BAI GIANG MON HQC VI SINH THYC PHAM SO dvht: 4 BLT + ITH) Thuyét Chuong 1: M6 DAU (2 1.1. Gidi thigu mén vi sinh thye phiim Vi sinh vat 1 tén goi chung iia nhimng sinh vat ¢6 kich thude nh bé ma mit thugmg khOng nin thay duge, chi e6 thé quan sit ching bing kinh hign vi. Vi nim men, nm méc, protozoa, tao. Thue phim la nhimg chét ma con ngudi c6 thé nudt va tiéu hod durge dé cung edp cée chit dinh dudng va ning lugng cho qué trinh sinh trdmg va phat trign cia co thé. Thye phim bao gém nhiéu loai va ton tai 6 mhiéu dang khéc nhau nh: mide, thit, ca, trimg, sita, rau qui... Thyte phim cé thé 1 céc vat thé sing hofe cdc sin phim da qua ché bién tir cic ngu Vi sinh vat hoc thye phim 1é mt mén khoa hoc nghién ciru déng sinh ly cia vi sinh vat cé anh huéng dén chat long cita Iwong thye thyc phim, tim biéu céc quy ludt phat trién cia vi sinh vat trén thye pham dé c6 nhimg bign phap ngin ngira tic dong tiéu cure va phat huy téc dong tich cuc cia ching trong qua trinh bao quan va ché bién thyc pham. Khéng phai tat ca céc nhém vi sinh vat déu duge cdc nha vi sinh thye pham quan tm ngang nhau, Yéu chu cia mén vi sinh thye phim Sau khi hoe xong mén hge nay hge v co ban sau: a, Vé kién thite — Nhin thite duge vai trd ciia vi sinh vat trong ché bién cing nhu trong bio quan thye phim. Ciing nhw téc hai cia vi sinh vat khi ching nhiém vao thye phim — Nim ving mét sé nhém vi sinh vat chinh e6 y nghia trong san xudt thye pham, eo ché hoat dng cua ching, nhimg (mg dung chinh trong sin xuat, ché bién va bio quan thye phim. b. Vé ky nding Biét ign hé, van dung duge vao thyc té san xudt va cude séng trong ché bign va bdo quan thye phim. Cé cde ky nang co ban trong céng tic kiém nghiém céc chi tiéu vi sinh cia thu pl c. Vé thai d6 — Yéu thich mén vi sinh thye phim véi mong muén khdm phé nhiing dc tinh con tiém an cita thé gidi vi sinh vat ky digu anh hwéng Ién the pham. phai hinh thanh duge ede ning lye— Cé ning luc tu hoc, tw nghién ctu dé nang cao hiéu biét va tmg dung cia vi sinh vat trong nganh thie phim. Mén Vi sinh vat hoc thyc phim gém cé 6 chuong véi cdc n6i dung chinh anhur sau: = Chuong 1: Mé dau (GiGi thigu téng quan vé mén hoc) — Chuong 2: Cée qué trinh vi sinh quan trong lign quan dén ché bién va bao quan thyc phim (Cung cp nhitng kién thite co ban nhat vé céc hoat dong cia vi sinh vat trong the phim: céc qua trinh én men ky khi, hiéu khi va théi rita. Céc tmg dung quan trong trong thye pham nhw én men rugu, lén men lactic, acetic,...) = Chuong 3: Anh huéng ciia cdc yéu té cia thye phim dén sy phat trién cia vi sinh vat va cée phuong phap bao quan (Phan tich su anh hurémg ciia céc yéu t6 bén trong thye phim: pH, 46 4m, ham Iuong oxy, thanh phan hoa ‘hoe ciia thuc phim cing nhu céc yéu t6 bén ngoai: nhiét dé, 46 am khéng khi, néng 46 cdc chat khi, hé vi sinh vat hign dign trong thyc pha...) — Chuong 4: Hé vi sinh vat thye phim (Gidi thigu hé vi sinh vat trén cde loai thuc phim quan trong: thit, e4, trimg, sta, néng sin, rau qua, bot banh mi... ‘va cdc sin phim cita chang) ~ Chuong 5: Vi sinh vat giy bénh vi ng6 déc thue phim (Gidi thi cfc vi sinh vat g’y nén cde bénh thudmg gip nhu ti, ly, throng han, nhigt than, bruxella, lao,.., va cdc dang ng d6c do nam, tio, vi khuan) — Chuong 6: Cie phuong phdp kiém nghiém vi sinh trong thye phim (Gidi thigu vé cdc chi tiéu vi sinh trong kiém nghigm thye pham, cde phin img sinh héa cia vi sinh vat, cde phuong phdp truyén théng va hign dai thudmg duge sit dung trong céng tic kiém pham) ‘Tai ligu tham kha 2001 — Vi sinh vat hoe va an toan vé sinh thye phim — NXB Nong nghiép — Hi Noi 2. Lé Xuan Phuong ~ Vi sinh cng nghigp - NXB xay dung. 3. Nguyén Dite Lugng, Pham Minh Tam ~ V¢ sinh va an todn thye phim — Dai hoc Kf thuat — Thanh phé 16 Chi Minh. 4, Tran Linh Thuée ~ Phuong phip phan tich vi sinh vat trong nuée, thye phim ‘va mi phim — NXB Gido Duc. 1.2. Lich sir phat trién nganh vi sinh thuc phim ‘Cée qua trinh hw héng thye pham va nhimg phuong phip ba men thie phim da duge con ngudi biét dén tir rat lau, khi ma ngudi ta chua hi vi sinh vat [a gi, Ngudi ta da biét ndu regu, im mim, lén men sta,..nhung day chi la nhimng img dung ngdu nhién, Mai sau nay khi mi Antoni Van Lecuwenhock (1632-1723) ché tao ra duge kinh hién vi méi phat hign ra duge nhimg vi sinh vat ‘nnhé bé ma lau nay van 1a didu bf an d6i véi nhan loai,Mai dén nam 1800 thi méi lign quan gitt thye phim va vi sinh vat méi duge phat hign, Sau nhimg khm pha cia Pasteur vi mot s6 nha vi sinh vat khde 1a ther ‘ky phat trién manh mé cia nganh céng nghiép lén men. Ta cé thé xem xét mét s giai doan sau: Giai doan trude Pasteur (1860): phat hign va ting dung mot sé qua ‘men thie phim nhu: Lim mim, lam nuéc tong, mudi chua rau qui, 1 mi... Cudi giai doan niy con ngudi da biét én men hiéu khi dé sin xudt gidm. To 46 da phat trién mét bude Ién trong linh vue nudi cdy vi sinh vat va vé sinh thuc phim. Giai doan 1806-1900: phat hign thém qué trinh 1én men lactic va img dung rOng rai qué trinh nay vo doi sOng thye tin. Phat trién nudi cdy thu sinh khdi bing céch théi khong khi vio moi trutmg long. _ Giai doan 1900-1920: céng nghigp sin xudt glyxerin, axeton, butanol phat trign manh mé _Giai doan 1920-1940: . Phat hign m@t s6 qué trinh lén men khée nhur sin xudt sorboza, gluconic, rong giai doan nay ngudi ta da biét khir tring khdng khi trude khi cung edp cho cée qué trinh Ién men hiéu hi. Giai doan 1940-1950: qua trinh sn xudt khang sinh duge phat hign, dic biét 14 qué trinh san xuit penicillin. Bén canh dé da san xudt duge vitamin B,2 va riboflavin, Giai doan 1950-1960: 14 giai doan hoan thign céng nghé sin xuét khang sinh va bat diu céng nghé san xuat axit amin va enzyme. Giai doan 1960 dén nay: 1a giai doan phat trién manh mé viée sin xudt axit amin, enzyme, déng thdi hoan thign toan b6 thiét bi 1én men. Qué trinh 1én men durge tmg dung rng rai trong linh vue thyc pham, y hoc, ndng nghigp. 