Nervous System

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Chapter 3
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learnin
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRI
Introduction to the Structure and
Function of the Nervous System
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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Structure and Function of the makes possible complex activities, such

Nervous System as walking, running, playing a piano, and
ones & BartlettTheLearning, LLC is a complex regulatory© Jones using
nervous system a computer,
& Bartlett as well as simple
Learning, LLC activi-
ties, such as maintaining muscle tone and
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system NOT FOR
that, along with the endocrine system (see SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Chapter 23), controls and coordinates activities posture while at rest.
and functions throughout the body, internally • Monitoring and recognizing stimuli (and
and externally, by sending, receiving, and sort- information) within the environment, and
ing electrical impulses. Disruption of any part of then directing an appropriate response to
© Jones & Bartlett Learning,
the nervous system affects body function in some LLC the stimuli. This function © Jones & Bartlett Learnin
makes possible
way, either NOT FOR
internally SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
or externally. reflex actions, such as pulling
NOT FORone’s
away SALE OR DISTRI
The nervous system consists of the central hand from a hot surface, as well as perceiv-
nervous system, which includes the brain and ing music being played in the next room.
spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, • Monitoring and coordinating internal body
which includes nerve fibers extending from the states so that internal organs function as a
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones
unit, internal body&constancy
Bartlett(homeosta-
Learning, LLC
brain and spinal cord that carry information
NOT between
FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
the central nervous system and the rest sis) isNOT FORand
maintained, SALE OR action
protective DISTRIBUTION
is
of the body. The peripheral nervous system is fur- taken. For example, in response to a lack of
ther divided into two parts: the afferent (sensory) oxygen, more rapid breathing occurs; the
system, which carries messages from other parts body shivers in response to cold; and when
threat or danger is encountered, the heart
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the body to theLLC
central nervous system, and the
© Jones beats
& Bartlett Learning, LLC
more rapidly.
efferent (motor) system, which carries messages
from the central nervous system to other parts of Other functions, such as display of personality
the body (see Table 3-1). traits, language, speech, learning, remembering,
feeling emotion, reasoning, and generating and
Function of the Nervous System
relaying thoughts, are also controlled by the ner-
© Jones
Functions of & Bartlett
the nervous Learning,
system include the LLC
vous system—specifically, by © theJones
brain. & Bartlett
Learnin
following: NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTR
• Organizing and directing motor responses Nerve Cells
of the voluntary muscle system, enabling Specialized cells called neurons are the func-
the body to move more effectively as a tional units of the nervous system. Neurons
© Jones & Bartlett
whole Learning,
and to achieve LLC
purposeful movement. © Jones
transmit messages & from
to and Bartlett Learning,
the brain. They LLC
This coordination
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION of voluntary muscles consist of NOT
a cell FOR
body and processes (nerve
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31
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Chapter 3 • Introduction to the Structure FOR SALE
and Function OR DISTRIBUTION
of the Nervous System
process begins again (see Figure 3-1). After neu-

