1.

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING (STATICS)

1.1 Belt Friction
Equation Formula Variables
Belt friction 𝑇1
𝐵𝑒𝑙𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = 𝑒 𝜇𝐵
𝑇2

1.2 Moment of Inertia

Equation Formula Variables
Rectangular 1
𝐼𝑥 = 𝑏ℎ3
12
1 3
𝐼𝑦 = 𝑏 ℎ
12
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ

Triangle 1
𝐼= 𝑏ℎ3
36
1
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
2
Circles 1 4
𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼𝑦 = 𝜋𝑟
4
2
𝜋 2
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 = 𝑑
4

Semi-circle 1 4
𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼𝑦 = 𝜋𝑟
8
2
𝜋𝑟 𝜋 4
𝐴= = 𝑑
2 8

Ellipse 1
𝐼𝑥 = 𝜋𝑎𝑏 3
4
1 3
𝐼𝑦 = 𝜋𝑎 𝑏
4
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑎𝑏
2. ENGINEERING MECHANICS (DYNAMICS)
2.1 Curvilinear Translation
Equation Formula Variables
Time to 𝑉𝑦
Reach
𝑡=
Maximum
Height
𝑔
Maximum
Height 𝑉𝑦2
𝐻=
2𝑔
Maximum
Horizontal 𝑉02 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
Range 𝑅=
𝑔
At Any Point
on the 𝑔𝑥 2
Projectile 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 2
2𝑉0 cos 2 𝜃

2.2. Impact
Equation Formula Variables
For Central
Impact
(𝑉𝐵 )2 − (𝑉𝐴 )2 e= Coefficient of
restitution
𝑒=
(𝑉𝐴 )1 − (𝑉𝐵 )1
𝑒 = 1 (𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 )
𝑒 = 0 (𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 − 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒
Oblique
Impact
(𝐵𝐵𝑥 )2 − (𝑉𝐴𝑥 )2
𝑒=
(𝑉𝐴𝑥 )1 − (𝑉𝐵𝑥 )1
3. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
(THREE DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE)
Equation Formula Variables
Moment
About a Point 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝑀𝑜 = 𝑟𝑥𝐹 = | 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧|
𝐹𝑥 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑧
𝑀𝑜 = (𝑦𝐹𝑧 − 𝑧𝐹𝑦 )𝑖 + (𝑧𝐹𝑥 − 𝑥𝐹𝑧 )𝑗
+ (𝑥𝐹𝑦 − 𝑦𝐹𝑥 )𝑘
Moment of
Force About 𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 𝑀𝑜 ∙ 𝜆 = 𝑟𝑥𝐹 ∙ 𝜆
an Axis
Equilibrium
of Force ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
System in
Space
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

∑ 𝐹𝑧 = 0

∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0

∑ 𝑀𝑦 = 0

∑ 𝑀𝑧 = 0

4. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
(STRESS- STRAIN)
4.1. Stress
Equation Formula Variables
Stress 𝑃 𝜎= Stress
𝜎= P= Force
𝐴 A= Area

4.2. Deformation of Members Under Axial Loading

Equation Formula Variables
Axial 𝛿= Axial
Deformation deformation
P= Axial force
𝑃𝐿 L=Length
A= Constant
𝛿= cross-sectional
𝐴𝐸 area
E= Modulus of
Elasticity

4.3. Strain Energy

Equation Formula Variables
Strain Energy 𝑃𝛿 U = strain energy
(Straight bar
𝑈=𝑊= E = modulus of
subjected to
normal force
2 elasticity
I = moment of
2
P) 𝑃 𝐿 inertia
𝑈= L = length of
2𝐴𝐸 bar/shaft
𝐴𝐸𝛿 2 A = area
𝑈= P = normal force
2𝐿 (axial/comp)
T = torque
Strain Energy
(circular shaft 𝑇2𝐿 J = polar moment
of inertia
subjected to 𝑈=
torque T) 2𝐽𝐺 G = shear
modulus
Strain Energy n = displacement
(straight bar 𝑀2 𝐿 of an elastic body
subjected to 𝑈= under point of
moment M) 2𝐸𝐼 application of any
Castigliano’s 𝜕𝑈 force, in the
Theorem
𝛿𝑛 = direction of that
𝜕𝑃𝑛 force
 𝑃(𝜕𝑃/𝑃𝑛 )𝑑𝑥 𝑇(𝜕𝑇/𝑇𝑛 )𝑑𝑥
𝛿𝑛 = ∫ +∫
𝐴𝐸 𝐽𝐺
𝑀 (𝜕𝑀/𝑀𝑛 )𝑑𝑥
+∫
𝐸𝐼