13. Tac déng ciia vi sinh vat trong the phim: 1.3.1. Gay hw hong thye pham: . . Hé vi sinh vat thye phim duge phat sinh tir nhiéu ngudn khée nhau: - Thye phim bi nhiém vi sinh vat ti mdi truémg bén ngodi, tay céng nhin, dung cy, qué trinh chuyén ché, bio quan... bj nhiém vi sinh vat tir bin than nguyén ligu. Do thye phim thuéng lA nhimg chat chita nhiéu muée, nhiéu chit dinh duémg, vitamin va Khong chat nén day 14 méi tnrong thudn loi cho nhieu loai vi sinh vat ¢6 hai phat trién, M4i loai thye phim thuémg cé m6t hé vi sinh vat riéng va hoat dong cia ching gay nén nhitng bién déi sinh hod, co ly trong thye phim va lam gidm chat Ivgng hodc hu hong thyc phdm. Ta phai nghién citu dé hiéu that 10 vé hé vi sinh vat thye phim va nhimg bién déi do ching gay nén nhim mue dich bio quan thyc pham trong théi gian dai nhat véi s6 Iwong va chat Iugng hao hnut cia thute phim 1a it nha. ‘hye pham mang h viit gay bénh Khi ching fa Sn phai ‘thye phim mang vi sinh vat gay bénh hoe 6c t6 cita ching sé gay ra nhieu bénh cho co thé ngudi la déng vat c6 thé dé lai‘du qui nghiém trong thdm chf din dén tir vong. Céc bénh thudng gp 14 thuong han do vi khuan Salmonella, ti do Shigella, lao do Micobacterium,... Ngoai ra cbn cé thé din dén cae trigu chimg ng6 dc nghiém trong néu ching ta n phi d6c cia vi khudn nhu age t6 botulin cia vi khudn de thit Clostridium botulinum, doe “ia vi Khun tu cau ving Staphylococcus aureus. thye phim Trong thyc té dai séng hign nay ngudi ta 4a biét loi dung nhimg bién di c6 Igi cita vi sinh vat dé tao ra nhimg sin phim thye phim e6 chat hong va phi h hon cho nhu edu dinh dudmg ngay cang cao ciia con ngudi. Nhu sir dung sinh khOi vi sinh vat lim nguén thitc an gidu dinh dudng, img dung cdc qua trinh 1én men rOng rai trong vige sin xudt céc loai thc phim quan trong nhu: rugu, bia, mide gidi khat, banh mi, nude mim, mi chinh,...cding nhu lam gia ting gid tr] dinh duréng cia cée loai thye phém nhu tempeh, natto... duge Ién men tir dau nanh, Céu hoi chucong 1. Vi sinh vat thyc pham la gi? Yéu cau, ndi dung cia mén hoc? 2. Lich sit phat trién cia vi sinh vat thye pham? 3. Nhiing téc dng cia vi sinh vat trong thye phim?Chuong 1: CAC QUA TRINH VI SINH QUAN TRONG LIEN QUAN DEN CHE BIEN VA BAO QUAN THY PHAM (118) Trong qué trinh séng cia minb, vi sinh vat gay ra nbimg qué trinh héa sinh lam anh huéng 1én dén vong tudn hoan vat chit trong tu nhién va nhimg qua trinh nay duge img dung trong hang loat nginh san xuat cing nhw lam co sé khoa hoc 8 chon eae phuong phap bao quan va ché bién thyc pham. ‘Nhimg qui trinh héa sinh nay chia thanh hai logi: lén men va théi rita. Lén men la qua trinh chuyén héa vat chat hitu co khong chita nito (hydrat cacbon, ¢ dud téc dung eta vi sinh vat. Thong qua qua trinh nay ma cung cap nguyén vat ligu dé tao nén cdc cdu tir cia té bao. Lén men lai chia thanh hai kkiéu chinh Ta: 1én men ky Khf va 1én men hiéu Khi. IL.1. QUA TRINH LEN MEN KY KHi Lén men ky Khi do ede vi sinh vat ky khi hode ky Khi tiy tign gy ra. U.1.1. Lén men rugu: Lén men rugu li qué trinh phan gidi dudng thanh rygu va khi cacbonic duéi téc dung cia vi sinh vat, Trong tit c& cde qué trinh chuyén héa glucid do vi sinh vat gay ra, sir Ién men nugu duge tmg dung rng rai nhat trong cong nghigp, img dung nay da c6 tir thé xua so bé dé sn xuat rzgu vang, bia va cdc nude uéng gidi khdt Ién men Khe. U1.1.1.1. Co ché cita qua trinh lén men rugu x / \ CH; 2 Ethanol 2 Acetylaldehyde 2 NAD* 2NADH 20, Glucose —— — —— — 2ADP 2ATP 2 Pyruvate Phuong trinh tng quét cia qua trinh ny nhu sau CoH2Oc + 2¢P) + ZADP = 2CHsOH + 2CO,! + 2ATP (glucoza) (nugu etylic) Dudng va céc chat dinh duéng khéc cia méi trrimg 1én men, truée tién duge hap thy trén bé mat vi sau 46 khuéch tan qua mang bin thém va vio bén trong té bao nm men, sy phan hiy duéng thanh rugu trong té bao ndm men xay ra bing hang loat cde phan img v6i sy tham gia rét phite tap ctia nhiéu loai enzymehdc nhau, buée cudi cing ciia qué trinh 1én men 1a sy chuyén héa axit pyruvic thanh nagu etylic va kh CO,. Phuong trinh ting quit néu & trén chi cho thdy nguyén ligu du va sin phdm chinh cdn thye ra qud trinh 1én men rat phite tap qua nbiéu giai doan va tg0 thanh nhiéu sin phim phu: glyxerin, aldehyt axetic, cdc axit xuesinic, axetic, lactic va xitric, céc este vi nigu bac cao. Sw én men théng thurdng: khi méi truémg e6 pH tir 4 dén 5, né chia thanh timg thoi ky khée nhau: ob Thai ky cam img: ~ Lugng acetaldehyt (CHsCH=0) duge tao than con it. . = lon H' duge chuyén tir NADH) dén glyxeraldehyt-3-photphat a8 tao thanh glyxerin 3-photphat, ~~ Sau dé glyxerin 3-photphat bj mat gc photphat dé tao thanh glyxerin, NADH, _NAD* -P Glyxeracetaldehyt-3-photphat XZ Glyxeryl-3-photphat—_Glyxeryl Thai ky tinh: = Khi lugng acetaldehyt (CH,CH=0) tao thinh dat duge mét lugng bat dinh, Axetaldehyt bj Khir tgo thanh nugu etylic. Glyxerin chi durge tao than tir thoi ky cdm img do d6 né chi 1a sin phim pu trong khi 1én men trong mai trong axit. Phuong trinh tng quit cia qua trinh ny nhur sau Celia, + 2(P) + 2ADP = 2C;HsOH + 2CO; +2ATP Sy lén men trong diéu kign kiém yéu: ab Néu tin hinh kiém hoa méi truémg bing Na,COs, K,CO; hay (NH4),COs thi axetaldehyt vita bj khir vira bj oxi hod, vi vay chit nhdn H tt NADH 1a glyxeraldehit 3-photphat va két qua sé tao thanh glyxerin, Nh vay trong méi truéng kiém ta thu duge glyxerin, axit axetic va rugu etylic. Phuong trinh tong quét nhur sau: CH,OH I 2CgH 20+ HO > CHOH + CHjCOOH + CHsOH + 2CO, I CH,OH (glucoza) (glyxerin) (axit acetic) Néu thém NalISO; vao moi truéng thi né sé két hgp vi axetaldehyt thanh acetaldchitbisulfitnatri khé tan, Khi dé khong c6 axetaldehyt lam chat nhan Ih, vi vay hic ndy chat nhin Hl; li Dioxyacetonphotphat. Két qua 1i tao thinh glyxerinPhuong trinh téng quét cla qué trinh nay nhu sau: CHO ou I I Calliz06 + NalISO; > CHOH + CHs-CH + CO," I I CH,OH SO;Na, Trong thycté nguéi ta c6 thé thu duge 40% glyxerin so v6i nguyén ligu ban du. Néu trong méi tring lén men ¢6 cc axit amin thi nagu bic cao (propanol, izobutanol va izoamylic) dirge tao thinh do céc axit amin bi khit amin, i inh vat Ién men rou a. Nim men Nam men la tée nhan co bin géy nén qué trinh Ién men rugu, tuy nhién Khdng phai lodi ndo cing Ién men dig thanh rugu duge ma chi ¢6 m6t s6 lodi 6 kha ning nay. Trong san xuat hién nay ngudi ta thudng ding mot s6 loai thuge ho Saccharomycesaceae. Theo dac tinh lén men ngudi ta chia nm men thanh hai nhém: ndm men Jén men ndi va nim men lén men chim. Nam men néi: li nhimg nim men c6 cuong lye Ién men rat nhanh va ‘manh, Nhiét d6 thich hyp cho ném men ndy sinh trudng tir 20 + 28°C, ¢6 tbe do Jén men rat ln, Iwong dug tigu thy rét nhiéu. Do sinh ra nhieu khi CO, nén cdc 18 bao nim men & dui sé theo CO, néi lén trén bé mat, vi vay ndm men hoat déng ‘manh hon va lén men cd céc phan tir during trén bé mat. Neudi ta thurdng sir dung 8 sin xudt cn va banh mi. Tigu biéu 1a loai Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nam men chim: 1i nhimg nim men c6 cutimg lye 1én men yéu, nhigt 46 thich hop tir 5 + 10°C. Trong qué trinh 1én men lung kh CO, tao ra ft vi do nhigt 49 thép nén né duge gitt lai trong dung dich 1én men, Nim men tip xi it va sau khi Ién men chiing tao thanh ving cin duéi day thimg. Qué trinh lén men chim va xy ra tir tt, Tiéu biéu 1a lodi Saccharomyces ellipsoideus. Nam men chim thuimg dimg trong sin xuit bia, rugu vang, simpanh, b. Nam mi Néu san xudt rugu tir tinh bt thi chiing ta phai qua buée duéng hod tite 1a giai doan chuyén tinh bét thanh duémg. Ngay nay ngwéi ta thuémg sir dung nam médc cho giai doan nay. Nim méc cho enzyme amylase dé chuyén tinh b6t thanh dung. ign nay nguéi ta thudmg sir dung mot s6 loai nim mée sau Aspergillus oryzae: 14 nim méc ¢6 mau vang, bao tit hé, De diém eiia né 14 c6 hé enzyme amilase va protease. Duge sit dung réng rai trong sin xuat trong va nude chim. Aspergillus usamii: 1a nam méc cé mau xdm tring, rit giau enzyme amylase. Duge sit dung rat réng rai trong céng nghiép san xudt rugu.Aspergillus awamori: 14 nim méc 6 mau xém den gidu enzyme amylase. Duroc img dung rit rong rai trong céng nghiép sin xuat ruou. Mucor rouxii: thuéng 6 mau xém tring, duge sit dung rong rai trong cdc nha may rugu sén xudt theo phuong phép amilo. Khée véi ca 3 loai trén phai nudi cay trén méi truémg dic, Mucor phat trién tot trong méi truéng long va tao nhiéu enzyme amylase. ¢. Vi khudn: . . ‘Mot sé vi khudn cé kha nang lén men chuyén héa dudng thanh rou nhu: ‘Sasina ventriculi, Zymononas mobylis, ngoai ra con cé vi khuan lactic di hinh, vi khudin durong rudt hay Clostridium cing cé kha ning lén men dudng thinh rou etylic, butylic...Tuy nhién, trong céng nghigp thyc phim nguéi ta chi yéu sir dung ndm men trong lén men rugu. . Trong san xuat mét sé nha may san xuét con sit dung vi khudn lactic 4é tao pH méi trvéng thich hop cho qua trinh lén men rugu. Tite 1 sau khi duéng hod xong ngudi ta cho vi khua moi trurdng, ching sé phat trién va tao long vi axit nhat dinh, d6 axit nay thich hgp ndm men phat trién va tién hinh Jén men, Thuong ngudi ta sit dung vi khudn Thermobacterium cereale vi vi khuan Denbrue. Trong sin xudt ngoai vige Iya chon ching nim men cdn phai nghign eit tgo didu kign thich hgp nhat dé dat higu suat 1én men cao. a, Nong 49 dung Tit cd ndm men chi e6 kha nang Ién men cde dudng don gin nhu dudng don (glucose, fructose) va duémg dai (maltose, saccarose) riéng dung lactose chi 6 nam men Saccharomyces lactic sit dung duge. Nam men hodn toin khdng c6 kha ning thay phan cic loai duémg da. Néng d6 dung thich hgp nhat cho qua trinh 1én men nrgu tir 8 + 20%. Khi néng 46 duémg Ién hon 30% sé tre ché qua trinh lén men rugu. Tuy thud vao sin fa qué trinh 1én men ma ngudi ta sir dung nong 46 dudng thich hyp. Trong sain xudt cn nguii ta sit dung ndng d6 dmg tir 14 + 207%, qué trinh len men xay ra manh va hét long duéng sau dé ngudi ta chung cat dé thu cén. DOi véi vige sin xudt nigu vang ngudi ta sit dung néng 46 duvmg tir 16 + 25% va ding ném men chim, nén qué trinh Ién men chém va sau khi [én men vin edn mot rong duéng trong rugu vi vay rugu vang thudng cé vi ngot. Con trong san xuat bia thudg ding néng 46 dudmg tir 9 + 12%. b. Oxy Nam men [a logi vi sinh vat hé hap tay tign. Trong diéu kign hiéu khi voi sw 66 mat ca oxy sé xay ra phuong trinh phan img sau: Colli20¢ + 602 6110+ 6CO; + Q; — gia ting sinh khdi Chi trong diéu kign yém khi n6é méi tién hanh lén men rugu theo phuong tinh: CsHy20¢ > 2C2HsOH + 2CO2 + Qr Vi vay Khi c6 mat ciia oxy sé kiém ham qué trinh lén men nugu,Higu img Pasteur: 18 sur tte ché qua trinh Ién men rugu khi e6 mat ca oxy. Sir chuyén tir lén men sang hé hip ngoai viée gidm higu suat tao thinh negu va kh cacbonic con gidm higu suat sir dung dung. Vi vay giai doan dau ciia qué trinh Ién men cin thong khi vao moi truéng 8 kich thich nm men sinh trucong tng sinh khéi sau d6 khong can oxy nita dé tao digu kign ky khi cho qué trinh Ién men rugu dat higu sudt cao nhat. ©. DO rugu Rugu duge tich tu din trong dich Ién men va chinh né lai 1a chat dc kim ham céc nim men, Nim men chiu ndng 49 cén ti & + 12%, tir 16 * 18% dai