The Contemporary World 3.
Good Health and Well Being – ensure
World war II (1939-1945)
AXIS POWERS – Germany, Italy, japan
ALLIES – France, Great Britain, united states, USSR
THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
“Provides a shared blueprint for peace prosperity
for people and the planet, now and into the future.
At its heart are the 17 sustainable development
goals (SDGs), which are an urgent call for action by
all countries -developed and developing countries –
in a global partnership.
They recognize that ending the poverty and other
deprivations must go hand-in-hand with strategies
that improve health and education, reduce
inequality, and spur economic growth – all while
tackling climate change and working to preserve
our oceans and forests.”
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
“Humanity has the ability to make development
sustainable to ensure that it meets the need of the
present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs” Brundtland,
1987
GLOBALIZATION
17 DEVELOPMENT GOALS
1. No Poverty – end poverty in all its forms
everywhere
2. Zero Hunger – end hunger, achieve food
security and improved nutrition, and
promote sustainable agriculture
o The opening international boarders
healthy lives and promote well-being for all
at all ages
4. Quality Education
5. Gender Equality
6. Clean Water and sanitation
7. Affordable and Clean Energy
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth –
promote sustainable, inclusive and
sustainable economic growth, full and
productive employment and decent work
for all
9. Industry, Innovation and Infrastructures –
build resilient infrastructure, promote
inclusive and sustainable industrialization
and foster innovation
10. Reduced Inequalities – reduce inequality
within among countries
11. Sustainable cities and communities – make
cities and human settlements inclusive, safe,
resilient and sustainable
12. Responsible Consumption and Production
13. Climate Action
14. Life Below Water
15. Life on Land
Definition of Terms
16. Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
17. Partnerships for the Goals
 The existence of free exchange of goods,
services, culture, and even people, between
and among countries (Levitt, 1983)
 The increased interconnectedness and
interdependence of peoples and countries,
is generally understood to include two
inter-related elements:
to increasingly fast flows of goods,
services, finance, people, and ideas,
and the changes in institutions and
policies at national and
international levels that facilitate
promote such flows (WHO)
o The growing interdependence of
the world economies, cultures, and
populations, brought about by
cross border trade in goods and
services, technology and flows of
investment, people, and
information (Peterson Institute for
International Economics)
 The closes integration of national
economies through trade and financial
flows as well as cross border migration of
people. As national economies open up and
lower their external barriers, they become
more exposed – and more vulnerable – to
global forces and influences (United
Nations Conference on Trade and
Development)
1. Free trade – exchange of goods or products
between nations without tariff or tax
2. Deregulation – loosening or lifting of
government regulations, usually to favor
private corporation’s flexibility of
operations
3. Liberalization – process or policy of removal
or reduction of restrictions or barriers in
the free trade between nations
 4. Privatization – process or policy of
subjecting an industry or service to private
control and ownership
FOUR FREEDOMS (EUROPEAN UNION)
1. FREE MOVEMENT OF GOOS AND PRODUCTS.
- Made possible by liberalization or the
abolition of tax on imported goods (tariff)
2. FREE MOVEMENT OF CAPITAL OR INVESTMENT.
- Made possible through deregulation/ the
lifting of strict banking and financial
regulations. This encourages investors to
invest more and retain their ability to pull
out investment anytime.
3. FREE MOVEMENT OF SERVICES.
- The expertise or skills of people that has
experience on a particular field
4. FREE MOVEMENT OF PERSONS
- Achieved through loosening or abolition of
visa restrictions and barriers to migration
GLOBALIZATIONS VS. INTERNATIONALIZATION
 INTERNALIZATION – process and systems that
pertain to relationships between nations- states
(Timor leste, brexit)
 GLOBALIZATION – processes and systems
related to global, social relations or interactions
between and/ or transnational entities (ASEAN
and EU, UNESCO)
PERSPECTIVE ON GLOBALIZATION 4. Migration
5. Global cooperation – rules and mechanisms are
Pro-globalization
created and governed by global entities like
6 core claims: WTO, UN, etc.
1. It is about the liberalization and global According to WTO, globalization can:
integration of markets
1. Cut living costs and raise living standards
2. It is inevitable and irreversible
2. Settle disputes and reduce trade tensions