Table 3-1 The Nervous System rotransmitters are released, they are either taken
(Central and Peripheral)
up again by the neuron or destroyed.
I. Central nervous system Longer axons are generally grouped in bun-
A. Brain dles. When they are transmitting impulses within
B. Spinal cord the central nervous system, these bundles are
II. Peripheral nervous system
referred to as tracts. Those bundles located out-
side the central nervous system are referred to
A. Afferent (sensory)
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC as nerves. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR
B. Efferent (motor)
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1. Somatic nervous system The Central Nervous System
2. Autonomic nervous system The central nervous system is made up of the
a. Sympathetic nervous system brain and spinal cord. Bony coverings protect
ones & Bartlett
Learning, LLC
b. Parasympathetic nervous system both the
© Jones & brain and the
Bartlett spinal cord.LLC
Learning, On the inte-
rior of these bony coverings are three membranes
T FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT(meninges)
that provide additional protection:
• The dura mater is the outer membrane,
fibers) that extend beyond the cell body. In most
lying closest to the bony covering of the
cases, a single long nerve fiber called an axon
brain and spinal cord.
© Jones
conducts nerve impulses&(and
Bartlett Learning,
information) away LLC• The arachnoid membrane © Jones & Bartlett Learnin
is the middle
from the cell body to other neurons.
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Smaller, NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRI
membrane, a cobweb-appearing membrane.
shorter nerve fibers called dendrites conduct
• The pia mater is the inner membrane, which
nerve impulses toward the cell body after receiv-
lies closest to the brain and spinal cord.
ing information from other neurons. Fibers that
carry information from parts of the body to the Between each of the membrane layers are spaces.
© Jones
brain & areBartlett Learning,
called afferent neuronsLLC
(sensory neu- © Jones
The space between & Bartlett
the dura mater andLearning,
the inner LLC
NOT rons).
FOR Fibers
SALEthat ORcarry
DISTRIBUTION
information from the surface of NOTthe bonyFOR SALEis OR
covering DISTRIBUTION
the epidural
brain to other parts of the body are called effer- space. T; the space between the dura mater and
ent neurons (motor neurons). the arachnoid membrane is the subdural space;
Surrounding neurons is a fatty sheath called and the space between the arachnoid membrane
myelin, which, much like the covering of elec- and the pia mater is the subarachnoid space.
ones & Bartletttrical
Learning, LLC insulation, ensuring that
cords, provides © Jones The&central
Bartlett Learning,
nervous LLC
system is also protected
electrical impulses are able to flow smoothly and NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
and cushioned by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF),
reliably. Information is passed from neuron to which is formed by specialized capillaries called
neuron by both electrical and chemical impulses. the choroids plexus in inner chambers within the
The electrical impulse, which has been picked up brain called ventricles. The cerebrospinal fluid
by the dendrites, is passed through the cell body bathes the brain and spinal cord, circulating from
to the axon. The electrical impulse then moves the ventricles into the subarachnoid space (see
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
down the full length of the axon until it reaches
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTR
Figure 3-2). From the subarachnoid space it the
its tip. At the tip of the axon are tiny processes, CSF flows to the back of the brain, down around
which release chemicals known as neurotrans- the spinal cord, and then back to the brain,
mitters. Neurotransmitters, through chemical where it is reabsorbed into the blood through the
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
means, transfer the impulse from one neuron © JonesThe
arachnoid membrane. & Bartlett
amounts ofLearning,
cerebro- LLC
to another across a
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION space between the two neu- spinal fluid produced and absorbed are
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION equally
rons called the synapse. The electrical impulse, balanced, so that under normal conditions, the
through the vehicle of neurotransmitters, then amount of CSF within the central nervous system
moves to the next neuron’s dendrites and the remains constant.
T FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR
Structure andSALE OR
Function DISTRIBUTION
of the Nervous System 33
Figure 3-1 Neurons

Copyright Jane Tinkler Lamm.

Another protective device is the blood–brain harmful substances, such as toxins, are prevented
barrier, a structural arrangement of capillaries from crossing into the brain.
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRI
that selectively determines which substances can The central nervous system is composed of
move from the blood into the brain. While sub- white matter and gray matter. White matter
stances such as oxygen and glucose are necessary makes up the inner part of the brain and the outer
to brain
© Jones survival and
& Bartlett consequently
Learning, move freely
LLC portion of the
© spinal
Jones cord&and consists of
Bartlett myelin-
Learning, LLC
across the blood–brain
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION barrier, other potential ated covered axons that conduct nerve
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION impulses.
Figure 3-2 Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid

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It is called white matter because of its whitish • The associational cortex is involved in cog-
appearance due to the myelin covering. Gray nitive functions such as memory, reasoning,
matter makes up the thin outer layer of the brain
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC abstract thinking, and consciousness. © Jones & Bartlett Learnin
and the inner portion of the spinal cord. Small
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The cerebrum is divided into NOT FORcalled
two halves, SALE OR DISTRI
segments of gray matter are also embedded deep
the right hemisphere and the left hemisphere.
within certain parts of the white matter of the
These two hemispheres communicate with each
brain. Gray matter consists of groups of neuron
other. Dividing the hemispheres and connecting
cell bodies; it gets its name from . It is called gray
specific areas of the two hemispheres are bundles
© Jones
matter&because
Bartlett of itsLearning, LLC Gray
grayish appearance. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum. Each
matter of the brain
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION receives, sorts, and processes
hemisphereNOT FORfor
has centers SALE ORinforma-
receiving DISTRIBUTION
nerve messages, while gray matter of the spinal
tion and for initiating responses. The left hemi-
cord serves as a center for reflex action (automatic
sphere mostly receives information from and
response to stimuli).
sends information to the right side of the body,
ones & Bartlett Learning, LLC whereas
© Jones & the right hemisphere
Bartlett Learning, mostly
LLCreceives
T FOR SALE OR Structure
DISTRIBUTION and Function of NOTinformation
FOR SALE from and sends information to the
OR DISTRIBUTION
the Brain left side of the body.
Deep within the cerebral hemispheres are
The brain is directly connected to the spinal cord
groups of gray matter called basal ganglia, which
and serves as the primary center for the integra-
are part of the extrapyramidal system. (“Extrapy-
tion, coordination, initiation, and interpretation
© Jones & Bartlett
of most nerve messages. It regulates and moni-
Learning, LLC
ramidal” denotes nerve fiber tracts © Jones & Bartlett Learnin
that lie outside
NOT FORbody SALE OR DISTRIBUTION the pyramidal tract, a relatively compact
NOT FOR SALEgroup of OR DISTRI
tors many unconscious functions, such as
nerve fibers that originate from cells in the outer
heart and respiratory rate, and coordinates most
layer of the brain.) Extrapyramidal function is
voluntary movements. In addition, it is the site
concerned with postural adjustment and gross
of higher cognitive processes such as learning,
voluntary and automatic muscular movements.
generating
© Jones and relaying
& Bartlett thoughts,
Learning, LLCreasoning, © Jones &maintain
Bartlett Learning, LLC
The basal ganglia help to tone in mus-
judgment, memory, consciousness, and emotion.
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTand
cles in the trunk FOR SALE enabling
extremities, OR DISTRIBUTION
indi-
The brain also has a sensory function, which is
viduals to maintain balance and posture and to
responsible for vision, hearing, touch, taste, and
engage in movements such as walking. The basal
smell. Language function, including the ability
ganglia also play a role in enabling individuals to
to communicate and to comprehend, is also con-
react swiftly, appropriately, and automatically to
ones & Bartletttrolled by the brain
Learning, LLCas well. Finally, the brain con-© Jones
stimuli&thatBartlett
demand an Learning, LLC such
immediate response,
T FOR SALE OR trolsDISTRIBUTION
basic behavior patterns and the display of NOTasFOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
after tripping, enabling the individual to adjust
general personality traits, which are characteris-
his or her movement to avoid a fall.
tic of how each individual responds to stimuli.
Each hemisphere of the cerebrum is divided
The brain is protected by the bony covering of
into lobes that contain areas related to specific
the skull (cranium or cranial bones). The largest
functions (see Figure 3-3). The frontal lobe is
© Jones
part of the brain, & Bartlett
the cerebrum, Learning,
is covered with a LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learnin
located in the front of each hemisphere and con-
thin outer layerNOT of FOR SALE
gray matter ORtheDISTRIBUTION
called cortex, NOT FOR SALE OR DISTR
tains motor areas that initiate voluntary move-
which contains billions of nerve cells. The cortex
ment and skilled movements, such as those,
has three specialized areas, which serve three
involved in handwriting. Other areas in the fron-
major areas of function:
tal lobe control higher intellectual functions such
• The motor cortex
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC coordinates voluntary as foresight,©analytical
Jones thinking,
& Bartlett and Learning,
judgment. LLC
movements
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION of the body. The parietal lobe is located in the
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION middle of
• The sensory cortex is responsible for the each hemisphere and is primarily the sensory
recognition or perception of sensory stim- area, integrating and interpreting sensation such
uli, such as touch, pain, smell, taste, vision, as touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. Some
and hearing. memory functions are also located in the parietal
T FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE
Structure OR
and DISTRIBUTION
Function of the Brain 35
Figure 3-3 Areas of Brain Function


