LESSON 1  This gives the area of hexagon as 6√3 cm².

Looking at the
figure there are 3 circles that could fit inside the hexagon.
Nature of Mathematics

What is mathematics?

 Mathematics is the science that deals with the logic of

shape, quantity and arrangement.

Where is mathematics?
Spiral - is a curve w/c emanates from a point, moving further
 Mathematics exists everywhere and it is applied in the most
away as it revolves around the point.
useful phenomenon. It is an integral part of daily life. Like
any other language, it has its own symbols, syntax and rules. Meander - Series of regular sinuous curves, bends, loops, or
windings in the channel of a river.
Patterns in Nature and the Regularities in the World
Wave - is a disturbance that transfers energy through matter or
 Patterns are regular, repeated, or recurring forms or design.
space, with little or no associated mass transport.
Example:
World population
Regularity is the fact that the same thing always happens in the
As of 2017, it is estimated that the world population is about 7.6
same circumstances. (Collins, 2018)
billion
Pattern is a discernible regularity in the world or in man-made
design.
 Where A is the size of the population
What number comes next in:  P is the initial number of people
 r is the growth rate
 1, 3, 5, 7, 9_11?  t is the time
 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36?  e is Euler’s constant 2.718 approx. value
 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, _21?
Example:
Symmetry - agreement in dimensions, due proportion and
arrangement. Indicates that you can draw an imaginary line across The exponential growth model describes the
an object and the resulting parts are mirror images of each other. population of a city in the Philippines in thousands, t years after
1995
 If you rotate the starfish by several degrees you can still
achieve the same appearance a. What was the population in 1995?
b. What was the population in 2017?
Order of Rotation
Solution:
 A figure has a rotational symmetry of order n(n-fold
rotational symmetry) if 1/n of a complete turn leaves the a. Since our exponential growth model describes the
figure unchanged. To compute for the angle of rotation, we population t years after 1995 we consider 1995 as t = 0 and
use the following formula. then solve for A, our population size
 Angle of rotation = 360°/n
 It can be observed that the pattern on a snowflake repeat six
times, indicating that there is a six fold symmetry.
 Angle of Rotation = 360°/6 = 60°
 Another marvel of natures design is the structure and shape b. We need to find A for the year 2017. to find t, we subtract
of a honeycomb. 2017 and 1995 to get t = 22.
 Translating this idea to three dimensional space, we can
conclude that hexagonal formations are more optimal in
making use of the available space.

A sequence is an ordered list of numbers, called terms, that may

have repeated values.

 Percentage of the square’s area covered by circles will be: Example:

a. 1, 10, 100, 1000, _10,000?

b. 2, 5, 9, 14, 20, _27?

Fibonacci Sequence
 For hexagonal packing, we can think of each hexagon as
composed of six equilateral triangles with side equal to 2cm Every number after the first two is the sum of the two preceding
ones. Example 1,1,2,3,5,8,13…
Fn = Fn-1 + Fn-2

Importance of Mathematics in Life

 Math is subject that makes students either jump for joy or

rip their hair out. (katie kim 2015)
 Calculating bills
 Computing test scores
 Administering drugs
 Handling money
 Baking and cooking

Role of mathematics in some disciplines

 Mathematics is not only number work or computation, but it

is more about generalization, seeing relationships and
developing logical thinking and reasoning.(angel rathnabai
2014)

Mathematics for Prediction

 It is sometimes said that history repeats itself.

 Applying the concept of probability, experts can calculate
the chance of an event occurring.

“Mathematics is a place where you can do things which you

can't do in the real world.” Marcus du Sautoy

LESSON 2

Arithmetic Sequence

ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE

 An Arithmetic Sequence is defined as a

sequence in which there is a common
difference between consecutive terms.
 Which of the following sequences are
arithmetic? Identify the common
difference.

-3, -1, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, . . . d=2 YES More Examples

84, 80, 74, 66, 56, 44, . . . NO  Find the 19th term in the given sequence
−50, -44, -38, -32, -26, . . . d=6 YES 2, 0, −2, −4, −6, …
Answer: -34 / d=-2
 Find the next three terms in the sequence.  Find the 25th term in the given sequence
−3, −1,1,3,5,7,9, 11, 13, 15... d=2 −3,1,5,9,13,17, …
Answer: 93 / d= 4
 In finding the nth term of an arithmetic  Find the 99th term in the given sequence
sequence, the given formula can be used. 1, 1.4,1.8,2.2,2.6,3…
Answer: 40.2 / d= 0.4

Geometric sequence

 Geometric sequence: An ordered list of

numbers in which each term after the first
 is found by multiplying the previous one by 1 + 2 = 4 (false)
a fixed non-zero number called the X = 2sometimes true/false
common ratio. Also known as a geometric
progression. Perform operations on mathematical
 A geometric sequence goes from one term expressions.
to the next by always multiplying (or  Follow PEMDAS Rule
dividing) by the same value.

Example:

1, 2, 4, 8, 16

multiplies by two;

81, 27, 9, 3

divides by 3.

LESSON 3

Mathematical Language and Symbols

 The language of mathematics is the system

used by mathematicians to communicate
mathematical ideas among themselves.
 Mathematics as a language has symbols to
express a formula or represent a constant.
 It has syntax to make the expression well-
formed to make the characters and symbols
clear and valid that they do not violate
rules.

Writing mathematical language as an

expression or a sentence

 It is a finite combination of symbols that is

well-formed according to the rules that
depend on the context.
Ex. expressions:
5 2+3 10/2 (6-2)+1 1+1+1+1+1
All look different, but are all just different names
for the same number.

Mathematical sentence
 It is a correct arrangement of mathematical
symbols that states a complete thought.
 It can be always true, or false, or sometimes
true/false
Example:
1 + 2 = 3 (true)
Solution:
2022
Y = 2022 – 0
4
= 505 r 2
(not a leap year)

Solution:
2024
Y = 2024 2024
4 100
= 506 (leap year) 202.4