12.

TIMBER DESIGN
12.1. Size Adjustment Factor
Equation Formula Variables
Size Factor 1 CF= Size factor
300 9 d= Depth of the
𝐶𝐹 = [ ] beam, in
𝑑 millimeters

12.2. Slenderness Factor

Equation Formula Variables
Slenderness b= Breadth of
factor beam (mm)
Cs= Slenderness
factor
d= Depth of beam
(mm)
𝐿𝑒 𝑑 E= Modulus of
𝐶𝑠 = √ 2 elasticity
𝑏 Fb= Full
allowable unit
stress in bending
Le= Effective
length of beam
(mm)

When Cs < 10
𝐹𝑏′ = 𝐹𝑏
When Cs > 10
1 𝐶𝑠 4
𝐹𝑏 ′ = 𝐹𝑏 [1 − ( ) ]
3 𝐶𝑘
𝐸
𝐶𝑘 = 0.811√
𝐹𝑏
When Cs>Ck 0.438𝐸
but less than
𝐹𝑏 ′ =
50
𝐶𝑠2
Types of Span
and Nature of
Load

12.3. Horizontal Shear in Notched Beams

Equation Formula Variables
Shear stress d= Total depth of
the beam
3𝑉 𝑑 d’= Actual depth
𝑓𝑣 = ( ) at notch
2𝑏𝑑 ′ 𝑑 ′ fv= Shear stress
V= Maximum
shear

12.4. Wooden Column Design

Equation Formula Variables
Buckling d= Least
Factors dimension of the
column
E= Modulus of
elasticity of wood
Fc= Compression
parallel to the
grain
ke= Buckling
factors
Le= Effective
column length
Effective
column length 𝐿𝑒 = 𝐾𝑒 𝐿
Short column 𝐿𝑒
When = 11 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑑
𝐹𝑐′ = 𝐹𝑐
Intermediate 𝐿𝑒
Column When > 11 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝐾
𝑑

𝐸
𝐾 = 0.671√
𝐹𝑐

𝐿𝑒 4
′
1 𝑑
𝐹𝑐 = 𝐹𝑐 [1 − ( ) ]
3 𝐾

Long Column 𝐿𝑒
When >𝐾
𝑑
0.30𝐸
𝐹𝑐′ =
𝐿𝑒 2
( )
𝑑

12.5. Flexural and Axial Compression

Equation Formula Variables
Flexural and 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑏
Axial
+ ≤ 1.00
Compression
𝐹𝑐′ 𝐹𝑏′ − 𝑗𝑓𝑐
𝐿𝑒
− 11
𝑗= 𝑑
𝐾 − 11
 12.6. Timber Connections Design
Equation Formula Variables
Spacing 𝑅𝐼 𝑅 s= Spacing
Formula
𝑠= 𝑜𝑟 𝑠 = formula
𝑉𝑄 𝑞

13. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

(BOLTED AND WELDED CONNECTION)
13.1. Analysis Axially Loaded, Bolted, and Riveted
Connection: Allowable Stress Design
Equation Formula Variables
Net area of
pinhole
𝐹𝑡 = 0.45𝐹𝑦
Allowable
Tensile Stress
for Gross
𝐹𝑡 = 0.6𝐹𝑦
Area
Allowable
Tensile Stress 𝐹𝑡 = 0.5𝐹𝑢
for Net Area
Tensile Stress
(Yielding of
the Gross
𝑃 = 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔 (𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝐹. 𝑆. = 1.67)
Section)
Tensile Stress
(Fracture of
the Net
𝑃 = 0.5𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒 (𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝐹. 𝑆. = 2.00)
Section)
Code
Provision
𝑑ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 𝑑𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑡 + 1.6𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡 ≤ 85% 𝐴𝑔
Shearing Fv= Allowable
Stress
𝑃 = 0.3𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑣 Shearing Stress
𝐹𝑣 = 0.3𝐹𝑢 (For fastener/
rivets NOT on
𝐴𝑣 = 𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑛 (𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟) steel plate)
𝐴𝑣 = 𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 2𝑛 (𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟) n= Number of
Fasteners
Bearing Stress Fp= Allowable
𝑃 = 1.2𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑝 Bearing Stress of
𝐹𝑝 = 1.2𝐹𝑢 Steel Plate
tplate= thickness of
plate
𝐴𝑝 = ∑(𝑑𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟 ∗ 𝑡𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 )
Combined
Shearing and
𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣 𝐴𝑣 + 𝐹𝑡 𝐴𝑡
Tearing
(Block Shear
Failure)