4.4. Stress- Strain Diagram

Equation Formula Variables
Stress- Strain
Relationship 𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀

4.5. Dynamic Impact Loading

Equation Formula Variables
Spring 𝑃 E = modulus of
Constant of
𝑘= elasticity
Beam, k
𝛿 I = moment of
inertia
Static
Deformation, 𝑃𝐿3 m = mass of

st 𝛿𝑠𝑡 = object

3𝐸𝐼 k = spring
constant
3𝐸𝐼 st = static
𝑘= 3 deformation
𝐿 max = maximum
Dynamic stress
Impact
Loading 𝑀𝑔𝐿
𝛿𝑠𝑡 =
𝐴𝐸
 1 v = velocity of
2ℎ2 mass before
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛿𝑠𝑡 [1 + (1 + ) ] impact
𝛿𝑠𝑡 h = drop height

𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √2ℎ𝛿𝑠𝑡
𝑀𝑣 2 𝐿
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 =√
𝐴𝐸

Impact Factor 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝐼𝐹 =
𝛿𝑠𝑡
Velocity of
the Falling 𝑣 = √2𝑔ℎ
Mass
Stress and
Deformation
2𝐿 2𝐸 𝑚𝑣 2
from Free
Falling Mass 𝛿 = √ 𝑚𝑔ℎ; 𝜎 = √
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐿 2

4.6. Poisson’s Ratio

Equation Formula Variables
Uniaxial 𝜀𝑦
Stress 𝑣=−
𝜀𝑥
Hooke’s Law 𝜈
𝜀=
𝐸
𝜈𝑥
𝜀𝑥 =
𝐸
𝜈𝑦
𝜀𝑦 =
𝐸
𝜈𝑧
𝜀𝑧 =
𝐸

4.7. Dilation
Equation Formula Variables
Volumetric ∆𝑉 e= Volumetric
Strain
𝑒= strain
𝑉 G= Shear
Modulus
𝑒 = 𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 + 𝜀𝑧 K= Bulk modulus
𝑝 of the material or
𝑒=− modulus of
𝐾 compression of
𝐸 the material
p= Hydrostatic
𝐾=
3(1 − 2𝜈) pressure

𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐾=
𝑒
Shear 𝐸
Modulus
𝐺=
2(1 + 𝑢)

5. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING (THEORY OF

STRUCTURES 2)
5.1. Double Integration Method
Equation Formula Variables
General
Equation 𝐸𝐼𝑦" = 𝑀
Slope
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = ∫ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1
Deflection
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = ∬ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2

5.2. Area- Moment Method

Equation Formula Variables
Theorem I The angle 𝜃 between the tangents at two points A and B
of the elastic curve of a beam equals the area of the
moment diagram between A and B divided by the
flexural rigidity

1
𝜃𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥 (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐵
𝐸𝐼
Theorem II The division of any point B relative to the tangent drawn
to the elastic curve at any other point A, in a direction
perpendicular to the original position of the beam, is
equal to the moment about B of the area of the moment
diagram between A and B divided by the flexural
rigidity.

1
𝑡𝐵 = 𝑥 (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐵 𝑥 ̅̅̅
𝑥𝐵
𝐴 𝐸𝐼
 1
𝑡𝐴 = 𝑥 (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐵 𝑥 ̅̅̅
𝑥𝐴
𝐵 𝐸𝐼

5.3. Conjugate Beam Method

Equation Formula Variables

5.4. Unit Load Method/ Virtual Work Method

Equation Formula Variables
Unit Load 𝑀𝑚𝑑𝑥 M= Moment
Method/
∆= ∫ equation from the
Virtual Work
Method
𝐸𝐼 applied loads
m= Moment
𝑀𝑚𝑑𝑥 equation from the
𝜃=∫ unit load unit
𝐸𝐼 couple
For Trusses S= Bar stress of
every truss
𝑆𝑢𝐿 member from the
applied loads
∆= ∑ u= Bar stress of
𝐴𝐸 every truss
member from the
unit load
 L= Length of
every truss
member
A= Area of every
truss member
E= Modulus of
elasticity of the
truss members

6. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING (STATICALLY

INDETERMINATE & TORSIONAL MEMBERS)
6.1. Thermal Deformation
Equation Formula Variables
Thermal 𝛿𝑇 = Algebraic
Deformation change in the
length of the
member
𝛼= Linear
coefficient of
thermal
𝛿𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 deformation
L= Original
length of the
member
∆𝑇= Algebraic
change in
temperature of
the member

6.2. Torsion
Equation Formula Variables
Transmission 𝑇𝑝 T= Torque
𝜏= L= Length of the
𝐽 Member
J= Polar Moment
𝑇𝑟 of Inertia
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = G= Modulus of
𝐽 Rigidity/ Shear
Modulus
Angle of
Twist
𝑇 𝐿
𝜃=∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 𝐽𝐺
 𝑇𝐿 𝜃= Angle of
𝜃= Twist
𝐽𝐺 𝜔= Angular
velocity in rad/s
Power
𝑃 = 𝑇𝜔 f= Frequency in
cycles/s
𝑃 = 2𝜋𝑇𝑓

6.3. Springs
Equation Formula Variables
Maximum 16𝑃𝑅 𝑑 P= Applied load
Sharing Stress
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (1 + ) R= Mean radius
𝜋𝑑 3 4𝑅 of the spring
d= Diameter of
Wahl
Correction
16𝑃𝑅 4𝑚 − 1 0.615 the wire forming
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( + ) the spring
(for heavy
springs) 𝜋𝑑 3 4𝑚 − 4 𝑚 n= Number of
turns of the spring
Elongation of
the Spring 64𝑃𝑅3 𝑛 k= Axial stiffness
of the spring
𝛿=
𝐺𝑑 4
Springs in 1 1 1
Series
= +
𝐾 𝐾1 𝐾2
Springs in
Parallel 𝐾 = 𝐾1 + 𝐾2

7. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING – SMAT

(SHEAR AND MOMENT IN BEAMS)
7.1. Shear and Moment in Beams
Equation Formula Variables
Sign
Conventions
 7.2. Bending/ Flexural Stress
Equation Formula Variables
Flexure E= Modulus of
Formula elasticity
𝐸 𝑀 𝜎 𝜌= Radius of
= = curvature
𝜌 𝐼 𝑦 M= Applied
moment/ working
𝑀𝑐 I= Moment of
𝑓𝑏 = Inertia
𝐼 𝜎= Bending stress
𝑀𝑦 y= distance from
𝜎= N.A.
𝐼 fb= Bending/
Flexural Stress

7.3. Horizontal Shearing Stress

Equation Formula Variables
Horizontal 𝑉𝑄
Shearing
𝑓𝑣 =
Stress
𝐼𝐵
8. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
(SHEAR FLOW AND COMBINED STRESSES)
Equation Formula Variables
Shear Flow 𝑇 q= Shear flow
𝑞=
2𝐴0
𝑞 = 𝜏𝑡

9. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
(THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1)
9.1. Beams and Frames
Equation Formula Variables
Statically
Determinate 𝑈 = 3𝑁
Statically
Indeterminate
U>3N
Unstable
U<3N

9.2. Trusses
Equation Formula Variables
Statically
Determinate
𝑏 + 𝑟 = 2𝑗
Statically
Indeterminate 𝑏 + 𝑟 > 2𝑗

9.3. Influence Lines

Equation Formula
Single
Concentrated
Load
Multiple
Concentrated
Loads

Uniformly
Distributed
Load
9.4. End Moments
Equation Formula Variables
 9.5. Deflection
Equation Formula Variables

