CPR 1101: PRINCIPLES OF CROP PRODUCTION

LEARNING MODULE

What is CPR 1101 module about?

Congratulations for getting enrolled in CPR 1101!

The course code CPR 1101 refers to Principles of Crop Production.

This course has 3 units (2 hours for lecture and 3 hours for laboratory).
The course will provide you a thorough understanding on the principles
and practices in crop production. The course covered four topics which are
divided into four separate modules, namely:
Module 1 Crop Science and Classification
of Agricultural Crops
Module 2 Physiological Processes Affecting Crop
Production
Module 3 Factors Affecting Crop Production
Module 4 Sustainable Crop Production

Each module covers a lesson that directed you in the attainment of learning outcomes. The
modules will be made available on the designated pick-up station of the university. Or you can access it
on-line thru our google classroom and Facebook group chat. In line with this, please have yourself
connected to our Facebook group chat of this course- CPR 1101 PRINCIPLES OF CROP PRODUCTION.

Your success in passing from this course is shown in your ability to answer the perform the
operation activities as learning task, integrative documentary portfolio (IDP), laboratory exercises,
laboratory projects, and term examinations. In addition, you are to participate in the on-line class twice
during the semester (midterm and final term). Your performance will be graded accordingly using the
following grading system:

Lecture -60% weight Laboratory -40% weight

Learning Task (80%) Project (20%)
Integrative Documentary Lab Exercise (20%)
Portfolio (20%) Term Examination (60%)
Total (100%) Total (100%)

MODULE 1 CROP SCIENCE AND CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS 1

 Operation Activities (As Learning Task)- Every lesson has operation activities as learning task to
test your ability to apply what you have learned in another activity or in real situation. The following
are learning tasks applied in this course: Web surfing,

Submit your answered activity sheet on or before the specified due date. You can submit them to
our google classroom or you can submit thru my email address (kiawansheila@gmail.com).

You are encouraged to perform the activities independently. Any submitted operation activity
sheet with identical output/or answers to other students will have a corresponding points deduction
(for example, the total points will be equally divided for students with the same/ identical output).
Please be responsible to acquire learnings from this course. If you are taking answers/ outputs of
others and claimed it as your own, you are showing dishonesty and you deprive yourself from learning.

For your reference, the following are the rubrics in rating your outputs/projects, and reporting.

 Rubric in Projects/Outputs

Projects/Outputs Level Points Indicators

Work/project is exceptional and impressive. A distinctive sophisticated
Exemplary 6 application of knowledge and skills are evident.
Work/project exceeds the standard; thorough and effective
Strong 5 application of knowledge and skills are evident
Work/project meets the standard; acceptable and it displays
Proficient 4 the application of essential knowledge and skills.
Work/project does not yet meet the standard; show basic but inconsistent
Developing 3 application of knowledge and skills; work needs further development.
Work/project shows partial application of knowledge and skills; lacks
Emerging 2 depth or incomplete and needs considerable development errors and
omissions are present.
Learning 1 No work presented

Rating Scale:
6 1.0 – 1.5
5 1.6 – 2.0
4 2.1 – 2.5
3 2.6 – 3.0
2 3.1 – 3.5 Conditional
1 3.6 & above Failed

 Rubric in Reporting

Performance Level
Criteria 4 You made it! 3 Impressive! 2 Just Okay! 1 Try Again! Score
Mastery of the All ideas are related Most ideas are Some ideas are Ideas are read,
topic to the topic and related sometimes related, often from the
35 points odes not glance to glance to the times glance to the book/notes
the book/ notes book/ notes book/ notes 29 points
35 points 33 points 31 points
Coherence Ideas are well- Most of the ideas Some ideas are Ideas are illogically
30 points organized are well-organized well-organized arranged
30 points 27 points 25 points 23 points
Instructional Varied (e and Enough (e and Instructional Instructional
materials audio-visual) audio-visual) materials (visual) materials evident
20 points instructional instructional with creativity, but few and not
materials with materials with neatness, clarity creative, neat, &
creativity, neatness, creativity, 16 points clear
clarity neatness, clarity 14 points
20 points 18 points