13.2. Effect of Staggered Hole/ Staggered Connections

Equation Formula Variables
Net Area An= Net area
𝐴𝑛 = 𝑏𝑛𝑒𝑡 ∗ 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 t= thickness
𝑠2 s2/4g= Gage
𝐴𝑛 = [𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − ∑ 𝑑ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 + ∑ ] ∗ 𝑡 space
4𝑔 s= Longitudinal
Note: Choose the smallest An for design and safety center to center
purposes spacing (pitch) of
any consecutive
holes in mm
g= transverse
center to center
spacing (gage)
between fastener
gage lines in mm
 13.3. Eccentrically Loaded Connections
Equation Formula Variables
Due to direct 𝑃
load (Bolted)
𝑃𝐷 =
𝑛
Due to 𝑀𝑦 J= Polar moment
Moment/
𝑅𝑇𝑥 = of inertia
Torsion
(Bolted)
∑(𝑥 2 ∗ 𝑦 2 ) RT= Shear force
x= Horizontal
𝑀𝑥 distance from
𝑅𝑇𝑦 = center of fastener
∑(𝑥 2 ∗ 𝑦 2 ) to the centroid of
group of fasteners
𝐽 = ∑(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) y= Vertical
distance from
center of fastener
to the centroid of
group of fasteners

13.4. Welded Connections

Equation Formula Variables
Load Fu= Tensile
Capacity of a 𝑃 = 0.707𝑤𝐿𝐹𝑢 strength of
Fillet Weld electrode used
 (not of the steel
plate)
Ae= Effective
area of fillet weld
resisting shear
t= Throat
thickness/ throat
of weld
L= Total length
of the weld
w= Leg of weld/
size of weld

Electrode
Used 𝐸60𝑥𝑥: 𝐹𝑢 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐸70𝑥𝑥: 𝐹𝑢 = 485 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐸80𝑥𝑥: 𝐹𝑢 = 550 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Polar Moment L= Length of the
of Inertia weld
x= Horizontal
distance between
the point of
𝐽 = ∑(𝐼𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦 ) consideration and
the center of the
𝐿2 weld
𝐽 = ∑ 𝐿 [ + 𝑥̅ 2 + 𝑦̅ 2 ] y= Vertical
12 distance between
the point of
consideration and
the center of the
weld
Welded 𝑃
Connection
𝑃𝑑 =
Due to direct
load
𝐿
𝑀𝑦
𝑅𝑇𝑥 =
𝐽
𝑀𝑥
𝑅𝑇𝑦 =
𝐽

14. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

(STEEL DESIGN- PURLINS)
14.1. Steel Purlins
Equation Formula Variables

14.2. Plastic Design

 Equation Formula Variables

15. REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

(RCD COLUMNS- USD)
15.1. Columns
Equation Formula Variables
USD- Axially
Loaded 𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ≤ 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛
Columns
USD-
Eccentricity 𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 > 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛
Loaded 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.10 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
Columns
𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 =0.05h for spiral column

15.2. Axially Loaded Columns

Equation Formula Variables
Types of Ag= Gross
Columns concrete Area= b
xt
as= cross-
sectional area of
spiral bar
Ac= Net concrete
area
Ast= Area of
steel
reinforcement
Ass= Area of
structural steel
shape of strength
Fy
D= Circular
Compression
member
diameter
Dc= Diameter of
the core out to
out of the spiral
db= Diameter of
Axial Load
𝑃𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ (𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
the spiral bar
Capacity of
Es= Modulus of
Columns
Elasticity of
Tied Column
𝑃𝑢 = ∅𝑃𝑛 steel
fy= Specified
𝑃𝑢 = 0.80∅[0.85𝑓𝑐′ (𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ) yield strength of
steel, MPa
+ 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ] h= Overall
dimension in the
direction
∅ = 0.70 stability is being
Spiral Column considered
𝑃𝑢 = ∅𝑃𝑛 Pn= Nominal
load
𝑃𝑢 = 0.85∅[0.85𝑓𝑐′ (𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ) Pu= Design axial
strength
+ 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ] r= radius of
gyration
∅ = 0.75 t= thickness
Limits of ∅𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑑 = 0.70
Reinforcement ∅𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 = 0.75
for Column 𝜌𝑠 = Percentage
of spiral steel
𝜌𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
Minimum Minimum spiral
Number of percentages
Bars 𝜓= Parameter