da s6 ndm men bi te ché. Néu am men. Kha ning chju cén ciia ndm men Ja néng 46 edn te ché sw phat trién vi hoat dng ciia nam men sau 72 gid nudi cdy 6 nhigt 46 30°C. . Tuy theo kha ning chju duge nong 46 cén khdc nhau ma ngudi ta sin xudt ra cde san pham khéc nhau. 4. D9 pH D6 pH méi trudng c6 ¥ nghia rat quan trong trong qua trinh lén men rugu, Tuy thude vao sin phim thu duge ma ngudi ta diéu chinh pH méi truéng cho thieh hgp. — pH méi trudng axit thi san phim thu duge 1a nrgu etylic. — pH méi truomg axit yéu thi sin phdm thu duge 1a rugu etylic va glyxerin. — pH méi truéng kiém yéu thi sin phim thu duge la rugu etylic, axit axetic va glyxerin Binh thudng lén men rugu duge thyc hign & pH= 4 + 4,5. Dé axit hoa moi trudng ngu’i ta thurémg ding H2SO, hoe axit lactic dé tao pH thich hgp bing cach cay vi khuan lactic vao sau dé thanh tring rdi méi cdy nm men vao, e. Nhigt 49 ‘Tuy thude vio ndm men néi hay ném men chim ma diéu chinh nhiét 46 méi tnuing cho thich hgp. Déi véi nim men néi nhiét d6 thich hgp tir 20 + 28°C, nim men chim nhiét a6 thich hop tir 5 + 10°C. Ngoai ra khi nhiét d6 tir 28 + 30°C thi rnrgu bay hoi lam cho qué trinh Ién men xy ra nhanh hon. U ‘ng dun; in xuat rugu va cén San xuat tir cdc nguyén ligu chita tinh bot nhw gao, sin, ngé... Nguoi ta ‘thuy phan tinh bot thinh dung bing axit, kiém hay enzyme sau d6 1én men durimg thanh rugu nhé ndm mer San xudt tir nguyén ligu ri dudng thudng cé tir 35 + 40% 1a dudng, Trude khi lén men phai pha loding xudng tir 14 + 20%. Nguoi ta ¢6 thé sir dung dung sita 1a nuée thai cba céng nghiép phomat. Nguyén ligu nay chita nhiéu duéng lactose nén phai dimg nim men Saccharomyces lactis. San xudt tir nude thai nha may gidy, nguyén ligu nay chita nhiéu cenlulose, hemi cenlulose, dextrin, Trude Khi lén men phai thuy phan ching thinh duémg.Néu di tir nguyén ligu 1a tinh bét thi tuy theo cach sit dung nim méc dé ‘thuy phan tinh b6t thinh duéng ma phuong phép sin xudt rugu ¢6 thé chia lam 3 cach. Phuong phiip Amylo: thay phan tinh bot bing enzyme amylase cia ndm mée Mucor hay Rhizopus. Sau 24h thuy phan thi cho nam men vio, hai qué trinh va lén men rrgu durge dién ra song song, sau 3 ngiy nam méc s€ bi ing d6 rugu ting cao, sau 7 ngay thi qua trinh 1én men két thc. . Phuong phip Mycos-Malt: nguyén ligu chita bot duge thuy phan bing enzyme amylase ciia nim méc Aspergillus niger hay Aspergillus oryzea dudi dang malt. Dé sin xudt amylase cia cc logi nim méc nay ngudi ta sit dung céc nong, Khay dumg cém, bo sung thém thite an v6 co va axit hod cho méi trréng c6 pH tir 4 + 5, d@ am khoang 55%, nhigt 46 méi truong tir 28 + 30°C, voi do Am moi trong li 100%, Sau 2 ngay ndm mée phit tién rat manh va sinh bio tt, nhu vay ta thu duge ché phim mycos-malt tir nim méc. Malt nay duge ding dé thuy phan tinh bot véi ty 1¢ 10%, thoi gian thuy phan la 4 + 6h, Sau d6 dem tigt trimg va cho ‘nam men vao, lén men trong vong 48h roi dem chung cat, Nhu vay phuong phap nay sé rit ngin duge théi gian lén men, Phuong phap men thudc biic: men thudc bic i mét ché phim cé méi truimg co ban la tinh bot, bai thude cdi va men géc (bao gbm hai hé vi sinh vat c6ng sinh véi nhau). Qué trinh san xudt rugu theo phuong phdp nay duge tom tit nhu sau: nguyén ligu tinh bét dem ndu chin > cdy men thudéc bic > Dung hod > rugu hod > cat regu, Rugu san xudt theo phuong phap nay cé tinh chat thi céng véi qui mé ho gia dinh. Rugu sau khi chung cdt cén duge goi 1 rgu gao cé mii vi thom ngon nhung 46 tinh khiét khéng cao va con lan nhiéu tap chat nhu aldehit nén thuéng 1am cho ngudi uéng bi dau dau. b, Sin xuat bia Bia 1a m6t logi thite udng gidi khat thom ngon, c6 46 rugu nhe tir 4 = 5%, 6 vi ding dé chju cia hoa hublong. ‘Nguyén ligu 1a malt dai mach, cao hoa hublong va nude. Trong malt ¢6 sin enzyme amilase dé thuy phan tinh b6t thinh dung cung cép cho qua trinh I men. . . Ngudi ta thudng sir dung ndm men Saccharomyces cerevisiae dang bién ching chuyén dung dé én men bia. Qué trinh lén men bia gm hai giai doan: doan én men chinh: giai doan nay thye hign 6 nhiét 46 cao, thudng U8 + 16°C. Djch dung ban du e6 néng d9 tir 9 + 12%, sau khi len men thi cdn Khoang 2 dén 3%, Néu lén men c6 dién thi nhigt d9 tir 8 + 10°C thi thoi gian lén men lau, [én men nhanh 6 nhi¢t d6 tir 14 + 16°C va sau 8 ngay nong d6 dudng con lai tir 2 + 3%. dogn 1én men phy: giai doan nay thye hign & nhigt d6 tir 0 = phuong phap Ién men c6 dién & nhigt 46 tir 0 = 1°C, phurong phap len men 10nhanh & nbiét d6 tie 3 + 5°C. @ nhigt 46 lanh CO2 duge gitt Iai lim cho bia trong hon. Sau khi dich lén men “chin” dem lge va bao hda CO,. San phim thu drge dem ban tryc tiép lim bia hoi déng hod déng chai, lon cdn phai hp Pasteur. ¢, San xudt rugu vang va sampanh Rugu vang theo nghia hep 1a tir ding dé chi nagu durgc 1én men tir dich ép ciia qui nho. Ngay nay nrgu duge lén men tir céc dich qua téo, diu, man, chudi... cing duge goi la rugu vang kém theo tén ciia loai qua ldy nude ép. Cac loai qua ngoai dwéng lay tir dich qua con phi chita cdc axit hu co, cic chat mau, chat thom...Vio mia nho chin ngudi ta héi nho, dem nghién nat va cho ndm men vio, sau dé i & nhigt 46 25 + 30°C, duémg nho sé lén men thinh rugu dong thai cdc chit chat va sic 16 tir qua eiing trich ly vo dich Ién men tao nén mii, vj cho rugu vang. Nho 6 v6 mau tim ding Lim vang 46, qui c6 v6 mau xanh ding lam vang tring. Dich chiét dimg NaHSO; dé xir ly cde vi sinh vat tap nhiém. Ning 4 SO, cho phép la 200ppm con lai trong dich sé we ché ee vi sinh vat khae nhumg Khong tte ché ndm men. ‘Thuong ding ném men Saccharomyces ellipsoideus a loai tiéu biéu cho ndm men chim, Ding ching 6 kha nang chju nong do duéng cao, CO, cao