MODULE 1 CROP SCIENCE AND CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS 2

 Correct Usage Committed 1 to 5 Committed 6 to 10 Committed 11 to Committed more
15 points errors errors 20 errors than 20 errors
15 points 13 points 11 points 9 points

Raw Score Equivalent:

100 – 1.0 72 – 70 - 2.0

99-97 - 1.1 69 – 68 - 2.1
96 – 94 - 1.2 67 – 66 - 2.2
93 – 91 - 1.3 65 – 64 - 2.3
90 – 88 - 1.4 63 – 62 - 2.4
87 – 85 - 1.5 61 – 60 - 2.5
84 – 82 - 1.6 59 – 58 - 2.6
81 – 79 - 1.7 57 – 56 - 2.7
78 – 76 - 1.8 55 – 54 - 2.8
75 – 73 - 1.9 53 – 52 - 2.9
51 – 50 - 3.0
Below - Repeat Performance

How do you use the CPR 1101 module?

Each module has separate lessons. Each lesson has the following parts.
 Learning Outcomes
 Pretest (What Do You Already Know?)
 Information Sheet (What Do You Need to Know?)
 Operation Activities / Learning Task (How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?)
 Laboratory Exercise
 Pretest Answer Key
 References

The module is design for independent and long-distance learning. For you to study effectively, you
must do the following:
1. Start by reading and understanding the learning outcome/s. These will guide you on what you
should know and be able to do at the end of each lesson.
2. Performed the required learning activities by reading and understanding the information
sheets. An information sheet contains important notes or basic information that you need to
know.
3. Manifest what you learned by doing what the Activity/ Operation/ Job Sheet instructed you to
do. You must be able to apply what you have learned in another activity or in real life situation.

If you need assistance, please do not hesitate to contact me as your instructor. You can contact me
thru the following:

Email address: kiawansheila@gmail.com

Mobile number: (0955) 586 3132
Thru our Facebook group chat

Please take note the official class schedule for our online chat/consultation: MTh 02:00 PM 05:00
PM (Lab), MTh 12:00 PM 02:00 PM (Lec).You may raise your concerns following our schedule.

All the best in your learning on the Principles of Crop Production!

MODULE 1 CROP SCIENCE AND CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS 3

CRSC 1011 TOPIC OUTLINE

Module 1 CROP SCIENCE AND CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS

Lesson 1 The Nature and Importance of Crop Science
Lesson 2 Classification of Agricultural Crops
Laboratory Exercise no. 1 A Survey in Technology Updates on Major
Agricultural Crops
Module 2 PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSESS AFFECTING CROP PRODUCTION
Lesson 1 Plant Structure and Growth, Reproduction and Development
Lesson 2 Photosynthesis and Respiration
Lesson 3 Translocation, Transpiration, and Assimilation
Laboratory Exercise no. 2 Effect of Water and Light on Plant Growth
Lesson 4 Plant Mineral Nutrition
Lesson 5 Plant Hormones, Seasonal Responses, and Adaptations to
Environmental Stress
Laboratory Exercise no. 3 Growth Stimulus Experiment
Module 3 FACTORS AFFECTING CROP PRODUCTION
Lesson 1 Environmental Factors
Lesson 2 Genetic Factors
Lesson 3 Human Factors
Laboratory Exercise no. 4 Getting to Know the Opinion of Our Farmers
Module 4 SUSTAINABLE CROP PRODUCTION
Lesson 1 Man and Crops in an Ecosystems
Lesson 2 Production systems and Crop Management
Lesson 3 Features of Sustainable Crop Production
Lesson 4 Socio-Economic, Cultural and Political Issues in Crop Production
Laboratory Exercise no. 5 My Shared Vision to Solve the Greatest Problem
Facing Agriculture in our Country

MODULE 1 CROP SCIENCE AND CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS 4

 Module 1 Crop Science and
Classification of
Agricultural Crops

Introduction

The cultivation of economically important crops required a basic knowledge on the principles
regarding crop growth and development, genetics and breeding for crop improvement, and systematic
application of crop production management. Those are the central theme of crop science.

