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Investigating Mechanical Properties of Animal Bone Powder Partially Replaced Cement in Concrete Production
Investigating Mechanical Properties of Animal Bone Powder Partially Replaced Cement in Concrete Production
Available at www.ijsred.com
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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Abstract
Concrete is the most important construction material in great demand. In concrete production, Portland cement is a
major constituent. However, in time cement cost is increasing. This surge in price a challenges in construction industry and
there is a demand in finding alternative environmental friendly cement partial replacing material without compromising
mechanical properties of structural concrete. This research experimentally investigated use of animal bone powder as partial
replacement of cement in structural concrete production. Five groups of C-25 concrete grade specimens with (0%, 5%, 10%,
15%, & 20%) varied proportion of animal bone powder by weight were casted and tested for fresh concrete (slump test) and
hardened concrete mechanical properties such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength at
different ages. MP-AES (Microwave Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy) for elemental analysis showed that ABP is
reach in calcium (contained about 58.64% by weight where the amount of Si, Al and Fe are very small. A total of 180
concrete specimens were casted at Adama Science & Technology University & tested at Addis Ababa Science & Technology
University. The recorded 28th mean compressive, flexural and split tensile strengths for 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% & 20%
replacement of cement by ABP were (33.63, 30.45, 28.20, 23.64, 20.59 , 3.62, 3.21, 3.04, 2.86, 2.63, 4.39, 3.77, 3.42, 3.21, &
2.68)MPa respectively. This study revealed that as the percent addition of ABP increases, its strength significantly declined
from the control specimen. Also, test results indicated that optimum cement partial replacing amount of animal bone powder
is 10% by weight.
Keywords: animal bone powder, cement, concrete production, strength, optimum dosage, partial replacement
*Corresponding author: Beka Benti Teshome, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama Ethiopia, 1888, Ethiopia,
Mobile: +251910407335; E-mail: bentibeka@gmail.com
Received: December 01, 2019; Accepted: December 04, 2019; Published: December 16, 2019
Citation: Beka Benti Teshome, Tesfaye Alemu Mohammed, and Temesgen Wondimu Aure (2019) “Investigating Mechanical
Properties of Animal Bone Powder Partially Replaced Cement in Concrete Production” Vol 2-Issue 6 (447-490) November–
December 2019, International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development (IJSRED): ISSN: 2581-7175,
www.ijsred.com.
Copyright: © 2019 Beka BT, et al. This is an open-access research article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original author and source are credited.
2005, Gartner 2004, Aggarwal et al. 2012). material in construction industry. However, the cost of cement
has rapidly increased, largely due to the sharp increase in the
Animal bone is a waste material and is dumped in large
cost of energy. Natural resources are depleting worldwide
quantities in disposal yards and creates bad odor thereby
while at the same time the generated wastes from different
areas are increasing substantially. Various researches are
environment and causing problems in the life of human beings The general objective of the research was to study
and animals, which are not still controlled yet. Recent time mechanical properties of animal bone powder partially
majority of land in Adama area are occupied by slaughter replaced cement in concrete production.
wastes in the area so called "Qera". These wastes are not
decayed rather causing the environment polluted and unclean Specific Objectives
causing different environmental and health problems. 1) To determine selected chemical properties of the animal
Pressures experienced on landfills and the hazardous bone powders and compares with that of OPC.
nature of some of these waste materials makes its use as 2) To determine and analyze the workability (consistence),
cement is a very attractive option. One of the new waste compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural
materials used in the concrete industry is the use of animal strength of the concrete by partial replacement of cement
bone powder. In addition, there is an urgent need to investigate with animal bone powder at different curing ages.
the mechanical behavior of animal bone powder partial 3) To know optimum percent dosage of animal bone powder
replacement of cement in structural concrete. as a partial replacement of cement in concrete production.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The study was conducted at Adama Town and its Animal bone: It was collected from Oromia Self Help
surrounding area. Adama forms a special zone of Oromia and Organization (OSHO) which was used as adhesive and
is surrounded by Misraq Shewa Zone. It is located at 8.54°N, replacement of cement.
39.27°E at an elevation of 1712 meters, 99 km southeast
Cement: Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) locally available in
of Addis Ababa. The city sits between the base of
Ethiopia (‘Dangote Cement’) was used for the preparation of
an escarpment to the west, and the Great Rift Valley to the
specimen.
east.
Water: Potable water from the Adama Science & Technology
Data Collection University was used to do the experiment.
The field work for data collection such as animal Coarse aggregate: Crushed stones were obtained from
bone, course aggregate, fine aggregate (sand), Dangote cement, crushed rock batching industry of size 20 mm particles which
etc was made in the month of May 2019. satisfied the requirement of concrete production.