Tie
Reinforcements
for
Compression
Members
Spacing of
Longitudinal
Bars
Spacing of Ties

Minimum
Clear Cover of
Ties

Spiral
Reinforcements

𝐴𝑔 𝑓𝑐′
𝜌𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.45 [ − 1] ( )
𝐴𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑦
𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝜌𝑠 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒
4𝑎𝑠 (𝐷𝑐 − 𝑑𝑏 )
𝜌𝑠 =
𝑠𝐷𝑐2
Composite
Columns 𝑃𝑢 = ∅𝑃𝑛
∅𝑃𝑛 = ∅0.85[0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
+ 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑠 ]∅
Radius of
Gyration of a 𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑔
Composite + 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑡
Section Should 𝑟=√ 5
not be Greater 𝐸𝑐 𝐴𝑔
than the + 𝐸𝑠 𝐴𝑡
Equation 5
Structural Steel
Encased
Concrete Core

For steel pipe filled with concrete

𝑓𝑦
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐷√
8𝐸𝑠
For steel tubing filled w/ concrete
𝑓𝑦
𝑡1𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏1 √
3𝐸𝑠

𝑓𝑦
𝑡2𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏2 √
3𝐸𝑠
Approximate
Evaluation of
For rectangular compression
Slenderness members
Effects
𝑟 = 0.3ℎ
For circular compression
members
𝑟 = 0.25𝐷
Alignment 𝐸𝐼
Charts ∑ 𝑜𝑓𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠
𝜓= 𝐿
𝐸𝐼
∑ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠
𝐿

15.3. Eccentrically Loaded Column

(Analytic Method)
Equation Formula Variables
CASE 1- Balanced condition occurs when concrete strain reaches
Balanced 0.003 and tension steel does not yield
Condition
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
 ∈𝑠 =∈𝑦
𝑓𝑦
∈𝑦 =
𝐸
With regard of the eccentricity

𝑒 = 𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑙
CASE 2- Compression- controlled condition occurs when concrete
Compression- strain reaches 0.003 and tension steel does not yield
Controlled
Condition 𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦
∈𝑠 <∈𝑦
∈𝑠
𝑓𝑠 =
𝐸
With regard of the eccentricity

𝑒 < 𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑙
CASE 3- Compression- controlled condition occurs when concrete
Tension- strain reaches with regard of the eccentricity
Controlled
Condition 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
∈𝑠 >∈𝑦
With regard of the eccentricity

𝑒 > 𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑙
Eccentricity in this case is measured from the larger
dimension

15.4. Eccentrically Loaded Column

(Graphical Method)
Equation Formula Variables
 15.5. Magnified Moment
Equation Formula Variables
Rules Ig= Moment of
1. For compression members in non-sway frames the
inertia of gross
effective length factor k shall be taken as 1.0 unless
concrete section
analysis shows that a lower value is justified about centroidal
axis, neglecting
2. Slenderness effects shall be permitted to be neglected reinforcement
in the following cases: (a) for compression members not Ec= Modulus of
elasticity of
braced against sidesway when:
concrete
𝑘𝑙𝑢 Es= Modulus of
≤ 22 elasticity of
𝑟 reinforcement
Ise= Moment of
inertia of
3. For frames braced against sidesway reinforcement
about centroidal
 𝑘𝐿𝑟 𝑀1 axis of member
< 34 − 12 ( ) cross section
𝛽𝑑𝑛𝑠 = Ratio of
𝑟 𝑀2 the maximum
Providing that factored axial
sustained load to
𝑀1 the maximum
34 − 12 ( ) ≤ 40 factored axial
𝑀2 load
where M1/M2 is positive if the column is bent in single
curvature, and negative if the member is bent in double
curvature.
Magnified moment or factored moment to be used in the
design is

|𝑀𝑐 = 𝛿𝑛𝑠 𝑀2 |
where

𝐶𝑚
𝛿𝑛𝑠 = ≥ 1.00
𝑃𝑢
1−
0.75𝑃𝑐
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐 =
(𝑘𝐿𝑢 )2
4. EI shall be taken as