Module 1 will introduce you to the broad disciplines that encompasses crop science. You will be
introduced to research institutions that are being establish to advance the works research and develop
technology for crop production. You will get acquainted on how agricultural crops are classified to help
you appreciate how crops are generally classified.

Module 1 PRETEST (What Do You Already Know?)

Let us determine how much you already know about the crop science and classification of
agricultural crops. Take this test. Receive feedback by comparing your answer to the Pretest Answer
Key available at the last page of this module.

CPR 1101: Principles of Crop Production

Module 1 Crop Science and Classification of Agricultural Crops

PRETEST
(What Do You Already Know?)

Name: _ Date submitted: _ _

Let us determine how much you already know about the crop science and classification of crops. Take
this test.

I. True or False. Write TRUE if the statement is true. Write FALSE if otherwise.
1. Agricultural production includes crops, livestock and poultry, and fisheries for human
consumption.
2. Agricultural industry encompasses farm production, provision agricultural supplies and
services, processing, marketing, and distribution of agricultural products.

MODULE 1 CROP SCIENCE AND CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS 5

 _3. Crop Science is concerned with the observation and classification of knowledge concerning
economically cultivated crop and the establishment of verifiable principles regarding their
growth and development for the purpose of deriving the optimum benefit from them.
_4. Crop science is a broad discipline that encompasses, Crop Physiology, Crop Genetics and
Breeding, Crop Production and Management/ Farming System.
_ 5. Knowing the family level of taxonomic classification will give understanding on how various
crops are related to each other and use this information as a guide in variety improvement,
site selection, propagation, and in many other aspects of crop production.

II. Multiple choice. Select the best answer. Write your answer before the item number.

_ 1. Which of the following is not a national commodity research centers

a. NARC- National Abaca Research Center
b. PRCRTC- Philippine Rootcrops Research and Training Center
c. PhilRice- Philippine Rice Research Institute
d. IPB- Institute of Plant Breeding
2. The following are specialized discipline-oriented research centers, except
a. NPGRL- National Plant Genetic Resources Laboratory
b. PHTRC- Postharvest Horticulture Training and Research Center
c. BIOTECH- National Institutes of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
d. PCA- Philippine Coconut Authority
_ 3. Which of the following is a major international research organization mandated to do research
and development in crop species
a. AVRDC- Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (Taiwan)
b. NCPC- National Crop Protection Center
c. FIDA- Fiber Industry Development Authority
d. NTA- National Tobacco Administration
_ 4. We classify agricultural crops necessary for _, and _
a. order and organization; logical naming
b. convenience; accuracy
c. identification; discussion
d. basis for production; recommendation
_5. The most useful and widely accepted form of plant classification in which plants are grouped
together using morphological, anatomical, chemical and growth similarities
a. Botanical system of classification
b. Systematic classification
c. Binomial classification
d. Scientific classification

III. Matching type. Match column A with column B

A B
1. Sexual a. plants that do not die after flowering but live
from year to year
2. Fiber crops b. grow in places rich in decaying organic
substances
3. Trees c. succulent plants with self-supporting stems,
with soft stems
4. Perennials d. require primary processing to convert the raw
produce into saleable and storable form
5. Pasture/ Forage crops e. grown for its flowers
6. Plantation crops f. plants that are produced by any vegetative
means not involving meiosis and the union of
gametes

MODULE 1 CROP SCIENCE AND CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS 6

7. Herbs g. grown for their fibers used in textile, cordage,
twines, sacks, bags
8. Asexual h. complete their cycle in 1 year or less
9. Annuals i. a crop that is plowed under while still green
and growing to improve the soil
10. Saprophytes j. used for roughage source for animals
k. plants that develop after undergoing
processes of meiosis and fertilization in the
flower to
produce a viable embryo in the seed
l. with single central stem to which branches are
attached, usually taller than shrub

MODULE 1 CROP SCIENCE AND CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS 7

 Lesson 1 The Nature and Importance
of Crop Science

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this Lesson you are expected to do the following:
1. Provide the definition of crop science and its fields of
study.
2. Understand the importance of crop science to the
country’s economic and social development.

