1.
Introduction to Anatomy
Joseph Bejogan || September 2021
Transcriber: Rebueno, Jerry Mari S.
The Cell
• The basic morphological and functional unit of all living
things
The Cell Membrane
• Consists of a phospholipid bilayer, a double layer of
phospholipid molecules – hydrophilic heads and
hydrophobic tails
Integral Protein – incorporated with the lipid bilayer of the cell
membrane
Peripheral Protein – can be found on both extracellular and
intracellular surface
Cholesterol
- stabilizes the cell membrane making it more rigid
- regulates the fluidity of the phospholipid bilayer
Cytoplasm
• refers to the homogenous substance (cytoplasmic
matrix) that fills the space that is bounded externally by
the cell membrane
Cytoplasmic Matrix (Cytosol)
- viscid
- mainly made up of water (70% or more by volume)
- host of inorganic ions and molecules are dissolved
- amorphous
- site of essential biochemical processes and it provides a
suitable milieu for the organelles in performing functions
Organelles
• the cytoplasmic organelles include the mitochondria,
ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex,
lysosomes, peroxisomes and centrosome
Mitochondria
• present in all cells, except in the RBC and lens fibers
• hotdog-shaped, but can alter their shape and become
rod-like, filamentous, and spherical
• cannot be seen under light microscopy in H&E
preparation but special staining and phase-contrast
microscopy demonstrate their presence
• the “powerhouse of the cell”
Anatomy and
Physiology Lab
Ribosomes
• can only be distinguished via high-magnification electron
microscopy
• small electron-dense granules that occurs singularly or
in clusters called polyribosomes or polysomes
• either lie free in the cytoplasm or attached to the
surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum
• site of protein synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• the most extensive membranous structure in the
cytoplasm
• consists of interconnecting tubules, vesicles, and
flattened sacs (cisternae)
• 2 parts: the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• serves as supporting structure for the cytoplasm
Golgi Apparatus
• composed of a system of membrane-bound, smooth,
flattened, stacked, and slightly curved cisternae. These
cisternae, however, are separate from those of
endoplasmic reticulum
• It is also involved in the transport of lipids around the
cell, and the creation of lysosomes
Lysosome
• organelles produced by the Golgi apparatus
• They contain a variety of hydrolyzing or digestive
enzymes called acid hydrolases
• The main function of lysosomes is the intracellular
digestion or phagocytosis of substances taken into the
cells.
Peroxisomes
• from the cytoplasmic matrix
• Like lysosomes, are membrane-bound spherical bodies
that contain chemicals (enzymes).
• Peroxisomes do not have hydrolases; instead contains
oxidases and catalase
JMR – 1BSMT4 – UST-L
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[AnaPhy with Pathophysiology] 1. Intro to Anatomy – Joseph Bejogan
Centrosome (Microtubule Organizing Center or MTOC)
• dense, spherical, and are in the cytoplasm, usually
located near the nucleus and surrounded by the Golgi
Bodies
• consists of a pair of minutes, short, cylindrical bodies
termed centrioles that are surrounded by granular
structures called centriolar satellites
• The main purpose of a centrosome is to organize
microtubules and provide structure for the cell
Nucleus
• spherical organelle that occupies the central region of
the cell; the largest structure inside the cell
• present in all cells except in the RBCs and lens fiber
• carries all the genetic information of the cell
• sends signals to the organelles to work
• also known as the “brain of the cell”

[Date] 2
[AnaPhy with Pathophysiology] 1. Intro to Anatomy – Joseph Bejogan

Transport across the Cell Membrane

• Passive Transport
o Diffusion
• Active Transport
o Energy is needed; Adenosine Triphosphate
(ATP)
Diffusion
• is a passive process in which the random mixing of
particles in a solution occurs because of the particles’
kinetic energy. Both the solutes, the dissolved
substances, and the solvent, the liquid that does the
dissolving, undergo diffusion.
• movement of substances from a higher concentration
gradient to a lower concentration gradient
Facilitated Diffusion
▪ solutes that are too polar or highly charged to move
through the lipid bilayer by simple diffusion can cross the
plasma membrane by a passive process called
facilitated diffusion. In this process, an integral
membrane protein assists a specific substance across
the membrane. The integral membrane protein can be
either a membrane channel or a carrier.
Osmosis
▪ Osmosis is a type of diffusion in which there is net
movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable
membrane. Like the other types of diffusion, osmosis is
a passive process. In living systems, the solvent is
water, which moves by osmosis across plasma
membranes from an area of higher water concentration
to an area of lower water concentration.
Active Transport
• Some polar or charged solutes that must enter or leave
body cells cannot cross the plasma membrane through
any form of passive transport because they would need
to move “uphill,” against their concentration gradients.
Such solutes may be able to cross the membrane by a
process called active transport.

[Date] 3