10. REINFORCE CONCRETE DESIGN

(BEAMS- USD)
10.1 Singly Reinforced Beams
Equation Formula Variables
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝜌= Steel ration
1.4 √𝑓𝑐′ MN= Nominal
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑜𝑟 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = moment
𝑓𝑦 4𝑓𝑦 capacity
MU= Ultimate
Choose whichever’s higher moment
capacity
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 a= Depth of
equivalent stress
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑓𝑐′ 600 block, mm
b= Width of
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 0.85𝛽 [ ] compression
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦 face of member,
mm
when 𝑓𝑐′ ≤ 30𝑀𝑃𝑎 As= Area of
tension
𝛽 = 0.85 reinforcement
c= Distance
when 𝑓𝑐′ > 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎 from extreme
 0.05 ′ compression
𝛽 = 0.85 − (𝑓𝑐 − 30) ≥ 0.85 fiber to neutral
7 axis, mm
d= Distance
from extreme
compression
fiber to centroid
of tension
reinforcement,
mm
f’c= Specified
compressive
Condition
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 stress of
concrete, MPa
When steel
yields
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 fy= Specified
yield strength of
𝑎=
(fs=fy)
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 steel, MPa
𝜌= Ratio of
tension
When steel
does not
600(𝑑 − 𝑐 ) reinforcement=
yield 𝑓𝑠 = As/bd
𝑐 𝜌𝑏 = Balance
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 steel ratio
𝑎= ∅= Strength
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 reduction factor
𝑎 = 𝛽𝑐
Nominal 𝑎 𝑎
Moment 𝑀𝑁 = 𝐶 [𝑑 − ] = 𝑇 [𝑑 − ]
Capacity 2 2
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑓𝑐′ 𝜔𝑏𝑑 2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)
Ultimate
Moment 𝑀𝑢 = 0.9𝑀𝑁
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑓𝑐′ 𝜔𝑏𝑑 2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)
Capacity

Coefficient
of 𝑅𝑢 = 𝑓𝑐′ 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)
Resistance 𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑅𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑢
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ′ ]
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑐
Steps in
Designing a
Singly
Reinforced
Rectangular
Beam for
Flexure
Steps in
Computing
the Required
Tension
Steel Area of
a Beam with
Known
Moment and
Other Beam
Properties

Steps in
Computing
Mu of a
Beam with
Known
Tension
Steel Are
and Other
Beam
Properties
10.2. Doubly Reinforced Beams
Equation Formula Variables
Condition c= Distance from
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 extreme
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝜌′ compression fiber
to neutral axis,
′
𝐴 𝑠
mm
𝜌′ = fy= Specified
𝑏𝑑 yield strength of
( ′) steel, MPa
600 𝑐 − 𝑑 𝜌𝑏 = Balance steel
𝑓𝑠′ = ratio
𝑐
𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑠′
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑏 𝑏𝑑 +
𝑓𝑦

Steps in
computing As
and A’s for
Doubly
Reinforced
Beam, Given
Mu and Other
Beam
Properties
Steps in
computing Mu
of a Doubly
Reinforced
Beam, Given
As , A’s and
Other Beam
Properties
 10.3. T- Beams
Equation Formula Variables

10.4. Modulus of Elasticity

Equation Formula Variables
For Normal 𝐸𝑐 = Modulus of
Weight 𝐸𝑐 = 4700√𝑓𝑐′ elasticity of
Concrete concrete
𝐸𝑠 = 200,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝐸𝑠 = Modulus of
For wc elasticity of steel
𝑤𝑐 = Weight of
between 1500
and 2500 𝐸𝑐 = 𝑤𝑐1.5 0.043√𝑓𝑐′ concrete
kg/m3

10.5. Required Strength (Factored Load)

Equation Formula Variables
Required DL= Dead load
strength to
resist DL and
𝑈 = 1.4𝐷𝐿 + 1.7𝐿𝐿 E= Earthquake
Load
LL H= Earth pressure
LL= Live load
If resistance
to structural
𝑈 = 0.75(1.4𝐷𝐿 + 1.7𝐿𝐿 + 1.7𝑊 ) T= Structural
effects with 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑈 = 0.9𝐷𝐿 + 1.3𝑊 (differential
wind load settlement, creep,
𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 1.4𝐷𝐿 + 1.7𝐿𝐿 shrinkage, or
temperature
If resistance
to earthquake
𝑈 = 0.75(1.4𝐷𝐿 + 1.7𝐿𝐿 + 1.87𝐸 ) change)
W= Wind load
loads 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑈 = 0.9𝐷𝐿 + 1.43𝐸 U= Required
𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 1.4𝐷𝐿 + 1.7𝐿𝐿 strength