Information Sheet (What Do You Need to Know?)

Read the Information Sheet very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you have learned by taking the posttest.

A. THE CONCEPT OF AGRICULTURE

 Systematic raising of useful plants and livestock under the management of man
 Purposeful work through which the elements of nature ae harnessed to produce plants and
animals to meet human needs
 Broad industry engaged in the production of plants and animals for food and fiber, the provision
for agricultural supplies and services and the processing, marketing and distribution of
agricultural products.

B. CROP SCIENCE AND ITS FIELD OF STUDY

Science- systematically accumulated and tested knowledge.

Plant is any organisms belonging to the Kingdom Plantae, typically lacking active locomotion or
obvious nervous system or sensory organs and has photosynthetic ability.

MODULE 1 CROP SCIENCE AND CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS 8

 Crop is a domesticated/ cultivated plant
grown for profit. It usually connotes a group or
population of cultivated plants.

Crop Science is concerned with the

observation and classification of knowledge
concerning economically cultivated crop and the
establishment of verifiable principles regarding their
growth and development for the purpose of deriving
the optimum benefit from them. It is divided into
areas as follows: Citation: http://macquariefranklin.com.au/our-
services/agronomy-and-production-systems/
a. Agronomy deals with the principles and
practices of managing field crops and soil management.

b. Horticulture deals with gardens and plants within an enclosure. It includes pomology (fruits),
olericulture (vegetables), floriculture (flowers), nursery management, and landscapinggardening.

Crop science is a broad discipline that encompasses:

1. Crop Physiology- the study of plant functions and responses of crops grown in various
environments.
2. Crop Genetics and Breeding- the study of manipulating plant heredity to develop new and
improved plant types.
3. Crop Production and Management/ Farming System – the study of the process in which
a variety of crops are grown for multiplication under various types of methods like natural
farming, organic farming or conventional farming.

C. RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL CROPS

Agricultural Research Institution in the Philippines

Agricultural research in the Philippines has been established through schools and research
centers, in both private and public sector. These are:
1. State colleges and universities offering degrees in agriculture
2. Department of Agriculture Research Networks
3. National commodity research centers
 FIDA- Fiber Industry Development Authority
 NTA- National Tobacco Administration
 PhilRice- Philippine Rice Research Institute
 PCA- Philippine Coconut Authority
 SRA- Sugar Regulatory Administration
 PRCRTC- Philippine Rootcrops Research and
Training Center
 NPTRTC- Northern Philippines Rootcrops
Research and Training Center
 NARC- National Abaca Research Center
4. Specialized discipline-oriented research
centers
 IPB- Institute of Plant Breeding
 NCPC- National Crop Protection Center
 NPGRL- National Plant Genetic Resources
Laboratory

MODULE 1 CROP SCIENCE AND CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS 9

  PHTRC- Postharvest Horticulture Training
and Research Center Citation: https://ricematters.wordpress.com/about/
 BIOTECH- National Institutes of Molecular
Biology and Biotechnology
5. Private seed companies
 East West
 Monsanto
 Pioneer
 Syngenta
 Allied Botanicals

Major International Research Organization

Major international research organization mandated to do research and development in crop

species important to food and agriculture include the following:
 IRRI- International Rice Research Institute (Philippines)
 CIMMYT- Centro International de Mejoramiente de Maize y Trigo (Mexico)
 CIP- Centro International de Patatas (Peru)
 CIAT- Centro de International de Agricultureal Tropical (Colombia)
 ICARDA- International Center for Agricultural Research for Dry Areas (Syria)
 IITA- International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (Nigeria)
 ICRAF- International Center for Research on Agroforestry (Kenya)
 AVRDC- Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (Taiwan)
 Biodiversity International- for International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (Italy)

MODULE 1 CROP SCIENCE AND CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS 10

 CPR 1101: Principles of Crop Production
Module 1 Crop Science and Classification of
Agricultural Crops

Lesson 1 The Nature and Importance of Crop Science

Operation Activities
(How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?)