0.2𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑔 + 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠𝑒
𝐸𝐼 =
1 + 𝛽𝑑𝑛𝑠
or

0.4𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑔
𝐸𝐼 =
1 + 𝛽𝑑𝑛𝑠
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝐿 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝛽𝑑 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
 𝐸𝑐 = 4700√𝑓𝑐′
5. For members without transverse loads between
supports

𝑀1
𝐶𝑚 = 0.60 + 0.40 ( ) ≥ 0.40
𝑀2
6. For members with transverse loads between supports

𝐶𝑚 = 1.0
7. Factored moment M2 shall not be taken less than
M2(min)

𝑀2𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑢 (15 + 0.03ℎ)

NOTE: The 15 and h is in millimeters
16. STEEL DESIGN- FLEXURAL MEMBERS
16.1. Design Requirements (Classification of Steel
Sections)
Table 502-1 Limiting Width-Thickness Ratio for Compression Members
 16.2. Strong Axis Bending of I-shaped Members and
Channels
Equation Formula Variables
Members with Fb= allowable
Compact 𝐹𝑏 = 0.66𝐹𝑦 bearing stress
Sections Lc = braced
200𝑏𝑓 137900 length
𝐿𝑐 = 𝑜𝑟 Lb = unbraced
𝐹
√ 𝑦 𝑑 length
( ) 𝐹𝑦
𝐴𝑓
Smaller value for Lc
Members with For compact members with non-compact flanges
Non-Compact
Sections 𝑏𝑓
𝐹𝑏 = 𝐹𝑦 (0.79 − 0.000762 √𝐹 )
2𝑡𝑓 𝑦
For non-compact members

𝐹𝑏 = 0.60𝐹𝑦
200𝑏𝑓
𝐿𝑐 =
√𝐹𝑦
Members with Bending Stress in Tension: l = distance
Compact or between cross
Non-compact 𝑏𝐹 = 0.60𝐹 𝑦 sections braced
Sections with against twist or
Unbraced Bending Stress in Compression (largest value): lateral
Length For: displacement for
Greater than the compression
Lc flange. For
703270𝐶𝑏 𝑙 3516330𝐶𝑏 cantilevers
√ ≤ ≤√ braced against
𝐹𝑦 𝑟𝑇 𝐹𝑦 twist only at the
support, l may be
𝑙 2 taken as the
2 𝐹𝑦 ( ) actual length
𝑟𝑇
𝐹𝑏 = 𝐹𝑦 − ≤ 0.60𝐹𝑦 rT = radius of
3 10550 × 103 𝐶𝑏 gyration of a
( ) section
comprising the
For:
compression
flange plus 1/3
𝑙 3516330𝐶𝑏 of the
≥√ compression
𝑟𝑇 𝐹𝑦 web area
Af = area of
1172100𝐶𝑏 compression
𝐹𝑏 = 2 ≤ 0.60𝐹𝑦 flange
Cb = 1.0 for
𝑙 simply supported
( )
𝑟𝑇 and cantilever
beams and when
For: moment at any
 𝑙 point within the
𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 unbraced length
𝑟𝑇 is greater than at
the ends
82740𝐶𝑏 M1 = smaller end
𝐹𝑏 = ≤ 0.60𝐹𝑦 moment
𝑙𝑑
( ) M2 = larger end
𝐴𝑓 moment