va Khang SO; 6 néng a6 200ppm. Qué trinh Ién men gém hai giai doan: Giai dogn Jén men chinh: ding dich nuéc hoa qué dé 1én men thanh rugu, 49 nigu tir 12 + 15%, Sau dé chuyén sang giai doan i lam cho protein, pectin, tanin ling xuéng lam cho rugu trong hon. Giai doan lén men thir cap (giai doan i): ti 3 dén 4 thing déi véi rugu vang va hang nim déi véi simpanh. Trong giai doan ii sé tich tu CO, va chat thom. ~ U thong thudng: sé tao ra nrgu vang non sau dé ti tr tao ra hung thom dic tng. - U chinh trong thing hay trong chai long CO, cao tao ra simpanb, Rugu vang trong ding dé san xuit regu manh bing phuong phdp chung ng thing gé sdi dé cit, 4. Sin xudt béoh mi Sit dung ching nim men noi c6 kha ning str dung chat khé cao, Bot mi, dudng, ném men banh mi va nhimg thanh phin khée tron déu, Qué trinh 1én men banh mi gém qué trinh lén men phy (lén men lactic) va qué trinh 1én men chinh (Jén men rugu). Qua tinh Ién men tgo ra CO, tich ty thanh ede tii Khi, Khi nuéng sé phdng Ién tg0 d6 x6p cho banh mi va ede san phim Ién men nhw: nrgu, ester, axit lactic... s€ tao ra mi thom de tring cho banh mi, 11.1.2. Lén men lactic (Co ché lén men act inh chuyén héa dug thanh axit lactic nhé vi sinh vat, dién hinh la vi khuan lactic, Lén men lactic la mét trong nhimg loai hinh lén uwmen phat trién nhat trong thién nhién, c6 hai kiéu lén men lactic chinh 1a lén men dng hinh va lén men di binh. a, Lén men lactic ddng hinh ( o — i eee rion q=0 H—C—oH cH, 2 Lactate Glucose — co™ Zapp 2ATP 2 Pyruvate Trong trudmg hgp nay axit pyruvic duge tao thanh theo so dé Embden- Mayerhorf-Pamas (EMP). Sau dé axit pyruvic sé tgo thanh axit lactic duéi téc dung cita enzyme lactatdehydrogenase. Lurgng axit lactic tao thanh chiém hon 90%. Chi mt lugng nhé pyruvat bi khir cacbon dé tao thanh axit axetic, etanol, CO va axeton, Lurgng sin phim phy tao thinh phy thuge vao sw e6 mat cia oxy. b. Lén men lactic dj hinh (khong dién hinh) ‘Xay ra trong truéng hop vi khuan lactic khéng c6 cdc enzyme co ban cia so dé Embden — Mayerhorf— Parnas (aldolase va triozophotphatizomerase), vi vay xilulose 5-photphat s€ durge tao thin theo con dirong pento-photphat (PP). Trong trrimg hop nay chi c6 50% lugng during tao thimh axit lactic, ngoai ra con c6 cde sin phim phu khéc nhu: axic axetic, etanol, COs. Cée sin pham phy ‘tong téc v6i nhau tao thanh ester 6 miti thom. Phuong trinh tong quit: CeHi206-> CHsCHOHCOOH+CHsCOOH +C,HsOH+COOH(CH2),COOH+CO2 Glucose axit lactic (40%) axit acetic ctanol _axit suexinie Lugng san phdm phy tgo thanh hoan toan phy thudc vao gidng vi sinh vat, vao moi tring dinh dugg va diéu kign ngoai cinh, néi chung thi axit lactic thudng chiém 40% lugng dung di duge phan hay, axit sucxinic 20%, rugu etylie chiém 10%, axit axetic 10% va cac loai khi gin 20%, 11.1.2.2. Vi khudn lén men lactic 2. Die dim Vi khuin 1én men lactic thude ho Lactobacterium. Day 1a nhimg tre khuan, cdu khudn khéng tao bao tir va hau hét khéng di d6ng, hé hap tuy tién. Ching 6 kha nang lén men nhiéu loai duong don va durdmg d6i nhumg khng c6 kha nang lén men céc loai glucid phite tap va tinh b6t. Su phat trién cia né can ¢6 sit ¢6 mit ciia peptone, axit amin hay mudi amdn. Chiing c6 yéu cau dic biét chit dinh durdng 1a gidu vitamin, axit amin va khodng chat. Qué trinh lén men xay 2ra t6t nhdt trong moi trudmg axit pH tir 5,5 + 6, khi pH nhd hon 5,5 qué trinh 1én men bj dimg lai. Nhigt d6 thich hop cho qué trinh lén men tir 15 + 50°C. Tuy nhién, méi loai 6 Khodng nhiét 46 thich hgp khée nhau, néu nhigt 6 1én hon 80°C vi khudn lactic bj tiéu diét hoan todn, b. Phan loai Ngudi ta dya vao qué trinh 1én men chia vi khudn lactic thanh hai loai: vi Kimdn lactic lén men déng binh va di binh. & Lén men ding binh: . + Lactobacterium casei: day la nhimg try khuan rat ngin gay chua sita tr nbién, Yém khi tuy tign, lén men t6t glucose, maltose, lactose tao ra moi trutmg c6 tir 0,8 + 1% axit lactic, G digu kign binh thurimg gy chua sita trong vong 10 dén 12 gid. Ngudn nit cho vi khudn ndy la peptone. Nhigt 46 t6i thiéu cho ching phat trién 1 10°C, ti uu la 35°C va t6i da la 45°C, ching thuy phan cazein va gelatin rat yéu, + Sireptococcus cremoris: thuing tao thanh chudi dai, thudng phat trién & mhigt 46 thap hon Lactobacterium casei, t6i wu tit 25°C + 30°C, Ién men glucose, galactose. + Lactobacterium bulgaricus: day 1a tee khudn rit dai, nhigt d6 phat trién 16i um 14 20°C, c6 kha nang lén men glucose, lactose. Cé kha nding tao d6 axit cao (3,7% axit lactic) + Lactobacterium delbruckit: thuimg gap trén hat dai mach, day 1a tre Kbudn 1én, Trong qué trinh phat trién cia minh chimg cé kha ning tao thanh soi. Nhigt 46 t6i wu cho ching phat trién ti 45 + 50°C, Khde véi cic lodi khic ching Khdng c6 kha nang lén men duréng lactose vi vay chiing khéng duge ding trong n sita. + Lactobacterium cueumeris fermenti: thang tim thay ching trong sta i chua. La tic khudn khéng chuyén dng, thudng tao thanh té bio don va ¢6 khi tao thanh chudi. Thuémg ching tao thanh chudi trong qué trinh lén men. Kha nang tao axit t6i da trong mdi triéng tir 0,9 + 1.2%. & Lén men dj hinh: + Streptobacterium hassice fermentatae: thuimg thdy chimg trong cdc dich Jen men chua rau cai, Ching tn tai timg té bao riéng bigt hode ghép thinh timg d6i, ho&e chudi ngin cé khi ghép thinh timg chudi dai hinh soi. Khi lén men rau cdi chua tao thanh axit lactic, axit axetic, rgu etylie va. COz. Lén men dung saccarose tot hon lén men dung lactose, . + Lactobacterium Iycopersici: 1a trye khuin gram duong, sinh hoi, 18 bao tao thanh chudi hay don, ¢6 Khi ghép thanh di mt. Khi lén men ching tao thanh axit lactic, nagu étylie, axit axetic va COp. Chiing c6 kha ning