Republic of the Philippines

SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY
Hinunangan Campus, Hinunangan, Southern Leyte
website: www.slsuonline.edu.ph
email: slsu_caes@slsuonline.edu.ph contact no.:
09190672840

CPR 1101: Principles of Crop Production

Module 1 Crop Science and Classification of Agricultural Crops

Lesson 1: The Nature and Importance of Crop Science

Name : Course & Year:

Date submitted:

Learning Task: Web Surfing

Visit the webpage of the research institution. Choose one (1) institutions for every category (refer from
the list of research institution in the information sheet). Search their platform from the internet and
write down their vision and mission. State your general learnings after visiting the web page.

Research Institution Vision and World wide web General learnings after
Mission address visiting the web page
A. National commodity
research centers
1.
B. Specialized
discipline-oriented
research centers
1.
C. Private seed
companies
1.
D. Major International
Research Organization
1.

MODULE 1 CROP SCIENCE AND CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS 11

Congratulations! you did a great job. Make sure to submit operation activity
sheet together with your scored rubrics of self-assessment. After this, take time
to refresh yourself and get ready to move on to the next lesson.

MODULE 1 CROP SCIENCE AND CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS 12

 Lesson 2 Classification of
Agricultural Crops

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this Lesson you are expected to do the following:
1. Explained why crops are classified and what are the bases.
2. Know how to classify crops following the botanical system
of classification.
3. Learn to classify crops based on general classification,
special purpose, and special groups.

Information Sheet (What Do You Need to Know?)

Read the Information Sheet very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you have learned by taking the post-test.

A. WHY CLASSIFY CROPS?

Agricultural crops are diverse in nature hence classification of a crop is necessary for order and
organization. Imagine the difficulty in finding a certain book in a disorganized library. It would be
similarly difficult to find information about a certain organism if organisms are not grouped based on
similarities.

A crop can be identified by its scientific name which is constant worldwide for logical naming.
Common names are not adequate because common names vary from country to country, even from
region to region; classification of plants led to the introduction of the so-called binomial nomenclature
by Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century whereby a plant is given a two-word Latin name.

B. BASES FOR CLASSIFICATION

 Aristotle classified plants based on structure and size (eg. herbs, shrubs and trees)
 Linnaeus classified plants based on structure only, ie. different species with similar structural
features were classified together in a broader group
 Modern classification of plants is based on phylogeny (ie. the evolution of plants) and therefore
relies largely on evolutionary relationships, thus modern genetics has become a very
important tool of taxonomy; plant characters such as size, shape, color, flower characteristics
and kind of food reserves are likewise used as bases for modern classification of plants/ crops.

MODULE 1 CROP SCIENCE AND CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS 13

C. BOTANICAL SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION

This system of classification is based on taxonomy-

scientific classification. This is the most useful and widely
accepted form of plant classification. Plants are grouped
together using morphological, anatomical, chemical and
growth similarities. This type of classification is dynamic as
classification are revised as needed, based on new knowledge.
There are seven main levels of taxonomic classification
including: (i) kingdom; (ii) division; (iii) classes; (iv) order; (v)
family; (vi) genus; and species. Kingdom is the most inclusive
while species is the least inclusive. Species is further divided
into group or botanical variety and horticultural variety (or
cultivar).
Citation:https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricul
The practical use of taxonomic nomenclature ensures tural-and-biological-sciences/botanical-
that we are talking about the same plant whenever we are on nomenclature
earth. Below is an example on how mango would fit into the
above-mentioned units of classifications.

Division : Spematophytes
Subdivision : Angiospermae
Class : Dicotyledonae
Order : Sapindales
Family : Anacardiaceae
Genus : Mangifera
Species : indica
Scientific name: Mangifera indica Linn.

Mango is scientifically known as Mangifera indica Linn, a name given by Linnaeus which is
universally understood worldwide. The genus Mangifera has many other species which are closely
related to other genera belonging to the Family Anacardiaceae (Table 1). For practical significance, it is
important to know the classification or grouping of a crop to at least the Family level in order to
understand how various crops are related to each other and use this information as a guide in variety
improvement, site selection, propagation, and in many other aspects of crop production.