lobe, especially those responsible for storage of articulation. This area contributes to expressive
sensory memory. The temporal lobe is located function (speech formation), or the ability to inte-
under the frontal and parietal lobes and is pri- grate and coordinate words so that the meaning
© Jones
marily&responsible
Bartlett forLearning, LLC of and
the interpretation © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
can be comprehended.
NOT distinction
FOR SALE ORauditory
between DISTRIBUTION
stimuli. The occipi- NOT
A structure knownFOR SALE
as the ORlies
thalamus DISTRIBUTION
within
tal lobe is located at the back or posterior por- the center of the brain. The thalamus acts as a
tion of each hemisphere; i. It is the primary area relay station that sorts, interprets, and directs
for reception and interpretation of visual stimuli. sensory information. Below the thalamus is the
Several parts of the cerebrum are involved hypothalamus, which coordinates neural and
ones & Bartlettin Learning, LLC
the language function, which consists of the © Jones & Bartlett
endocrine Learning,
activities. It This structureLLC
helps regu-
process of receiving, interpreting, and integrat- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
late the body’s internal environment and behav-
ing visual and auditory stimuli as well as the iors that are important to survival, such as eating,
ability to express thoughts in a coordinated way drinking, and reproduction. Below the hypothala-
so that others can comprehend them. Language mus is the pituitary gland, an endocrine gland that
function is located in the left hemisphere of the will be discussed in more detail in a later chapter.
cerebrum in most individuals, whether they are The limbic system is comprises a group of
right- or left-handed. An area located over the structures consisting of bothNOT gray FOR SALE OR DISTR
and white
temporal and parietal lobes, called Wernicke’s matter that surround the thalamus. The limbic
area, is the major area responsible for receptive system plays a role in expression of instincts,
function (speech understanding), or the ability to drives, and emotions and as in the formation of
integrate visual and auditory
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC information so as memories. A ©band
Jones of gray& matter called
Bartlett the hip-
Learning, LLC
to understand communication
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION received. An area pocampus is involved in learning and
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION long-term
located in front of the temporal lobe and in the memory, helping to determine where important
frontal cortex, called Broca’s area, is responsible and relevant aspects of facts will be stored.
for speaking ability and is closely associated with Beneath the occipital lobe of the cerebrum is
motor areas that control the muscles needed for a structure called the cerebellum. The cerebellum
is primarily responsible for the coordination and fused (joined) bone. At the tip of the sacrum is
integration of voluntary movement and for the the coccyx, or tailbone (see Figure 3-4).
maintenance © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCThe spinal cord conducts©impulses
of equilibrium, posture, and balance Jones to & and
Bartlett Learnin
of the body. It also regulates and coordinates fine from the brain. The outer white matter of the
movements of the extremities, which are initiated spinal cord, which consists of bundles or tracts of
by the frontal lobe. myelinated fibers of sensory (afferent) and motor
The brain stem, which is located beneath (efferent) neurons, conveys electrical impulses up
the cerebellum at the base of the brain just above and down the spinal cord between the peripheral
© Jones & Bartlett
the spinal cord, actsLearning, LLCtransmit-
as a relay station, © Jones
nervous system & Bartlett
(those nerves Learning,
lying outside the LLC
ting nerve impulses
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION between the spinal cord and central nervous system) and the brain.