Materials used Fine aggregate (sand): Fine aggregate were collected from
river (locally available sand which is conformed to the
The following materials were used to conduct the concrete
requirement for concrete production).
specimen experiment:
continuously until failure occur, that is the concrete cube is concrete. It is a measure of an unreinforced concrete beam to
crushed. The pointer load will also stop at the maximum failure resist failure in bending. The flexural strength can be
load which is then recorded. Finally, compressive strength of determined by standard test method of two-point loading.
concrete = Maximum compressive load / Cross sectional area In this study, 60 beams of size 100mm x 100mm x 500mm
of the specimen. were casted & used to find flexural strength. The system of
Split tensile strength test loading used for finding the flexural strength as shown in
Appendix 23. In case of two point loading, the critical crack
The concrete specimen should be a cylindrical shape
may appear at any section of the pure bending zone.
having diameter of 150mm and length of 300mm. The test
should be made at the age of 7, 14, 21 & 28 days. Like that of Like that of compressive and split tensile strength test,
compression testing, when the cubes had reached the required a total of 60 concrete specimens were casted for 0%, 5%, 10%,
number of days needed for testing, it was removed from the 15% & 20% replacement of cement by ABP in concrete
water and the water was allowed to drain off for one day. After production. After the beam taken out from the water prior to
the concrete specimen (cylinder) taken out from the water prior testing, it was transported to Addis Ababa Science &
to testing, it was transported from Adama Science & Technology University from Adama Science & Technology
Technology University to Addis Ababa Science & Technology University for testing. Flexural strength was examined at 7th,
University. 14th, 21th & 28th days using the following equation:
compression testing machine which exists at Addis Ababa L= Effective span of the beam in mm
Science & Technology University by placing the cylindrical
b= Breadth of the beam in mm
specimen of the concrete, so that its axis is horizontal between
the plates of the testing machine. Finally, split tensile strength Data processing and analyzing
computed using the following formula:
The collected data were organized and recorded on the
excel data sheet. Both Quantitative and qualitative data were
edited, coded and entered into computer using Microsoft excel
Chemical properties of Animal Bone Powder (ABP) material. This implies that ABP is not purely pozzolanic
were tested using MP-AES (Microwave Plasma-Atomic materials but to some extent it contains cementitious properties
Emission Spectrometer) Fig. 8. Based on this experimental (Fig. 1). ABP can be used as supplementary cementitious
study ABP composed of different chemical constituents such materials when mixed in the right proportion for the intended
as calcium, Ca 58.64%, Silicon, Si 1.80%, Aluminium, Al strength. Thus, we need to know to what extent animal bone
0.21%, manganese, Mn 0.02%, Potassium, K 0.63% and Iron, powder should replace cement so that it can bind or stick
Fe 0.66% which is far less than contents of pozzolanic concrete making materials together so that it can increase
concrete strengths in all aspects.
60
Amount in precent
50
40
30
20
10
0
Ca Si Al Fe Mg Na K P
ABP 58.64 1.8 0.21 0.66 0 0 0.63 29.3
Dangote Cement (OPC) 62.2 21.5 4.6 2.5 1.8 1.4 0.62 0.5
Different researchers were tried to determine chemical study. But for Si and Al there is a variation with that of
constituents of animal bone powder at different time using ordinary portland cement which might be due to the accuracy
different equipments. Among these according to study done by of equipment used for testing, nature (types of animal bone
Abrham Hawaz et.al (2018) and M. Kotb et al. (2010), ABP used; like cows, goat, sheep and etc.) and so on.
consists of almost similar chemical composition done in this Concrete Making Materials Proportion
For C-25 grade of concrete, the following quantities of concrete making materials (sand, course aggregate, cement and
water) were used for making 1m3 of concrete (Fig. 2).
Concrete Strengths in Partial Replacement of Cement by constant water to cement ratio (w/c) of 0.5 is used for all
ABP concrete mixes made (mechanical mix). The consistency of
ABP blended cement paste was conducted by using Inverted
In this study the test results obtained focuses on fresh
slump cone test to observe the relative mobility of a freshly
(consistency) and hardened concrete performance in relation to
mixed cement paste.
compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural
strength with partial replacement of cement by ABP are For the varying dosage of cement replacement by
discussed in detail as follows. animal bone powder, it measured that the workability changes.
This means for the same amount of water added the normal
Fresh Concrete Property
consistency of concrete decreases as cement partially replaced
Workability of concrete by partial replacement of cement with ABP. The main thing behind this is ABP need more water
by ABP than cement in equal amount which reduces the slump height.
In all cases of blending, the normal consistencies of the paste
In order to know the consistency (workability) of
are within the standard ranges based on ASTM C-187-86
concrete, the slump tests were performed to study the effects of
specification.
partial replacement of cement by animal bone powder. A
Slump Height, mm
40
30
w/c ratio
20
Slump height, mm
10
0
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
% of ABP replacement
Fig. 4. Mean compressive strength results of varying dosage of ABP cement replacement
14
12
Mean split tensile strength, MPa
4.39
10 3.77
3.42 28th
8 3.21
3.25 2.68 21th
3.05 14th
6 2.84
2.41
2.13 7th
4 2.96
2.63 2.45
2.21 2.04 ABP Replacement
2
2.67 2.33 1.99 1.82 1.61
0 0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
1 2 3 4 5
It is obvious that as the cement content increases, so From the above study even if the strength of concrete was
does strength and durability. Hence, the main reason why ABP decreased with increasing animal bone powder as partial
cannot substitute cement above 10% dosage in concrete is replacement of cement, the replacement of cement with animal
because of its lack of binding properties between concrete bone powder till 10% gives the best results for the required
making materials. During partial replacement of cement by strength without causing an impact on concrete strength.
Fig. 8. Testing of concrete for compression, split tensile and flexural strength from left to right and MP-AES elemental analysis
Further comprehensive research works are recommended to use of additives that contain aluminium silicate which
understand long term effects and also cracking and stiffness, increases binding property in animal bone powder is open for
shear behavior, development of strength relations, and bond research. This might increase optimum percentage of animal
characteristics of using animal bone powder as partial bone powder partial cement replacement without
replacement of cement in concrete production. Also, exploring compromising concrete mechanical properties.
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