Table 1. Family relatives of mango based on botanical classification

FAMILY SCIENTIFIC NAME ENGLISH NAME
Anacardiaceae Anarcadium accidentale L. Cashew
Mangifera indica L. Mango
Spondias purpurea L. Purple mombin
SOURCES: Bautista (1994); Verheu and Coronel (1992)

The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants

There are specific rules for writing the Latin binomial (McNeill et al, 2006). The first letter of the
genus is always capitalized and the species is always lower case. Both genus and species are italicized
or underlined, but not both, and the space between the genus and the species should not be underlined.
The scientist responsible for naming the plant be indicated with an initial (e.g L. which stands for
Linnaeus). Any revisions to the original nomenclature are acknowledged after the original authority.
The genus can stand alone but the species is neither presented without the genus. The group may or
may not be included, followed by the cultivar.
MODULE 1 CROP SCIENCE AND CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS 14
 When we want to identify a specific cultivar, we include it in the name according to the following
example. Suppose we wanted to present the cabbage ‘Copenhagen Marker; in a report we were writing.
We would indicate Brassica oleracea (Capita Group) ‘Copenhagen Marker’. Note the cultivar name is not
indicated, but rather, is enclosed in single quotes, and the group designations is enclosed in
parentheses. Presentation of the cultivar using the cv. Abbreviation and omitting the singe quotes such
as: Brassica oleracea (Capitata Group) cv. Copenhagen Marker is no longer acceptable.
To be complete, here’s a list of examples:
 Brassica oleracea Acephala Group- kale;
 Brassica oleracea Gemmmifer Group- Brussels sprouts;
 Brassica oleracea Italica Group- broccoli;
 Brassica oleracea Botrytis Group- cauliflower;
 Brassica oleracea Caulorapa Group- kohlrabi, and
 Brassica oleracea Capitata Group- cabbage

D. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS

D.1 According to growth habit
a. Herbs- succulent plants with self-supporting stems, with soft stems
b. Vines- succulent or woody plants without self-supporting stems
c. Shrubs- may have several main branches with no trunk and rarely grows higher than 5meters
d. Trees- with single central stem to which branches are attached, usually taller than shrub

D.2 According to life cycle

a. Annuals- complete their cycle in 1 year or less. eg. squash
b. Biennials- plants ordinarily require 2 years or at least part of 2 growing seasons with a
dormant period between growth stages to complete their life cycle. eg. carrot, cabbage, celery
c. Perennials- plants that do not die after flowering but live from year to year eg. Asparagus

D.3 According to mode of reproduction

a. Sexual- plants that develop after undergoing processes of meiosis and fertilization in the
flower to produce a viable embryo in the seed
b. Asexual- plants that are produced by any vegetative means not involving meiosis and the
union of gametes.

D.4 According to habitat

a. Parasites- parasitic, sucking roots
b. Epiphytes- grow upon other plants (orchids) but not parasitic
c. Saprophytes- grow in places rich in decaying organic substances
d. Terrestrial- grow in the land
e. Aquatic- grow in water areas

MODULE 1 CROP SCIENCE AND CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS 15

E. CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS BASED ON AGRONOMIC AND HORTICULTURAL PURPOSE

E.1 Agronomic classification

Crops are classified into agronomic crops when the
cultivation is highly extensive and usually covers large
hectarage. A crop is considered agronomic crop when it is
grown and harvested at its mature stage and is to be used as
food, feeds, and other industrial purposes.
a. Cereals/ grain crops- grown for their grains (eg. rice,
corn, wheat, sorghum)
b. Pulses/Legumes- for pods and seeds (eg. cowpea,
mungbean, sitao, peanut)
c. Rootcrops- for enlarged roots/ tuberous roots (eg.
cassava, ubi, arrow root)
d. Fiber crops- grown for their fibers used in textile,
cordage, twines, sacks, bags, etc. (eg. cotton, ramie, kenaf,
jute)
e. Oil crops- grown for their oil content (eg. soybean, Citation:https://www.researchgate.net/publi
peanut, sunflower, castor, coconut) cation/314205688_CLASSIFICATION_
f. Sugar crops- grown for their sugar content (eg. OF_AGRICULTURAL_CROPS
sugarcane, sugar beet)
g. Pasture/ Forage crops- used for roughage source for animals (eg. para grass, napier grass,
ipil-ipil, Stylosanthes)