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION In most
the brain. It is the primary center of involuntary instances, sensory information traveling up the
functions. Control of vital organ functions, such right side of the spinal cord crosses over to the
as regulation of heartbeat or respiration, occurs in left side of the brain, so the left hemisphere of
the brain stem. Areas in the brain stem also regu- the brain would, for example, interpret pain in
ones & BartlettlateLearning,
the diameterLLC © Jones
of blood vessels, contributing to & hand.
the right Bartlett Learning,
Conversely, LLC origi-
motor impulses
the control of blood pressure. Reflex actions, suchNOTnating
FORinSALE the leftORbrainDISTRIBUTION
cross to the right side of
as coughing and swallowing, are controlled in the the spinal cord and initiate a response to the right
brain stem as well. Finally, the brain stem con- side of the body. Because of this crossover effect,
tains scattered groups of cells, called the reticu- damage on one side of the brain typically causes
lar formation, which are involved in the initiation manifestations itself on the opposite side of the
and maintenance of wakefulness and alertness. body.
© Jones & Bartlett Learnin
NOT
The brain FOR
requires SALE
both oxygenORand DISTRIBUTION
nourish- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRI
ment in the form of glucose in order to function
and to survive. Oxygen and glucose are trans- Figure 3-4 The Spine
ported to the brain by blood carried by four major
arteries:
© Jones two carotidLearning,
& Bartlett arteries and LLC
two vertebral © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
arteries. The vertebral arteries join to form the
basilar artery. The carotid and basilar arteries
then connect at the base of the brain to form the
circle of Willis, from which cerebral arteries
branch out to carry blood to the rest of the brain.
Structure and Function NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
of the Spinal Cord and
Peripheral Nervous System
The Spinal Cord
The spinal © Jones
cord is part&ofBartlett
the centralLearning,
nervous LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learnin
system andNOTextendsFORfromSALE OR
the brain stemDISTRIBUTION
to the NOT FOR SALE OR DISTR
lower part of the back. Bony coverings called
vertebrae surround the spinal cord and protect
it. Taken as a whole, this bony covering, as a
whole, forms the vertebral column. The vertebral
© Jones
column & consists
Bartlettof 7Learning, LLC located
cervical vertebrae, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT in
the neck area; 12 thoracic vertebrae, located NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
in the upper and middle back; and 5 lumbar ver-
tebrae, located in the lower back. The sacrum,
located below the lumbar vertebrae, consists of Copyright Jane Tinkler Lamm.
T FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Structure and Function of theNOT
SpinalFOR
Cord SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
and Peripheral Nervous System 37
The inner gray matter of the spinal cord, Many types of neurons work together to trans-
which is composed of cell bodies and unmy- mit impulses through the spinal cord. Sensory
elinated neurons,
© Jones acts as
& aBartlett
coordinating center LLC
Learning, impulses entering the spinal cord at the lumbar
for reflex and other activities, such as voluntary region are relayed vertically to the brain through
movements and control of internal functions. A a number of connecting sensory neurons. Motor
reflex center in the gray matter of the spinal cord impulses from the brain to the peripheral nerves,
is where sensory and motor neurons connect; this however, are conducted through two separate cat-
part of the spinal cord serves as a center for spinal egories of motor neurons. Upper motor neurons
© Jones &A
reflexes. Bartlett
reflex canLearning,
be defined asLLC
an automatic originate in ©
theJones
brain and&are
Bartlett
containedLearning,
entirely LLC
response to a given
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION stimulus. Spinal reflexes con- within the central nervous system. Lower