3. Nobody is in charge of globalization
3. Stimulate economic growth and employee
4. It benefits everyone in the long run
5. It further the spread of democracy in the NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
world
1. Linguistic hegemony of English
6. It requires war on terror
2. Cultural homogenization – big corporations
Anti-globalization dominate markets because of financial power
and presence
- The imbalanced system of globalization
3. 3rd world dependence on 1st world
favors the 1st world over the 3rd world
4. Global income and wealth inequality
countries
5. Tax injustice
- Corporations over citizens and communities
6. Racism and anti-immigrant sentiment
- Profitseeking over environmental
sustainability GLOBALIZATION FAVORS 1ST WOLD
- They want an end to the unfair system
1. Profits of 1st world in 3rd world countries
Alter globalization are not reinvested
2. Developed countries control financial
- They want change in the system of
institutions such as IMF and world bank
globalization
3. Technology transfer are monopolized
- More humane more pro-environment,
4. Bulk price of 3rd world exports
more grass roots driven
5. Migration of 3rd world workers and
POSITIVE ASPECTS OF GLOBALIZATION professional deplete human resources
6. 3rd world education system is aligned with
1. Multiculturalism and multilingualism – swift the need of developed countries
communication, hence need for learning
languages
2. Free trade – reduced costs, hence cheaper
prices of some goods
3. Cultural and educational exchanges
 Negative Aspects of Globalization
1. Linguistic hegemony of English
2. Cultural homogenization (big corporations
dominate markets because of financial
power and presence)
3. 3rd world dependence on 1st world (ex:
developing countries are prohibited to
provide massive subsidy to farmers)
4. Global income and wealth inequality
5. Tax injustice
6. Racism and anti-immigrant sentiment
Globalization Favors 1st World
1. Profits of 1st World in 3rd world countries ae
not reinvested
2. Developed countries control financial
institutions such as IMF and World Bank
3. Technology transfers are monopolized
4. Bulk piece of 3rd world exports (raw
material and semi manufactured goods) is
lower than bulk price of imports
(machineries/technology, high value
products)
5. Migration of 3rd world workers an
professionals deplete human resources
6. 3rd world education system is aligned with
the needs of developed countries
What is first world?
The term First World refers to the developed,
capitalist, industrial countries, generally aligned
with NATO and the USA. The bloc of countries
aligned with the United States after World War II,
which had more or less common political and
economic interests, this included the countries of
North America and Western Europe, Japan, South ORIGIN AND MEANINGS OF THE 1ST ,2ND ,3RD
Korea, and Australia. WORLDS
What is second world? French Revolution (ISBISTER,1991)
The Second World refers to the former communist-  In the 18th century France, there were 3
socialist, less industrialized states known as the social Classes:
Eastern Bloc. The countries in the sphere of 1) First estate (Clergy)
influence of the Soviet Union; it included the Soviet 2) Second estate (Nobility)
Socialist republics, the countries of Eastern and 3) Third estate (Peasants)
Central Europe, e.g., Poland, East Germany (GDR),
According to Isbister, Alfred Sauvy’s 3rd world is
Czechoslovakia, and the Balkans. And there were
defined by dispossessed and excluded
the Asian communist states in the sphere of
influence of China, - Mongolia, North Korea, Cold War (PLETCH,1981)
Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.
 After World War 2, there was a division into
What is third world? two blocs:
o The 1st world (democratic,
The Third World was all the other countries. The
industrialized states) U.S. and allies
mainly underdeveloped agricultural states and
o The 2nd world (communists-socialist
nations of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, where
states) USSR and allies
the blessings of civilization benefited only a small
o The 3rd world (non-aligned
ruling elite and the corporations and upper classes
countries) neutral
of the former colonial powers.
In principle, the term Third World is outdated but According to Pletch, Alfred Sauvy’s 3RD World is
still in use; today, the politically correct designation defined as contested parts of the world
would be less developed countries.
MERCATOR PROJECTION
Who is Alfred Sauvy?
 the most popular map of the world that is
Sauvy coined the term Third World in reference to highly misleading
countries that were unaligned with either the  drastically distorts the size and shape of
Communist Soviet bloc or the Capitalist NATO bloc objects approaching the poles
during the Cold War.
  labor intensive production, only low skill level is
required
WALLERSTEIN’S WORLD SYSTEM THEORY MODEL
SEMI PERIPHERAL