E.2 Horticultural classification

Horticultural crops are classified into four major groups on the basis of primary uses and
cultural (including postharvest) requirements, namely: vegetable crops, fruit crops, plantation
crops, and ornamental crops.

a. Vegetable crops- usually eaten with staple crops, further classified according to similarities
in the method of culture. Olericulture is the study of vegetable production
i. Root- e.g. radish, carrot
ii. Leafy-e.g. spinach, lettuce
iii. Stem- eg. celery, asparagus
iv. Flowers- eg. squash, katuray
v. Fruit- eg. okra, tomato, eggplant

b. Fruit crops- include those that bear edible fruits that are usually consumed fresh, either at
full or partially-ripe stage. Fruit crops are classified according to the growth habit of the
plants on which the fruits are borne. Pomology is the study of fruit production.
i. Tree fruits- are a group of fruit crops where fruits are borne on trees. (eg. Mango,
lanzones, durian, rambutan, jackfruit, and mangosteen)
ii. Nut fruit- the fruits are also borne in trees but the fruits are enclosed in a stony or
leathery structure. (eg. Pili, cashew, macademia, pistachio, almond)
iii. Small fruits are either herbaceous (eg. banana, papaya, and pineapple or viny like
grapes and passion fruit.

c. Plantation crops- require primary processing to convert the raw produce into saleable and
storable form. The resulting primary products are then used as raw materials for industrial
processing; hence, they are also called industrial crops. The plantation crops are classified
according to their useful components.
i. Oil plantation crops are those grown primarily for their oil content (eg. coconut,
African oil palm, castor)

MODULE 1 CROP SCIENCE AND CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS 16

 ii. Fiber plantation crops are those grown for their fibers which are used for textile,
cordage, pulp, paper, sacks, bag, etc. (eg. abaca, buri, kapok, sisal)
iii. Beverage plantation crops are grown for products that used for brewing nonalcoholic
drinks (eg. coffee, cacao, tea)
iv. Latex and resin crops (eg. rubber, pili, chico, and papaya that produce latex, elimi,
chicle, and papain respectively.
v. Spice, condiment, and essence crops provide flavor, scent, and color which are used in
foods, soap, and perfume. (eg. black pepper, vanilla, citronella, laurel, and annatto (also
called achuete).
vi. Medicinal and pesticidal crops which include plants with curative and pesticidal
properties (eg. banaba, lagundi, neem, and many more.

d. Ornamentals - plants cultivated mainly for their aesthetic value, further classified
according to their special uses.
d.1 Floriculture is the study of flower production, either in the field or in the green house
i. Cutflowers- grown for its flowers (eg: roses, orchids)
ii. Flowering pot plants- plants grown in containers for their flowers usually used for
display (eg. poinsettia)
d.2 Ornamental, nursery and landscape plants
i. Cut-foliage- foliage provides background in floral arrangement (eg. ferns, fortune
plant, palmera)
ii. Foliage plants- for attractive foliage, maybe grown indoor or outdoor for decoration
(eg. begonia, philondendron)
iii. Landscape plants- for landscaping purposes (e.g. blue palm, white grass, song of
India
iv. Turf- used in lawns or greens (eg. bermuda grass, carabao grass, blue grass)

F. CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS BASED ON SPECIAL PURPOSE

a. Green manure- a crop that is plowed under while
still green and growing to improve the soil (eg.
Sesbania)
b. Cover crop- any crop grown with another crop and
harvested separately. The combination benefits
either or both of the crops. (eg. Ipil-ipil planted with
black pepper)
c. Trap crop- a crop which is planted to protect the
main crop from pests by attracting the pest to the
crop itself and later destroying it (eg. Main crop is
rice and sweet potato is planted to trap some rats)
d. Catch crop- a short seasoned crop grown
immediately after the failure of the main crop to Citation:https://soilstudy.blogspot.com/2015/03/gree
utilize residual resources (eg. Rice is the main crop n-manuring.html
but may have been destroyed by typhoon therefore
pechay or mustard is planted immediately).
e. Soilage- grasses that are grown, cut and directly fed to animals.
f. Silage- grasses grown, cut, fermented, and preserved before being fed to animals.