tgo bao tir, 18 bao sinh dugng thuring chét & nhigt d6 80°C. Ba, Sn xuit axit lactic Nguyén ligu ding dé sin xudt axit lactic 1a: ri mat, durdmg, tinh bOt da due durdng hod. Néng 46 durémg sir dung cho qué trinh Ién men lactic tir 8 dén 20%. ‘Néu nguyén ligu 1a ri mat phai lm trong dé loai bd cdc hgp chit chita nito. ‘Qua trinh Ién men lactic xay ra rit t6t trong méi trong axit, tuy nhién vi ng 49 axit qui cao. Khi néng dé axit qué cao sé anh huong dén sy phat trién cia vi khudn, vi vay cin phai diéu chinh 49 pH cita mai tring tir 6,3 * 6,5. Trong thyc té sin xudt nguai ta thuomg xuyén ‘6 sung véi t6i hodc cacbonat canxi dé gitt pH cia méi traéng khéng thay déi. Axit lactic thu durge sé & dang mudi canxilactat. Nhiét 46 toi wu cho qué trinh lén men lactic 1a 50°C, trong qua trinh lén ‘men lactic 06 nhiéu vi khudn tham gia vi vay san phdm thu duge ngoai axit lactic cin 66 CO, va mét sé san pham phu khée. ig hinh sau d6 tinh cf thanh axit lactic tinh khiét dé img dung vao trong nginh céng nghé thye phim, thay thé axit citric trong san xuat banh keo, 0 hép. Trong céng nghigp nhe, axit lactic 14 dung méi cho céng nghiép sin xudt son, veeni, nhugm va thude da. Trong cng nghigp rugu, axit lactic duge diing duéi dang mui b. Ché bién ede sin pham sira Trong sta chita duémg, cazein va cdc loai mudi Khodng khéc nén 14 mdi ‘nrong thudn Igi cho vi sinh vat phat trién. Trong sita binh thuomg chira kha nhiéu vi sinh vat (khodng 300 dén 400tb/Iml), vi sinh vat xm nhdp vao sita bing nhiéu con duémg khae nhau. Dé san xuat cdc san phim sita khac nhau ngudi ta ding cdc giéng vi khan lactic khéc nhau. Ung dung vi sinh vat vio trong ché bién sita duge biet ti r = San xuét sita chua: nguyén tic 1am sita chua 14 do su phat trién cia vi Khudn lactic tim pH giim mank, cazein trong sita bi dng tu. Sita tir dang ling chuyén sang dang keo sét va e6 miii vi thom ngon. Qué trinh lam sita chua ngudi ta phai sir dung hai ching vi khudn lactic déng hinh va di hinh, Vi khudn lactic dng hinh [én men nhanh lam gidm pH, vi khuan lactic dj hinh Ién men chim va tao thinh mii thom dic trmg cia sita chua, ‘in xudt phomat: dé sin xuat phomat ngudi ta ding enzyme déng két thu cazein trong stia, sau dé tiép tue cho lén men véi néng 4} mudi loang. Tuy loai phomat ma trong qué trinh 1 chin ngudi ta sit dung cdc loai vi sinh vat Khde nhau, Céc loai vi sinh vat thuéng duge sit dung dé lm chin phomat li: vi Khudn propionic, nim méc... cc. Mudi chua rau qua Muéi chua rau qua nhim hai mye dich co ban sau day: bao quan nguyén ligu va lim ting gid tri dinh duong, gid tri cdm quan ciia rau qua. Nguyén tae dé mudi chua rau qué 18 tao diéu kign dé phat trién vi Khudn lactic dng thoi han cl tae dung cia vi khudn gay théi rita. ca canxi 4Hign nay cé rt nhiéu sin phdm rau qua mudi chua duge sir dung rong rai & Vigt Nam cting nur trén thé gigi. Qué trinh mudi chua rau qua duge tién hanh nhu sau: ~ Lya ehon rau qui - Xitly sob6 - Phoi nang - Cho thém dug, mudi, mrée -Lén men = Muéi chua, Thong throng mudi chua rau qué nguéi ta sit dung 3% hong mudi so véi rau qua. Néu ndng 46 mudi thap thi rau qua dé bi théi. Néu néng 4 mudi qui cao thi qua trinh [én men cham, sy tao thanh axit lactic giam, Tae dung cia mot 36 qua trinh co ban trong mudi chua rau qua. de 6 trong nguyén ligu. |, dung: tao 4p suit thim théu, lam nguyén ligu dé nén chat, KhOng bi nat va tro nén gion, Lam ting nhanh qué trinh lén men, Nhiét 6 thfch hgp cho qui trinh Ién men 1A 26 + 35°C, Tuy nhién, 6 nhiét 49 nay vi khudn butyric c6 thé phat trién manh nén trén thyc té ngudi ta khong ché & nhigt a} trong khodng 20 + 25°C. Thong thurong vi khudn lactic chiu duge mhiét 46 thap hon so véi vi khudn khéc, vi vay trong mudi chua cdn ting nhanh d6 axit dé loai tri kha nang nhiém ctia mét sé loai vi sinh vat khéc. d. U chua thite an gia sic ‘Tir liu ngudi ta da biét sit dung qua trinh én men lactic dé i chua thie an gia sic. Phuong phap & chua thite n gia stic dc biét can thiét déi véi cdc trai chin nui gia sic. Nguyén ligu dig lam thite an cho gia sac néu dem phoi khé sé lam gim. 50% gia tri cia chiimg. Nhung néu ta dem ti chua thi chi gidm khodng 10% gid tr Dac biét bing phuong phap ti chua sé ting nhiéu chi sé dinh dwéng khée cia thre an. Mét trong nhimg phuong php phé bién 1a a chua thire in thi céng. Cac loai thite n gia sic 14 thye vat duge bam nhé ri cho vao vat chita, cho thém mot ft nude vo gao. Sau dé w kin | dén 2 ngay va cho gia siic an. Qua trinh ti chua thite §n gia stic thurimg qua 3 giai doan sau: Giai doan 1: 1 giai doan phat trién hén hgp nhiéu loai vi sinh vat khée nhau 6 trong thanh phan cua nguyén ligu, tir mrée hofe tir khong khi. Giai doan 2: qua trinh lén men lactic déng hinh xdy ra manh, Céc loai vi kbuan lactic chi phat trién trong diéu kién yém khi, néu c6 oxy vi khudn gay thdi phat trign s€ tao thanh mii khé chju va anh huong dén thie an t chua, Chat long khdi ti phy thuge rit nhiéu vdo sy phat trién ca vi khudn lactic. Giai doan 3: khi ti t6i thoi ky chin thi chinh vi khudn lactic ciing bi tiéu digt do Iugng axit lactic tao thanh nhieu trong moi truémg. Trong giai doan nay néu khdi ii khong sach ma bi lan dat cét, vi Khudin butyric sé phat trién, gay cho khdi 6 vi ding va mii khé chiu.Nhigt d9 thich hgp cho kh6i ii 14.25 + 30°C. Hign nay trong qua trinh w chua ngudi ta cdn con cho thém mudi véi néng dé tir 0,1 + 0,5% so véi nguyén ligu. Cho thém mudi dé lam ting kha nang trich ly cdc chat va ting euong kha ning trao déi chat cia vi sinh vat, 1.3. Lén men propionic 111.3. 