equal to r, then how to determine the size of the angle can be
calculated in radians use comparison:

Figure 1.2 Radian Measure

Properties 1.1
 ^
AB
∠ AOB= =rad
r

Furthermore, it can be said that the relationship unit degrees with unit of radian, is 1
revolution equal to 2 π rad. Therefore, apply

Properties 1.2

π 180 °
360 °=2 π rad ∨1° = rad ∨1rad = ≅57,3 °
180 ° π

From Properties 4.2, it can be concluded as follows.

π
 Convert x degrees to radians by multiplying x × .
180 °

For example, 45 ° =45 ° × ( 180π ° ) rad= π4 rad

180 °
 Convert x radians to degrees by multiplying x ×
π
3 3 180 °
For example, π rad= π × =270 °
2 2 π

Furthermore, in the discussion of the following topics there are several angle
(special angle) that is often used. Completely presented in the following table, but
you still have to complete it.

Table 1.1 Special angles that are often used

Degrees Radians Degrees Radians

0° 0 rad 180 ° π rad
30 ° π 210 ° 7π
rad rad
6 6
45 ° π 225 ° 5π
rad rad
4 4
60 ° π 240 ° 4π
rad rad
3 3
90 ° π 270 ° 3π
rad rad
2 2
120 ° 2π 300 ° 5π
rad rad
3 3
135 ° 3π 315 ° 7π
rad rad
4 4
150 ° 5π 330 ° 11 π
rad rad
6 6
 In geometric studies, angles are defined as the product of rotation of the sides
start (initial side) to the end (terminal side). In addition, the direction of rotation has
meaning in angle. An angle is marked "positive" if the direction of rotation is counter
clock wise, and marked “negative” if the direction of rotation is clockwise. Angle
rotation direction can also be observed in the position of the end side to the start side.
To make it easier, let's look at the following description.

a. Angle marked positive b. Angle with negative sign

Figure 1.3 Angle based on the direction of rotation

In Cartesian coordinates, if the initial side coincides with the x-axis and the
terminal side lies in one of the quadrants of the Cartesian coordinates, is called the
standard (standard) angle. If the final edge is on one of the axes at these coordinates,
such an angle is called a quadrant delimiter, that is
0 ° , 90° , 180 ° , 180 ° , 270 ° ,∧360 ° .

Note that to express an angle, usually use Greek letters, such as,
α (alpha) , β (betha) , γ (gamma)∧θ (tetha) also use capital letters, such as A, B, C, and
D. Therefore, if the resulting angle is a, then the angle b is called a coterminal angle,
as described in the image below.
 a. Standard angle and coterminal angle b. The measure of the angle in each quadrant

Figure 1.4 Geometrical angles and quadrant delimitation

2. Trigonometric Comparison in Right Triangle

Trigonometry comes from the Greek, trigonon means three angles, and metro
means measure. Greek scientist in the Hellenistic period, Hipparchus (190 B.C – 120
B.C) is believed to be the person who first discovered the theory about trigonometry out
of curiosity about the world. Other Greek mathematicians, Ptolemy circa 100 developed
further trigonometric calculations. Silesian mathematician Bartholemmaeus Pitiskus
publishing an influential work about trigonometry in 1595 and introduced this word
into English and French.

As for the sin formula, cos is also tangent formulated by Surya Siddhanta, Indian
scientist who is believed to have lived around the 3rd century BC. The rest of the theory
of Trigonometry was perfected by other scientists in the next era.

The relationship between the ratio of an acute angle to the length of the sides of a
right triangle is stated in the following definition.

Defiinition 2.1

1). Sin C is defined as the ratio the length of the side opposite

AB
the angle with the hypotenuse triangle, written sin C=
BC
2). Cosine C is defined as the ratio of the side lengths to the side angle with hypotenuse

AC
of triangle, cos C=
BC
3). Tangent C is defined as the ratio of the length of the opposite side angle with a side

AB
beside the angle, written tanC=
AC
4). Cosecant C is defined as the ratio of the length of the hypotenuse triangle with the

BC 1
side opposite the angle, written csc C= ∨csc C=
AB sin C
 5). Secan C is defined as the ratio of the lengths of the hypotenuse of the triangle with

the side beside the angle, written

BC 1
sec C= ∨sec C=
AC cos C
6). Cotangent C is defined as the ratio of the sides beside the
angle with the side opposite the angle, written

AC 1
cotan C= ∨cot C=
AB tan C

3. Trigonometric Comparison Values for 0 ° ,30 ° , 45 ° ,60 °∧90°

Example:
Given a square ABCD with size a (a is a positive number). The AC diagonal line is
formed so that it forms an angle with AB, like the picture next to this. Find the value of
sin 45 ° , cos 45 ° ,∧tan 45 ° .

Answer:
To determine the value of sin 45 ° , cos 45 ° ,∧tan 45 °, need to be reminded again
Definition 2.1. To find the length of AC, use the Pythagorean Theorem, that is
AC 2=a2+ a2
→ AC 2=a2 +a 2=2 a
→ AC 2=√ 2a 2=a √ 2
Thus, obtained:
BC a 1 2 1
 sin 45 °= = = × √ = √2
AC a √ 2 √ 2 √ 2 2
AB a 1 2 1
 cos 45 °= = = × √ = √2
AC a √ 2 √ 2 √2 2
BC a
 tan 45 °= = =1
AA a

Table 4.2 Trigonometric comparison values for special angles

 Sin Cos Tan Csc Sec Cot
0° 0 1 0 1
30 ° 1 1 1 2 2 √3
√3 √3 √3
2 2 3 3
45 ° 1 1 1 √2 √2 1
√2 √2
2 2
60 ° 1 1 √3 2 2 1
√3 √3 √3
2 2 3 3
90 ° 1 0 1 1