Singularity, Poles and Residues

SINGULARITIES, POLES & RESIDUES
COMPLEX ANALYSIS
M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan
University of Education, Faisalabad Campus
May 19, 2021

Table of Contents
1 Preliminaries
2 Singularities
Types of Singularities
Types of isolated singularities
3 Residues
Residues at Poles
Residues at infinity
M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan (University ofSINGULARITIES,

Education, Faisalabad
POLESCampus)
& RESIDUES May 19, 2021 2 / 16
Preliminaries
Preliminaries
Analytic Function: Differentiable everywhere in a region R of

complex plane.
Entire Function: Analytic everywhere in the complex plane.
Tailor Series:
∞
X f (n) (z0 )
f (z) = (z − z0 )n
n=0
n!
Laurent Series:
∞ ∞
bn (z − z0 )−n
X X
f (z) = an (z − z0 )n +
n=0 n=1
with first component as the analytic part, and second component as

the principal part.

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Singularities
Singularities
Singularity Point z0
If a function f (z) fails to be analytic at some point z = z0 , then the point
z0 is said to be its singularity point.
A function with no singularity points at all serves as an entire function.
Example
1
For f (z) = , z = 0 is the singularity point.
z
1
z −5
1
For f (z) = 2 , z = ±i are the singularity points.
z +1
For f (z) = Sin(z), there are no singularity points.

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Singularities
Singularities
Example
1
z
1
z −5
1
z +1

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Singularities
Singularities
Example
1
z
1
z −5
1
z +1

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Singularities
Singularities
Example
1
z
1
z −5
1
z +1

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Singularities
Singularities
Example
1
z
1
z −5
1
z +1

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Singularities Types of Singularities
Singularities are classified as isolated and non-isolated singularities as

defined in the following section.
Isolated Singularity
If a function f (z) is analytic everywhere in the close neighbourhood of its
singularity point z = z0 , then z0 is said to be an isolated singularity point.
Example
1
In f (z) = , z = 5 is an isolated singularity.
z −5
Sin(z)
In f (z) = , z = 0, ±2i are all isolated singularities.
z(z 2 + 4)

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Example
1
z −5
Sin(z)
z(z 2 + 4)

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Example
1
z −5
Sin(z)
z(z 2 + 4)

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Example
1
z −5
Sin(z)
z(z 2 + 4)

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Non-Isolated Singularity
A singularity point that is not isolated is called a non-isolated singularity
point. OR
If a function f (z) has some singularity points other than z0 in
neighbourhood of z0 , then z0 is said to be a non-isolated singularity point.
Example
In f (z) = log(z), z = 0 is a non-isolated singularity point.
1
In f (z) = , z = 0 is a non-isolated singularity point.
Sin(π/z)

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point. OR
Example
1
Sin(π/z)

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point. OR
Example
1
Sin(π/z)

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Types of isolated singularities
The isolated singularities are further classified as

(1) Removable(Artificial) Singularities.
(2) Essential Singularities.
(3) Poles (Singularities of finite order).
which we will discuss using Laurent’s series as well as limits about the
singularity.

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Removable Singularities
Removable(Artificial) Singularity
If the principal part of Laurent Series expansion of f (z) at z = z0 vanishes,
then z0 is called a removable or artificial singularity.Or
If Lim f (z) exists and is finite, then z0 is a removable singularity point.
z→z0
Example
Sin(z)
Let f (z) = be a complex function with singularity at z = 0. Then
z
1 1 z3 z5
By Laurent Series: f (z) = Sin(z) = (z − + − ...)
z z 3! 5!
z2 z4
Thus f (z) = 1 − + − . . . with no principal part.
3! 5!
Sin(z)
Using limit: Lim f (z) = Lim = 1, hence a removable
z→z0 z→0 z
singularity.
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z→z0
Example
Sin(z)
z
1 1 z3 z5
z z 3! 5!
z2 z4
3! 5!
Sin(z)
z→z0 z→0 z
singularity.
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z→z0
Example
Sin(z)
z
1 1 z3 z5
z z 3! 5!
z2 z4
3! 5!
Sin(z)
z→z0 z→0 z
singularity.
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z→z0
Example
Sin(z)
z
1 1 z3 z5
z z 3! 5!
z2 z4
3! 5!
Sin(z)
z→z0 z→0 z
singularity.
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Essential Singularities
Essential Singularity
If the principal part of Laurent series expansion of f (z) at z = z0 has
infinite terms, then singularity z0 is an essential singularity.Or
If Lim f (z) does not exist, then singularity is essential singularity.
z→z0
Example
Let f (z) = e 1/z be a complex function with singularity at z = 0. Then
1 1
By Laurent Series: f (z) = e 1/z = 1 + + + ...
z 2!z 2
Thus f (z) has infinite terms in its principal part.
Using limit: Lim f (z) = Lime 1/z , which does not exist. Hence an
z→z0 z→0
essential singularity at z = 0.