1. Co ché 1én men Lén men propionic 1 qué trinh chuyén hod axit lactic va muéi lactate thanh axit propionic diréi tic dung cia vi sinh vat. Ngoai axit propionic con ¢6 cic sin phim khdc nhu: axit axetie, khi cacbonie va nude. Tir nguyén ligu duémg: 3C¢Hi20¢ > 4CHsCHCOOH + 2CH:COOH + 2CO, + 2H20 + Q Glucose —__axit propionic axit axetic Tir axit lactie: 3CH\CHOHCOOH> 2CHsCH;COOH + CHsCOOH + CO, + H,0 + Q Axit lactic axit propionic —_axit axetie Theo qué trinh nay thi ti Ié gitta hai loai axit propionic va axit acetic 1A 2:1 (Trong thye té thu duge la 1,5:1). 11.1.3. 2. Vi sinh lén men propionic ‘Chi: yéu 1a cde vi Khudn propionic, trong dé loai hoat déng nbit 1a Bacterium acidipropionic, ching thuémg séng chung véi vi khudn lactic trong stra Ching duge tim thdy nhigu trong sita, trong dat va trong khoang migng mét s6 Ong vit nhai lai, tham gia qué trinh tao axit hitu co trong dé. La loai try khuan Gram duong, khéng chuyén dng, khong tao bao tit, hd hap ky khi bit bude, nhiét 49 thich hgp tir 14 + 35°C, pH thich hgp trung tinh. Vi khudn nay Ién men dé ding axit lactic, mudi lactate, duéng thanh axit propionic. Trong qué trinh séng ching cin b6 sung thém nitg hitu eo phie tap duéi dang protein 1 ng duns a. Sin xudt phomat Dui tic dung cia vi khuin Bacterium acidipropionic va vi khuin lactic ngudi ta tién hanh sén xudt phomat gm 4 giai doan sau day. - Sin xudt phomat khdi: cho men chua vao sta chua da thanb tring Pasteur, khi 6 s@ 6 qua trinh Ién men va tich ty mot lrgng axit latie khd lon. Casein cia sita bj bién déi thinh paracazein lng xudng va ta thu duge phomat khdi. - Téch dung: 1a giai doan tach sta trong, dun néng & nhiét d6 tir 55 + 58°C trong 30 phat dé pha huy enzyme rdi dem ép khdi phomat trong vong 20 + 24h 6 mhigt a6 tir 25 + 30°C, trong thai gian nay qué trinh lén men van tiép tue - Muéi phomat: phomat sau khi tach duéng dem mudi véi dung dich mudi an 24% trong vai ngay. Khdi phomat mudi nay duge chuyén vao him lén men & nhigt d6 18 + 20°C, d6 4m 80 + 90%. Trong khi ép téch sita trong héu nhw during lactose Khéng con nén qué trinh lén men lactic khong xay ra. Lite nay ‘trong khéi phomat vi khudn propionic bat diu hoat dng manh va chuyén axit lactic thinh axit propionic vi axit axetic, khi cacbonic. Iai axit niy lam cho 16phomat ¢6 vj chua va hing die biét, Khi cabonic lam cho phomat x6p. Su Ién men két thc sau 2 + 2,5 thang. - U chin phomat: sau khi mudi phomat duge chuyén vio cdc him lén men nhiét 6 18 + 22°C, dé Am 80 + 90%. Trong thai gian ny cazein tiép tue duge phan gidi duéi téc dung ctia men dong tu va vi khuan lactic Lactobaterium casei, kbi phomat chin thi ¢6 2/3 cazein phan gidi thanh peptone, aminoaxit va mot it ammoniac. b. Sin xuat vitamin G thye vat hau nhu khéng cé vitamin B,z con ngwai va déng vat tuy rat cin vitamin B,2 nhung Iai khéng thé ty tong hop duge. Chinh vi Kuan during mudt da tao nén vitamin By) va théa man phan 1én nhu cdu cho vat chit. Mét s6 vi khuan propionic cing cé kha ning tao vitamin By, nhu loai Bacterium acidipropionic Loi dung kha nang nay ngudi ta thudmg diéu ché vitamin B,2 trong cic nha may ché bign sita 111.4. Lén men butyric ‘Qué trinh lén men butyric 1A qué trinh phan gidi yém khi dudng cho axit butyric va mét s6 san pham phy dudi tac dung eta vi sinh vat. 1.1.4.1. Co ché cita qua trinh lén men Xét ve co ché phin ting day 14 mot phin img sinh hod phite tap. Ngoai axit butyric cn c6 rugu etylic, rugu butylic, axeton, axit axetic...Sau khi axit pyruvic urge tao think, axit niy bj loai cacboxy thinh axetaldehit, cit hai phan tr axetaldehit két hgp tao thinh axetaldola va sau d6 tao thanh axit butyric: CH20¢ > 2CHsCOCOOH> 2CH,CHO > CHsCHOHCH,CHO Glucose axit pyruvic _axetaldehit axetaldola > — CHACH,CH,COOH _ Axit butyric . . Bac diém cia qua trinh nay la H' khéng chuyén dén cho chat nhain ma tao thanh Hp, trong qué trinh nay c6 qua trinh ting hgp tir hop chat hai cacbon thanh hgp chat 4 cacbon. Qué trinh lén men butyric phd bién trong ty nhién c6 thé gap qué trinh nay 6 dit bin dudi déy ao hd, sng ngoi i hh vat én men butyri ‘Chit yéu [a cde vi khuan butyric, ching rat phé bién trong ty nhién nur dat, nuée ban, sita, phomat...Ching la true khudn chuyén dng do cé tién mao xung quanh, ching cé kha nang sinh bao tir, hé hdp yém khi bat bude, nhiét 46 t6i wu 14 30 + 40°C, c6 kha nang lén men khdng chi durdng don gin ma cd dudmg phite tap nhu dextran, tinh b6t. Kha ning dinh duéng nite cia vi khuan nay rat rong, ching 6 kha nang sit dung protein, peptone, mudi amén, mudi nitrat, mt s6 con sir dung ca nito phan tir. Mot sé loai thuéng gap: = Clostridium saccharobutyricum = Clostridium pasteurianum = Clostridium butyricum. 7Day la nhimg lodi ed kha nang Ién men dudng thanh axit butyric va rugu butylic duge img dung rong rai trong céng nghiép, Axit butyric lé mét axit long kh6ng mau, c6 vj hic khé chiu. Trong ty nhién thuimg tn tai trong chat béo dong vat, thye vat, nhat 1a trong bo. Trong cong nghigp duge dimg lim huong ligu & dang ester nhw butyrat metan ¢6 mii téo, ‘butyrat etan cé mii Ié, butyrat amin c6 mii dita... day 14 nhimg chat thom ding dé sin xudt bnh keo, nude hoa, nuéc giai khat.. Nguyén ligu dé sin xuat axit butyric 18 ede loai duémg b6t nhu khosi tay, Khoa lang... Trong qué trinh sin xudt axit butyric ta khong cin duémg hod tinh bét trude vi vi khuan butyric c6 men amylase hoat dng manh, tuy nhién a6 rit ngin théi gian 1én men ngudi ta thuy phin so b6 bing H)SO, voi ndng 49 0,4 + 0,3% so véi nguyén ligu, Sau d6 trung hod axit bing CaCO, hoe Ca(OH), déng thei cho CaCOs dur dé trung hoa axit butyric sinh ra. Cho vao méi trong khoang 1+1,5% b6t dau lac dé lam thite an Nito. Dun sdi dich lén men, dé ngudi dén 40°C thi cho vi khudn butyric vio. Sy lén men kéo dai tir 8+10 ngay & nhiét do 40°C, trong khi lén men nén tao pH hoi kiém bing cach cho CaCO; dir, Sau khi ln men thu duge axit butyric & dang mudi canxibutyrat, dem dun s6i dé két tia protein, lgc, c6 dac. Sau dé cho tac dung véi HCI, axit butyric tu do sé noi lén trén, dem: chiét va tinh chi Ngoai tée dung dé sén xudt axit butyric, trong thye t& qué trinh Ién men butyric ¢6 nhigu mat gay hai cho céng nghigp thye phim. Ching cén tro sir hoat dng cia ndm men, gy miti khé chiu va cay trong sin pham sia, Lam hu hong 46 ‘h6p rau qua va thit cd. Trong thyc té muén tiéu diét vi khudn nay rat kho vi nd cd ‘mat 6 bit ky nguyén liéu thyc phim nao bao tir ciia né lai rat bén. Vi vay bién phap dé phéng lay nhiém vi khuan butyric tai cdc xuéng ché bién thye phim Ia rit quan tron; ot Lén men acetone — butanol 11.1.5. 