If resistance
to earth 𝑈 = 1.4𝐷𝐿 + 1.7𝐿𝐿 + 1.7𝐻
pressure
Structural
effects
included 𝑈 = 0.75(1.4𝐷𝐿 + 1.4𝑇 + 1.7𝐿𝐿)
 𝑈𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.4(𝐷𝐿 + 𝑇)
11. RCD- WORKING STRESS DESIGN AND
SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS
11.1. Beam Deflection
Equation Formula Variables
Effective
Moment of 𝑀𝑐𝑟 3 𝑀𝑐𝑟 3 fr= Modulus of
rapture of
Inertia 𝐼𝑒 = ( ) 𝐼𝑔 + [1 − ( ) ] 𝐼𝑐𝑟 concrete
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎 Ma= Maximum
𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔 moment in
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = member at stage
𝑦𝑡 deflection is
computed
Modulus of Ie= Effective
Rapture of Moment of
Concrete for
Normal 𝑓𝑟 = 0.7√𝑓𝑐′ Inertia
Ig= Moment of
Weight inertia of gross
Concrete concrete section
Long-term about centroidal
Deflection axis, neglecting
Resulting reinforcement
from Creep Icr= Moment of
and Shrinkage Inertia of cracked
of Flexural 𝜉 section
Members 𝜆= transformed to
1 + 50𝑝′ concrete
yt= Distance from
centroidal axis of
gross section
𝜉 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 neglecting
5 years or more……….2.0 reinforcement, to
extreme fiber in
12 months…………......1.4 tension
𝜆= Long-term
6 months…………...….1.2 Deflection
Resulting from
3 months……………….1.0 Creep and
Shrinkage of
Flexural
Members
𝜉= Time-
dependent factor
 p’=
Reinforcement
ratio for non-
prestressed
compression
reinforcement at
midspan for
simple and
continuous spans

11.2. Shear and Diagonal Tension

Equation Formula Variables
Basic Code Av= Minimum
Requirements 𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑛 shear
𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉𝑠 + 𝑉𝑐 reinforcement
fy= Specified
Shear Strength 1 yield strength of
Provided by
𝑉𝑐 = √𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 steel, MPa
Concrete
6 Vc= Shear
Strength provided
𝑉𝑢 𝑑
√𝑓𝑐′ + 120𝜌𝑤 𝑀 by concrete
Vs= Shear
𝑢
𝑉𝑐 = [ ] 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 provided by
7 reinforcement
∅Vn= Design
shear
≤ 0.3√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 Vu= Factored
shear force
𝐴𝑠 𝑑 𝛼= Angle
𝜌𝑤 = between inclined
𝑏𝑤 stirrups and
longitudinal axis
Minimum
Shear
𝑏𝑤 𝑠 of member
𝐴𝑣 =
Reinforcement
3𝑓𝑦
Shear Strength
Provided by
Reinforcement 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝑑
𝑉𝑠 =
𝑠
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 )𝑑
𝑉𝑠 =
𝑠
 1
𝑉𝑠 = 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 ≤ √𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
4
Steps in
Vertical
Stirrup Design

11.3. Bond, Development Length, Hooks, and Splicing

of Reinforcement
Equation Formula Variables
Basic Concept db= Bar diameter
of f’c= Specified
Development
Length
𝑓𝑦 compressive
𝐿𝑑 = 𝑑𝑏
4𝑢
 𝐿𝑑 = 𝑙𝑑𝑏 𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 stress of concrete,
MPa
Basic
Development For 32 mm bar & smaller fy= Specified
yield strength of
Length of
Bars in
0.02𝐴𝑏 𝑓𝑦 steel, MPa
Tension 𝑙𝑑𝑏 = ≥ 0.06𝑑𝑏 𝑓𝑦 la= embedment
′ length
√𝑓𝑐 ld= Development
For 36 mm bar length
ldb= Basic
25𝑓𝑦 development
𝑙𝑑𝑏 = length
Mn= Nominal
√𝑓𝑐′ moment strength
u= Average bond
For deformed wire stress at ultimate
Vu= Factored
3𝑑𝑏 𝑓𝑦 shear force at the
𝑙𝑑𝑏 = section
8√𝑓𝑐′
Basic
Development
0.24𝑑𝑏 𝑓𝑦
of Bars in 𝐼𝑑𝑏 = ≥ 0.04 𝑑𝑏 𝑓𝑦
′
Compression √𝑓𝑐
Development 𝑀𝑛
of Positive
𝐿𝑑 ≤ + 𝐼𝑎
Moment Bars
𝑉𝑢
Development
of Positive
Moment Bars
(When 𝑀𝑛
Reinforcement 𝐿𝑑 ≤ + 𝐼𝑎
are Confined 𝑉𝑢
by a
Compressive
Reaction)