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION motor
trol not only muscle reflexes, but also the reflexes neurons, although originating in the central ner-
of internal organs. vous system, have fibers extending to the periph-
The gray matter within the spinal cord resem- eral nerves in voluntary muscles. Alteration of
bles the letter “H.” The projections of the H are function of either upper or lower motor neurons
ones & Bartlettnamed
Learning,
accordingLLCto the direction to which they © Jones & Bartlett
can generally affect Learning,
the voluntary LLC
muscles. The
project. The posterior horns extend toward the NOTlocation
of the alteration of function determines
back, and the anterior horns project toward the nature of the manifestations.
the front. Cerebrospinal fluid, which nourishes
and protects the spinal cord, fills both the cen- Structure and Function of the Peripheral
tral canal, located within the center of the gray Nervous System
matter, and the subarachnoid space surrounding
A nerve is a bundle of fibers outside the cen-
NOTofFOR
the outer portion SALE
the spinal cord.OR DISTRIBUTION NOT information
tral nervous system that transmits FOR SALE OR DISTRI
Motor (efferent) impulses originate in the between the central nervous system and vari-
motor cortex of the brain, extend down the spinal ous parts of the body. The peripheral nervous
cord through descending tracts, and exit through system consists of all nerves that extend from
motor spinal nerve roots
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC that extend through the brain and©spinal
Jonescord.&ToBartlett
function effectively,
Learning, LLC
openings between the vertebrae that surround the the peripheral nerves must be connected to the
spinal cord. Sensory (afferent) impulses from the central nervous system. Some peripheral nerves
body enter the spinal cord through spinal nerve connect directly to the brain (cranial nerves);
roots that also extend through openings between others connect directly to the spinal cord (spinal
vertebrae and then travel up ascending tracts in nerves). Cranial and spinal nerves are essential
the spinal cord
ones & Bartlett Learning, LLC to the brain. links between
© Jones the restLearning,
& Bartlett of the body and
LLC the central
Spinal
T FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION nerve roots are named for the verte- nervous system.
bral level from which they exit. For example, the The 12 pairs of peripheral nerves that con-
nerve roots that leave the spinal cord at the cervi- nect and transmit messages directly to the brain
cal level are labeled C1 through C8, and the nerve are called cranial nerves. Some cranial nerves
roots that leave at the thoracic level are labeled contain only sensory fibers, whereas others con-
T1 through© Jones
T12 & Bartlett
(see Figure 3-5). TheLearning,
sensory LLC © Jones
tain both sensory and motor fibers. & Bartlett Learnin
Cranial nerves
NOTfibers
(afferent) nerve FORfromSALE OR
outside theDISTRIBUTION
central mediate many aspects of sensationNOTand FOR SALE OR DISTR
muscular
nervous system carry body sensations into the activity in and around the head and neck. Cranial
sensory nerve roots (posterior roots) at the back nerves and their related functions are described
of the spinal cord, where they are then carried in Table 3-2).
up the spinal cord to the brain. Motor (efferent) The 31 pairs of peripheral nerves that con-
impulses travel from the brain down the spinal © Jones
nect and transmit & Bartlett
messages directly to Learning,
the spinal LLC
NOT cord
FORand SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
exit from motor nerve roots (anterior NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
cord are called spinal nerves. Each nerve divides
roots) at the front of the spinal cord. Motor nerve and then subdivides into a number of branches.
fibers then carry impulses to the voluntary mus- Nerves at each level travel to specific parts of
cles of the body. the body, conveying information between those
Figure 3-5 Spinal Nerves