1. Co’ che lén men Sw Ién men axeton-butanol 14 qua trinh 1én men phite tap, thye hign trong diéu kign yém khi nghiém ng&t. Qua trinh nay gidng qué trinh 1én men butyric nhung chi khéc & qué trinh Ién men butyric sin phdm chu yéu [a axit butyric con & qué trinh 1én men axeton-butanol sn phim chii yéu 1 axeton va butanol. 12C¢H;205 > CHs(CH2)OH +4CH\COCHs +CH3(CHz),COOH +C,H;0H+ H+ CO: +120 +Q (butanol) (axetone) (axit butyric) (etanol) Su lén men axeton-butanol duge chia Lim hai giai doan: = Giai doan du 18 giai doan tich tu axit, trong giai doan nay vi khudn bit dau sinh sin rit manh, axit butyric tich ty nhiéu trong mdi truéng lim pH méi trang gidm xudng, = Giai dogn hai 1a giai doan axeton-butanol, giai doan nay axeton-butanol drgc tao thanh trong méi truémg axit. Do pil giém man lam vi khuan chét nhiéu va bat diu tich iy cdn (butylic va etylic) trong méi trang. Cang vé cudi, cing 18thdy tao thanh nhiéu san phim khi, rugu butylic va axetone. Ngoai cée san phan ‘rén hydro, khi cacbonic va m6t lurgng nhé axit axetic cling duge tao thanh, Néu nhu cho vao méi truéng lén men axit axetic thi thay higu sudt cia qué trinh lén men ting dén 72% so véi ly thuyét. 11.1.5. 2. Vi sinh vat 1én men ‘Vi khuan 1én men axeton-butanol thude nhém vi khudn butyric, ching ¢6 kha nding len men dich tinh bot ma kh6ng can qua giai doan duéng hod. Trong méi trang kiém ching tao thinh axit butyric duéi dang mudi butyrate, trong méi imrong axit ching tao thinh axeton vi butanol. Céc loai dién inh nhur: Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium saccharobutylicum, Cac vi khuan nay hé hap yém khi, c6 hinh dang khéng 6n dinh ma thay ddi theo thinh phan dinh dudng cia méi truéng va theo lita tudi, ¢6 kha ning sinh bao 1,06 h enzyme amylase, di chuyén duge nhe tiém mao, l ‘ng dung ciia sur én men axeton - butanol tri cao trong ede nginh céng nghiép. Axeton duge lam dung mdi trong céc nganh cong nghiép, dic bigt 1a sin xuat thude n6. Butanol ding dé sin xuat son cdc loai trong cdng nghiép xe hoi, may bay, diéu ché butadien dé sin xudt cao su téng hgp. Nguyén ligu dé sin xuét axeton-butanol 14 duréng va tinh b6t, can bé sung thém nito va photpho. Dich lén men gm nuée vi khodng 810% bot ngo, bot ngo thudng cé trang binh 70% 18 glucid, nh vay dich Ién men c6 khoing 5+6% glucid. Dich sau khi ln men 6 khodng 1,5% 1a butanol, day 1 mite giéi han vi cae sin phim lén men déu rat déc ching sé tre ché rat manh vi khuan. Dich én men sau khi thanh tring duge cdy vi khudn Clostridium acetobutylicum vio. Lén men tién hinh 6 nhiét d6 tit 36*38°C trong ving 48+72h. 1911.2. QUA TRINH LEN MEN HIEU KE 1.2.1.1. Co ché lén men axetic ‘DE chuyén hod thanh axit axctic, rugu phai tham thdu qua thanh té bao. O day sé xay ra qué trinh chuyén hod rugu thinh axit axetic réi thim thu ra ngoai moi trudng bén ngoai. Qué trinh chuyén hod nhu sau: CHsCH,OH + 0,9 CHsCHO + H20 CH;CHO + H,0 > CH;CH(OH) CH:CH(OH), + 0, > CH:COOH + HO CH3CH:OH + 0; > CH;COOH + H,0 + Q ATP cung cp cho hoat dng séng ciia té bio va thai ra ngoai duéi dang mhigt. Ngoai khd ning oxi hod nagu etylic thanh axit axetic, vi khudn axetic cin e6 kha nang oxi hod mét sé rugu khdc thanh axit tong img. Vi du nhw: Propylie > axit propionic Butylic > axit butyric Glyxerin > dioxiaxeton Ngoai ra ching ¢6 thé oxi hod glucose thanh axit gluconic. 1.2.1.2. Vi khuin [én men axetic ign nay ngudi ta biét dén hang chuc loai vi khudn axetic thude ho Acetobacter. Ching e6 nhimg dae diém chung sau day: - La nhimg trye khudn gram 4m, khéng sinh bao tt, hé hap hiéu khi bit budc, xép d6i hay tao thanh timg chudi, thuéng tao thanh Iép mang trén bé mat, cd Todi c6 kha nang chuyén dng va c6 lodi Khdng, ~ C6 mhigu trong rau qua. - Ngudn dinh duréng cacbon: oxi hod nrgu etylic hay cée nrgu khde thanh axit ‘twong tmg. Cé kha ning sir dung glucose. ~ Ngudn dinh duréng nito: sir dung mudi amén hay peptone. ~ C6 hai nguémg pH: pH thich hgp tir 5,4 dén 6,8, pH thich img cho su 1én men 13,5 den 4.5. Ching gém cée loai sau day: Acetobacter aceti: Wi tryc khudin ngin, khong chuyén dong va ching ¢é kha ning lién két vi nhau thinh chudi dai, Ching bit mau ving véi iot va c6 kha nang chju néng 46 cén khé cao (11%) va tich tu duige 6% axit axetic, Nhiét 46 phat trién t6i uu cita ching li 35°C, néu nbiét d6 len qua 40°C sé xdy ra hign tong co té bao va sé tao ra hinh qua Ie. Thuong thay chimg phat trién trong bia. Acetobacter pasteurianum: 1a tre khudn ngin, hinh thai gn giéng lodi trén, chi khac la ehiing bat mau xanh thim v6i jot. Tao thanh khudn lac hinh nhin mheo trén moi trudmg dic. Cé kha nding tich tu 6,2% axit axetie. Acetobacter orleanense: 1a trac Khun khOng chuyén dng, ¢6 kich thuée ‘rung binh. Khi ting nhiét d6 ching tao thanh t8 bio hinh dai hodc hinh sgi hoe khong tao hinh, Thurng thdy ching phat trién trong dich nho loang, Cé kha ning tn tai o ndng a6 cén ti 11 + 12% va tich lug axit axetie dén 9,