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FACIAL PALSY
• Endoneurium
– Surrounds each axon
– Adherent to Schwann cell
layer
– Vital for regeneration
• Perineurium
– Encases endoneural tubules
– Tensile strength
– Barrier to infection
• Epineurium (nerve sheath)
– Outermost layer
– Houses vasa nervosum for
nutrition
NERVE INJURY
I. Contraction of the
muscles of the face
Commonly Unilateral
Nuclear- from
destruction of the
nucleus
Central or cerebral or
Supranuclear
Supranuclear lesions-
usually a part of hemiplegia,
only the lower part of the
face is paralysed. The upper
part (frontalis and part of
orbicularis oculi)escapes due
to bilateral representation in
the cerebral cortex.
Vascular abnormalities
CNS degenerative diseases
Tumours of the intracranial cavity
Trauma to the brain
Congenital abnormalities and agenesis
INTRATEMPORAL CAUSES
Toxins/Trauma
Tumor
Head trauma
Parotid
Temporal bone trauma
Acoustic neuroma
Birth trauma Endocrine Glioma
DM Meningioma
Pregnancy Facial neuroma
Hyperthyroidism
BELL’S PALSY
• It is defined as an idiopathic
paresis or paralysis of the facial
nerve of sudden onset.
• The name was ascribed to SIR
CHARLES BELL, who in 1821
demonstrated the separation of
motor and sensory innervation of
face.
• INCIDENCE-15-40 cases per 1 lakh cases
SALIVARY FLOW
• Cannulate wharton duct on each side with no.50 polyethylene tube
• Stimulate saliva with lemon juice
• Output of saliva measured in each tube
• 25% reduction is significant
• Indicates interruption of chorda tympani or facial nerve to this branch.
• LIMITATIONS- Unequal penetration of cannula, assymetry of glands.
ELECTRICAL TESTING OF FACIAL NERVE
ELECTRONEUROGRAPHY
• Measures compound action potential in facial muscles in response to
facial nerve stimulation.
• Similar to MST, except instead of visually ration the muscle
contraction, the muscle action potential is measured on EEG- more
accurate.
• Best test to predict & follow facial nerve recovery.
• Compare & represent it as percentage of normal side.
Treatment
• Nerve anastomosis
• Nerve grafting
SURGICAL TREATMENT MODALITIES
C. Chronic (>2 yrs)
A. Acute (< 3 wks) 1. Muscle transfers
1. Nerve exploration/decompression a. Temporalis
2. Nerve repair b. Masseter
a. Primary anastomosis c. Digastrics
2. Free muscle flaps/
b. Cable grafting
microneurovascular transfer
i. Great auricular nerve a. Gracilis
ii. Sural nerve b. Latissimus dorsi
c. Serratus anterior
B. Intermediate (3 wks- 2 yrs) d. Pectoralis minor
1. Nerve transfer
D. Static procedures/ancillary procedures
a. Hypoglossal-facial (can be performed at any time period
b. Spinal accessory-facial listed above)
c. Masseteric-facial 1. Gold weight/spring implants
2. Cross face nerve grafting using sural nerve 2. Slings
3. Lid procedures
Ryan Ridley. Facial Reanimation .Grand Rounds Presentation, UTMB, Dept. of Otolaryngology
Micro-neurological Surgery
• Facial nerve repair is the most effective
procedure to restore facial function in patients
who have suffered nerve damage from an
accident or during surgery.
• It involves microscopic repair of a nerve that
has been cut.
PRIMARY NERVE REPAIR
End-to-end
anastomosis preferred
No tension
Extratemporal repair
performed < 72 hrs of
injury
Most common methods
Group fascicular repair
Epineural repair Group fascicular repair
Primary Nerve Repair
Severed ends of nerve
exposed
Devitalized tissue/debris
removed with fine scalpel
Small bites of epineurium
Epineural sheath
approximated with 9-0
nonabsorbable suture EPINEURAL REPAIR TECHNIQUE
Epineural repair recommended
for injury proximal to pes
anserinus and intratemporal
INTERPOSITION GRAFTING
Cable grafts
Used when defect > 17mm; nerve cannot be
reapproximated without tension
Most common
Greater Auricular Nerve
Sensory nerves from superficial cervical plexus
Sural nerve
INTERPOSITION GRAFTING GREATER AURICULAR
NERVE
Harvesting
Located on lateral surface of
SCM at the midpoint of a
line drawn between mastoid
tip and mandibular angle
May extend postauricular
incision or use separate neck
incision
Advantages:
Proximity to facial nerve
Cross-sectional area
Limited morbidity
Limitations:
Reconstruction of long defects
Ideal for defects < 6cm in length
SURAL NERVE
• Anatomy
– Formed by union of medial
sural cutaneous nerve and
lateral sural cutaneous branch
of peroneal nerve.