areas and the central nervous

© Jones system.
& Bartlett Spinal
Learning, LLC The autonomic nervous system integrates
© Jones the
& Bartlett Learnin
nerves and NOT
their related functions are described
FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION work of vital organs, such as the heart and lungs.
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTR
in Figure 3-5. Its primary function is to coordinate the activity
Nerves control both voluntary and involun- of internal organs so that they can make adap-
tary functions in the body. Nerves that control tive responses to changing external situations,
voluntary functions (such as movement of the thereby maintaining internal equilibrium. Nerve
© Jones & Bartlett
muscles Learning,
in the extremities) LLC somatic fibers monitor
are called © Jones & Bartlett
the activities Learning,
of internal organs LLC
NOT nerves.
FOR SALE ORare
Nerves that DISTRIBUTION
concerned with the con- NOT FOR
as well as changes in the SALE
external OR DISTRIBUTION
environment.
trol of involuntary functions are part of a subcat- When changes are necessary to maintain inter-
egory of the peripheral nervous system called the nal homeostasis (equilibrium) or to protect the
autonomic nervous system. body, the autonomic nervous system stimulates
Bibliography 39
Table 3-2 Cranial Nerves and Related Functions
© Jones
Cranial Nerve & Bartlett
Area of Learning,
Function LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learnin
I. NOT FOR SALE
Olfactory OR DISTRIBUTION
Smell NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRI
II. Optic Vision
III. Oculomotor Movement of eye muscles
IV. Trochlear Eyelids
© Jones
V. & Bartlett Learning,
Trigeminal LLCin head, face, and teeth, motor
Sensation © activity
Jonesof & Bartlett Learning, LLC
chewing
VI. Abducens Pupil dilation, focusing of lens NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
VII. Facial Taste, sensation of external ear, control of salivary glands, tears, muscles in
facial expression
VIII. Vestibulocochlear Sensation of sound, balance, orientation of head
ones & Bartlett IX.
Learning, LLC
Glossopharyngeal © Jones
Swallowing, sensation & Bartlett
of pain, taste, touch fromLearning, LLC
tongue and throat
T FOR SALE OR X. DISTRIBUTION
Vagus NOT
Heartbeat, digestion, FOR
speech, SALErespiratory
swallowing, OR DISTRIBUTION
function, gland functions
XI. Accessory Movement of head and shoulders, muscles of pharynx and larynx in throat,
production of voice sounds
XII. Hypoglossal Tongue movement, speech, swallowing
an immediate, involuntary response. For exam- In contrast, the parasympathetic nervous
ple, in response to a speck of dust in the eye, tears system dominates when the body is a rest. It
are produced; i. In response to a fearful situation, activates those mechanisms that focus on body
the heart beats faster. conservation, such as decreasing the heart rate
© JonesThe & autonomic
Bartlettnervous
Learning, LLC
system is divided into
and constricting the pupils of the eye. The para-
NOT two
subsystems: sympatheticNOT FOR
nervous SALE
system is alsoOR DISTRIBUTION
an important
component of sexual arousal in both males and
• The sympathetic nervous system
females.
• The parasympathetic nervous system
ones & BartlettThese two systems work both together and in

Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Bibliography
opposition to control internal organs and regu-
T FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT
late their function. Hormones and emotions can FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Falvo, R. E. (2001). Human physiology physiology 201 core
affect both systems. curriculum. Champaign, IL: Stipes Publishing L.L.C.
The sympathetic nervous system becomes Sherwood, L. (2007). Human physiology: From cells to sys-
active during periods of stress and in emergen- tems (6th ed.). Australia:. Thomson Brooks/Cole.
cies. It prepares the body Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. H. (Eds.). (2011).(13th ed)
© Jones & for action, deepening
Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learnin
Principles of anatomy and physiology (13th ed.). Hobo-
respirations,NOT
making the heart
FOR SALE beat faster, dilating
OR DISTRIBUTION ken, NJ:. John Wiley and Sons. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTR
the pupils, stimulating production of stress hor-
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Structure and Function of the makes possible complex activities, such

process begins again (see Figure 3-1). After neu-

Figure 3-1 Neurons

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Copyright Jane Tinkler Lamm.

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Figure 3-2 Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid

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Copyright Jane Tinkler Lamm.

Figure 3-3 Areas of Brain Function

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Figure 3-5 Spinal Nerves

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areas and the central nervous

Table 3-2 Cranial Nerves and Related Functions

ones & BartlettThese two systems work both together and in

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