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z→z0
Example
1 1
z 2!z 2
z→z0 z→0

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z→z0
Example
1 1
z 2!z 2
z→z0 z→0

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z→z0
Example
1 1
z 2!z 2
z→z0 z→0

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Poles
Pole(Of order n)
If principal part of Laurent series expansion of f (z) at z = z0 has finite (n)
number of terms, then z0 is said to be a pole of order n.Or
If Lim f (z) = ∞ and Lim (z − z0 )n f (z) exists and is finite, then z0 is a
z→z0 z→z0
pole of order n.
Simple Pole
A pole of order one is called a simple pole.
For a simple pole, Lim (z − z0 )f (z) exists and is finite.
z→z0

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Poles
Pole(Of order n)
z→z0 z→z0
pole of order n.
Simple Pole
z→z0

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Poles
Pole(Of order n)
z→z0 z→z0
pole of order n.
Simple Pole
z→z0

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Pole (Examples)
Example
Sin(z)
1. Let f (z) = , with singularity at z = 0.
z2
Sin(z) 1 z3 z5
By Laurent series: f (z) = = (z − + − ...)
z2 z2 3! 5!
1 z z 3
Thus f (z) = − + − . . . with a single term in the principal
z 3! 5!
part.
1 Sin(z)
Using limit: Lim f (z) = Lim . = ∞,
z→z0 z→0 z z
1 Sin(z) Sin(z)
whereas Lim (z − z0 )f (z) = Lim(z − 0) . = Lim = 1.
z→z0 z→0 z z z→0 z
Hence z = 0 is a simple pole.
z2
2. For f (z) = , z = 5, 4, 3 are poles of orders 1, 2
(z − 5)(z − 4)2 (z − 3)3
and 3 respectively.
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Pole (Examples)
Example
Sin(z)
z2
Sin(z) 1 z3 z5
z2 z2 3! 5!
1 z z 3
z 3! 5!
part.
1 Sin(z)
z→z0 z→0 z z
1 Sin(z) Sin(z)
z→z0 z→0 z z z→0 z
z2
(z − 5)(z − 4)2 (z − 3)3
and 3 respectively.
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Pole (Examples)
Example
Sin(z)
z2
Sin(z) 1 z3 z5
z2 z2 3! 5!
1 z z 3
z 3! 5!
part.
1 Sin(z)
z→z0 z→0 z z
1 Sin(z) Sin(z)
z→z0 z→0 z z z→0 z
z2
(z − 5)(z − 4)2 (z − 3)3
and 3 respectively.
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Pole (Examples)
Example
Sin(z)
z2
Sin(z) 1 z3 z5
z2 z2 3! 5!
1 z z 3
z 3! 5!
part.
1 Sin(z)
z→z0 z→0 z z
1 Sin(z) Sin(z)
z→z0 z→0 z z z→0 z
z2
(z − 5)(z − 4)2 (z − 3)3
and 3 respectively.
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Residues Residues at Poles
Residues at poles
Residue Res(f , z0 )
Residue of a function f (z) with a pole at z = z0 is denoted by Res(f , z0 ).
On a closed curve C containing z0 , it is defined as
1
I
Res(f , z0 ) = f (z)dz
2πi C
Calculating Residues at Poles

For simple pole(of order 1) at z = z0 ,
Res(f , z0 ) = Lim (z − z0 )f (z)

z→z0
For pole of order n at z = z0 ,
1 d n−1
Res(f , z0 ) = . Lim n−1 (z − z0 )n f (z)
(n − 1)! z→z0 dz
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Residues at poles
1
I
2πi C

Res(f , z0 ) = Lim (z − z0 )f (z)

z→z0
1 d n−1
Res(f , z0 ) = . Lim n−1 (z − z0 )n f (z)
(n − 1)! z→z0 dz
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Residues at poles
1
I
2πi C