MODULE 1 CROP SCIENCE AND CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS 17

 CPR 1101: Principles of Crop Production

Module 1 Crop Science and Classification of

Agricultural Crops

Lesson 2 Classification of Agricultural Crops

Operation Activities
(How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?)

Republic of the Philippines

SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY
Hinunangan Campus, Hinunangan, Southern Leyte
website: www.slsuonline.edu.ph
email: slsu_caes@slsuonline.edu.ph contact no.:
09190672840

CPR 1101: Principles of Crop Production

Module 1 Crop Science and Classification of Agricultural Crops

Lesson 2 Classification of Agricultural Crops

Name : Course & Year:

Date submitted:

Learning Task: Reading Summaries

Provide the necessary information on the table for the top 21 major agricultural crops.

CROP Common Scientific According to According According to According to According

name Name Agronomic to growth life cycle mode of to habitat
and habit reproduction
Horticultural
purpose
A. Agronomic
Crops
Palay
Corn
Cassava
Sweet potato
Peanut
Mungbean
B. Horticultural
Crops
Tomato
Cabbage
Eggplant

MODULE 1 CROP SCIENCE AND CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS 18

Garlic
Onion
Coconut
Sugarcane
Banana
Pineapple
Coffee
Mango
Tobacco
Abaca
Calamansi
Rubber

MODULE 1 CROP SCIENCE AND CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS 19

 CPR 1101: Principles of Crop
Production
Module 1 Crop Science and Classification of
Agricultural Crops

Republic of the Philippines

SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY
Hinunangan Campus, Hinunangan, Southern Leyte
website: www.slsuonline.edu.ph
email: slsu_caes@slsuonline.edu.ph contact no.:
09190672840

CPR 1101: Principles of Crop Production

Module 1 Crop Science and Classification of Agricultural Crops

LABORATORY EXERCISE # 1
A Survey in Technology Updates on Major Agricultural Crops

Name : Course & Year:

Date submitted:

Field Survey: Conduct a field survey on the major crops produce in your locality. Search from the
internet for the information on the latest technology updates on these agricultural crops

CROP Latest Technology Updates

A. Cereals
ie. Palay
B. Rootcrops
ie. Cassava
C. Pulses/Legumes
ie. Mungbean
D. Vegetables and Spices
ie. Eggplant
Onion
E. Fruit and Plantation Crops
ie. Coconut
Sugarcane
Banana
Pineapple

2. Using the latest technology updates, develop a farm strategy using crops based on special purpose on
the following scenarios. (Select only two scenarios).
a. Hilly and eroded landscape
b. Areas frequently visited by typhoon
c. Seasonal outbreak of insect pest
d. Heavy rainfall distribution by the last quarter of the year
e. Rearing livestock in cages or pens
MODULE 1 CROP SCIENCE AND CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS 20
Congratulations! you did a great job. Make sure to submit operation activity
sheet together with your scored rubrics of self-assessment. After this,
take time to refresh yourself and get ready to move on to Module 2
Physiological Processess Affecting Crop Production.

PRETEST

I. True or False.
1. True
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. True

II. Multiple choice.

1. d
2. d
3. a
4. a
5. a

III. Matching type

1. k
2. g
3. l
4. a
5. j
6. d
7. c
8. f
9. h
10. b

 Aggie Board Reviewer

 Durner, EF. 2013. Principles of Horticultural Physiology.
 Green Empire Licensure Examination in Agriculture Reviewer
 Namuco LO, Protacio CM. 2015. Fruit and Plantation Crop Production. Quezon city. The
University of the Philippines Press
 3G eLearning FZ LLC. 2016. Agricultural Crops Production: Advanced

MODULE 1 CROP SCIENCE AND CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS 21