 share characteristics of both core and

peripheral countries
 are less developed than core nations but more
developed than peripheral nations
 they are buffer between core and peripheral

CORE

 countries are dominant capitalist countries that

exploit peripheral countries for labor and raw
materials
 high-levels of industrialization and urbanization
 are capital intensive, have high wages and high
technology production patterns and lower
amounts of labor exploitation and coercion

PERIPHERAL

 are dependent on core countries for capital and

have underdeveloped industry
 less industrialized and urbanized
 usually agrarian, have low literacy rates and
lack consistent internet access
TOWARD GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP & SUSTAINABILITY
GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE
GLOBAL WARMING – is the long-term heating of
earth’s climate system
observed since the pre industrial period (1850-1900)
due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel burning,
which increases heat trapping greenhouse gas
levels in earth’s atmosphere
CLIMATE CHANGE – is a long-term change in the
average weather pattern
that have come to define the earths local, regional
and global climates. It refers to the human and
naturally produced warming and the effects it has
on our planet
CONCEPTS
MACROECNOMIC – how one economy grows
DEGROWTH – a movement advocating for lesser or
slower macroeconomic growth as a way to achieve
sustainable development
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT – (economic)
development focuses on fulfilling the basic need of
citizen’s rather than amassing profits
FOOD SECURITY – state that exists when all citizens
have stable and unhampered access to sufficient a
nutritious food
GLOBAL CTIZENSHIP – citizenship that puts
emphasis on one’s responsibilities to the
international community
STABILITY – short-term firmness in position
permanence and resistance to change
SUSTAINABLITY – considers the long-term
capacities of a system to exists not its short-term
resistance to change
ANTHROPOCENE – the era of mankind’s dominance
on earths overall existence an evident on the
impact of climate change
ANTHROPOCENE
 Used to describe the most recent period in
earth’s history when human activity started to
have a significant impact on the planet’s
climate and ecosystems
 Is derived from the Greek words Anthropo, for
“man” and cene for “new”
 It is coined and made popular by biologists
Eugene Stromer and chemist Paul Crutzen in
2000
GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE – system to date the events
that have occurred during the history of earth,
based on the composition of rock layers
 earth’s history is divided into a hierarchical
series of smaller chunks of time
Division in descending length of time are called:
o Eons
o Eras periods
o Epochs
o Ages
STRATA – layers of rock or other materials.
 the units are classified based on earth rock
layers and the fossil fuels within them
STRATIGRAPHY – the study of rock layers and
layering
HOLOCENE – the current epoch, which began
11,700 years after the last major ice age
 having to do with the present geological time
period. The Holocene epoch began at the end
of the last glacial period about 10000 years ago
CURRENT GLOBALIZATION IS UNSUSTAINABLE
 this western centric globalization is premised
on the idea of making everyone live and
consume like atypical westerner does
 current trends point out to a global race to the
bottom with regard to wages and corporate tax
rates
 the continuous commodification of the worlds
resources (water, air, minerals forest lands, etc.)
under the current economic system that allows
huge corporations almost unlimited access to
them is bound to exhaust the worlds finite
sources
GLOBAL ISSUES
 there is not enough gold, silver or nickel to
sustain the worlds need for gadgets if
companies will continue releasing new models
almost on a monthly basis
 there is not enough timber to have their
wooden furniture replaced annually or for
production of paper products
 there’s not enough land in the amazon
rainforest to be converted to soybean farms or
pasture lands to feed the growing number of
cows (to satisfy people appetite for steaks and
hamburgers)
 there is not enough tuna or salmon to satisfy
the craving of those who can afford to eat
gourmet sashimi everyday
DEGROWTH
 meet everyone’s basic necessities (extraction of
resources for commodity production will not be
as uncontrolled as today)
 shift from competition of GDP to ensuring that
citizens have food, jobs and shelter
PACHAMAMA SOCIALISM
PACHAMAMA: indigenous Earth Goddess  Wellbeing of the larger community from
humans and animals to the very environment
: Earth Mother
that gives them life rather than the survival of
Locations: Chile, Argentina, Bolivia individual species
 Rights of people, communities and nature over
PACHAMAMA IN BOLIVIA
individual rights
 created laws hat granted nature with rights GREEN PARTIES
equal to humans
 institutionalized a paradigm shift that relabels  Focus on renewable energy related or energy
mineral deposits as “blessings” powered industries as engines of sustainable
 empowered communities to monitor industrial growth and development
polluters  USA
 CHINA
PACHAMAMA IN EQUADOR
GLOBAL CITIZEN
 placed “ rights of Nature” in their constitution
 “establishes Pachamama as a legal entity.  Understands the complexity of our
Stipulating the right to an integral respect for interconnected world
natures existence and for the maintenance and  Understands our biggest challenges
regeneration of its life cycles, structures,  Knows their social ethical and political
functions, evolutionary processes, and responsibilities
restoration” Berros, 201five  Displays leadership and teamwork
 Solves problems through innovation and
BUEN VIVIR/ SUMAK KAWSAY (good way of living)
entrepreneurship
 The primacy of limiting consumption
 “a way of doing things that is community
centric, ecologically balanced and culturally
sensitive”
 A creative expression of alter globalization
movements call for a system that prioritizes:
o PEOPLE OVER PROFIT
o COMMUNITIES OVER CORPORATIONS
o ENVIRONMENT OVER ECONOMIC
GROWTH
PACHAMAMA AND BUEN VIVIR