Res(f , z0 ) = Lim (z − z0 )f (z)

z→z0
1 d n−1
Res(f , z0 ) = . Lim n−1 (z − z0 )n f (z)
(n − 1)! z→z0 dz
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Residues at poles
1
I
2πi C

Res(f , z0 ) = Lim (z − z0 )f (z)

z→z0
1 d n−1
Res(f , z0 ) = . Lim n−1 (z − z0 )n f (z)
(n − 1)! z→z0 dz
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Calculating Residues (Examples)
Example
1
Consider f (z) = . We have to calculate residues at all the
(z − 2)(z − 4)2
poles.
At z = 2 which is a simple pole,
1
Res(f , 2) = Lim(z − 2).
z→2 (z − 2)(z − 4)2
1
= Lim
z→2 (z− 4)2
1 1
= 2
= .
(−2) 4

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Calculating Residues (Examples)
Example
1
Consider f (z) = . We have to calculate residues at all the
(z − 2)(z − 4)2
poles.
At z = 2 which is a simple pole,
1
Res(f , 2) = Lim(z − 2).
z→2 (z − 2)(z − 4)2
1
= Lim
z→2 (z− 4)2
1 1
= 2
= .
(−2) 4

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Example
Continued...
At z = 4 which is a pole of order 2,
1 d 2−1 1
Res(f , 4) = .Lim 2−1 {(z − 4)2 . }
(2 − 1)! z→4 dz (z − 2)(z − 4)2
1 d 1
= Lim { }
1! z→4 dz z − 2
−1
= Lim{ }
z→4 (z − 2)2
−1 1
= 2 =− .
2 4

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Residues Residues at infinity
Residues at infinity
If L = Lim f (z), then the residue of a function f (z) at infinity is

|z|→∞
calculated using the following formula:

 − Lim z.f (z) if L = 0;
 |z|→∞


Res(f , ∞) =
 2 0 if L 6= 0.
 Lim z .f (z)


|z|→∞

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Residues Residues at infinity
Questions & Answers

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SINGULARITIES, POLES & RESIDUES

M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan

University of Education, Faisalabad Campus

May 19, 2021

M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan (University ofSINGULARITIES,

Analytic Function: Differentiable everywhere in a region R of

with first component as the analytic part, and second component as

M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan (University ofSINGULARITIES,

M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan (University ofSINGULARITIES,

M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan (University ofSINGULARITIES,

M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan (University ofSINGULARITIES,

M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan (University ofSINGULARITIES,

M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan (University ofSINGULARITIES,

Singularities are classified as isolated and non-isolated singularities as

M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan (University ofSINGULARITIES,

Singularities are classified as isolated and non-isolated singularities as

M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan (University ofSINGULARITIES,

Singularities are classified as isolated and non-isolated singularities as

M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan (University ofSINGULARITIES,

Singularities are classified as isolated and non-isolated singularities as

M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan (University ofSINGULARITIES,

M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan (University ofSINGULARITIES,

M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan (University ofSINGULARITIES,

M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan (University ofSINGULARITIES,

Types of isolated singularities

The isolated singularities are further classified as

M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan (University ofSINGULARITIES,

M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan (University ofSINGULARITIES,

M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan (University ofSINGULARITIES,

M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan (University ofSINGULARITIES,

M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan (University ofSINGULARITIES,

M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan (University ofSINGULARITIES,

M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan (University ofSINGULARITIES,

M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan (University ofSINGULARITIES,

Calculating Residues at Poles

Res(f , z0 ) = Lim (z − z0 )f (z)

For pole of order n at z = z0 ,

Calculating Residues at Poles

Res(f , z0 ) = Lim (z − z0 )f (z)

For pole of order n at z = z0 ,

Calculating Residues at Poles

Res(f , z0 ) = Lim (z − z0 )f (z)

For pole of order n at z = z0 ,

Calculating Residues at Poles

Res(f , z0 ) = Lim (z − z0 )f (z)

For pole of order n at z = z0 ,

Calculating Residues (Examples)

M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan (University ofSINGULARITIES,

Calculating Residues (Examples)

M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan (University ofSINGULARITIES,

M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan (University ofSINGULARITIES,

If L = Lim f (z), then the residue of a function f (z) at infinity is

M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan (University ofSINGULARITIES,

Questions & Answers

M. Zain Ul Abidin Khan (University ofSINGULARITIES,

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