Advantages :
Length : >12cm
Accessibility
Low morbidity associated with
sacrifice
Disadv:
Variable caliber
Often too large
Difficult to make graft approximation
Unsightly scar
NERVE TRANSPOSITION/ CROSSOVER
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CROSSOVER TECHNIQUES
INDICATIONS:
Irreversible facial nerve injury
Intact facial musculature/distal facial nerve
Intact proximal donor nerve
Prior to distal muscle/facial nerve atrophy
Ideal if performed within a year of facial paralysis
Adv: Disadv:
Time interval until movement Donor site morbidity
4-6 months Some degree of synkinesis
Avoid multiple sites of anastomosis
Mimetic-like function achievable with practice
Hypoglossal-Facial Technique
1. Parotidectomy incision extended
into cervical crease ~ 2-3 cm below
inferior border of mandible
2. Facial nerve identified and
dissected distal to pes anserinus
3. Identify hypoglossal nerve
a. SCM retracted posteriorly
b. Dissect superiorly until
posterior belly of digastic is
identified
c. Retract digastric superiorly
and CN XII is found
inferiorly.
d. Hypoglossal is within
2-3 c m of main trunk of the
facial nerve
4. Hypoglossal nerve is dissected
anteriorly and medially into the
tongue.
1. Transect distal to ansa
hypoglossis
5. Facial nerve transected at the
stylomastoid foramen
6. Anastomose nerves using 9-0
Hypoglossal Facial Nerve Transfer
Hypoglossal nerve
reflected superiorly
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Hypoglossal Facial Nerve Transfer
55
CROSS-FACIAL NERVE GRAFTING
FOUR techniques
Sural nerve graft routed from buccal
branch of normal VII to stump of
paralyzed VII
Zygomaticus and buccal branch of
normal VII used to reinnervate
zygomatic and marginal mandibular
portions respectively
4 separate grafts from temporal,
zygomatic, buccal and marginal
mandibular divisions of normal CN
VII to corresponding divisions on
paralyzed side.
Entire lower division of normal side
grafted to main trunk on paralyzed
side.
MUSCLE TRANSPOSITION
(“DYNAMIC SLING”)
INDICATION:
– Congenital facial paralysis
– Facial nerve interruption of at least 3 years
• Loss of motor endplates
– Crossover techniques not possible due to donor
nerve sacrifice
TEMPORALIS
Often used for reanimation of
the oral commisure.
Middle 1/3 of muscle is best for
transfer (Sherris, 2004)
Temporalis Transfer
1. Incision in preauricular crease
extending to superior temporal
line
2. Obtain wide exposure of
temporalis muscle by dissecting
above the SMAS
3. Incise down on periosteum to
elevate muscle fibers
-Harvest middle 1/3
4. Large tunnel created over
zygomatic arch
5. Orbicularis oris muscle exposed
via vermilion border incision at
oral commissure
6. Large tunnel over zygomatic arch
used to connect oral commisure to
zygomatic arch/superior incision.
7. Temporalis flap detached and
elevated from its origin and
tunneled to the oral commissure.
8. 3-0 prolene used to suture
orbicularis to temporalis at oral
commissure
9. Overcorrection of nasolabial fold
and oral commissure
MASSETER
• Used when temporalis muscle is not opted.
• May be preferred due to avoidance of large facial
incision
• Disadvantage:
– Less available muscle compared to temporalis
– Vector of pull on oral commisure is more horizontal
than superior/oblique like temporalis
Masseter Transfer
1. Expose muscle with gingival
incision along mandibular sulcus
2. Dissection carried out in a plane
between mucosa and muscle.
3. Muscle freed off of mandible
medially and from the
inferiolateral edge of mandible.
4. Vertical incision made in inferior
portion of muscle
5. Anterior half of muscle is split
into 2 divisions.
6. The 2 anterior slips of muscle are
tunneled anteriorly to reach the
oral commisure via external
vermillion border incisions
7. Muscle slips are attached to lips
and oral commisure in the deep
dermal layer using suture
MICRONEUROVASCULAR TRANSFER
FREE MUSCLE FLAPS