Moment 𝑀1 𝑀1 2
Gradient 𝐶𝑏 = 1.75 + 1.05 ( ) + 0.3 ( )
Multiplier 𝑀2 𝑀2
≤ 2.30

16.3. Weak Axis Bending of I-shaped Members, T-

Members, Solid Bars, and Rectangular Plates
Equation Formula Variables
Members with Fb= allowable
Compact 𝐹𝑏 = 0.75𝐹𝑦 bearing stress
Sections
Members with For non-compact members
Non-Compact
Sections 𝐹𝑏 = 0.60𝐹𝑦
For doubly symmetrical I-shape and H-shape members
 𝑏𝑓
𝐹𝑏 = 𝐹𝑦 (1.075 − 0.0019 √𝐹 )
2𝑡𝑓 𝑦

16.4. Composite Construction (Shear Connectors)

Equation Formula Variables
Shear
Connectors
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐 f’c =
specified
𝑉ℎ = compression
2 strength of
𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑐 concrete
𝑉ℎ =
2
(select smaller value)
AISC Specs

For T-Beams:
A.1. 𝑏 ≤ 𝐿/4
A.2. 𝑏 ≤ 𝑂. 𝐶. 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
A.3. 𝑏 ≤ 𝑏𝑓 + 16𝑡𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
For L-Beams:
𝐿
A.1. 𝑏 ≤ + 𝑏𝑓
12
 1
A.2. 𝑏 ≤ (𝑂. 𝐶. 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝑏𝑓 )
2
A.3. 𝑏 ≤ 𝑏𝑓 + 6𝑡𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏

16.5. T-Beams
Equation Formula Variables
Tension Steel
Stress
𝑑−𝑐 a= Depth of
equivalent stress
𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐 block, mm
c= Distance from
Balanced and
Maximum 0.85𝑓𝑐′ [𝑏𝑓 𝑡 + (𝑎 − 𝑡)𝑏𝑤 ] extreme
compression fiber
Steel Area 𝐴𝑠𝑏 = to neutral axis,
𝑓𝑦 mm
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝐴𝑠𝑏 d= Distance from
extreme
compression fiber
to centroid of
tension
reinforcement,
mm
fs= Calculated
stress in
reinforcement at
service loads,
Steps in MPa
Determining
fy= Specified
the Tension yield strength of
Steel Area As
steel, MPa
of T-Beam
with Known
MU, and
Other Beam
Properties
Steps in
Determining
Mu of a T-
Beam with
Given As and
Other Beam
Properties
17. REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN (SLABS)
Equation Formula Variables
One-way Slab 𝑆 S = clear short
𝑚 = < 0.50 span
𝐿 L = clear long
span
Steps in
Design of
One-Way
Slabs
NSCP 2001
and 2010

Notes Values given shall be used directly for members with normal weight concrete
and Grade 415 reinforcement. For other fy, the values shall be multiplied by:
𝑓𝑦
0.4 +
700
For structural lightweight concrete having unit weight within 1500 to 2000
kg/m3, the values shall be multiplied by:
(1.65 − 0.0003𝑤𝑐 ) > 1.09

18. REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

(FOUNDATION)
18.1. Footings
Equation Formula Variables
For non- Vc= Shear for
1 2
prestressed
slabs and 𝑉𝑐 = (1 + ) √𝑓𝑐′ 𝑐𝑏𝑜 𝑑 footings

footings 6 𝛽𝑐
Where 𝛽𝑐 is the ratio of the long side to short side of the
column, concentrated load, or reaction area

1 𝛼𝑠 𝑑
𝑉𝑐 = ( + 2) √𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑜 𝑑
12 𝑏𝑜
Where 𝛼𝑠 is 40 for interior columns, 30 for edge columns,
and 20 for corner columns

1
𝑉𝑐 = √𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑜 𝑑
3
18.2. Footings
Equation Formula Variables
Types of hs= Height of soil
Footings above the footing
qa= Permissible
soil pressures
qe= Effective soil
pressure
Vc= Shear
strength
𝛾𝑐 = Unit weight
of concrete
𝛾𝑠 = Unit weight
of soil

Loads and
Reactions in
Footing 𝐷𝐿 + 𝐿𝐿
𝐴𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
𝑞𝑒
𝐷𝐿 + 𝐿𝐿
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 =
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒
Effective Soil
Bearing 𝑞𝑒 = 𝑞𝑎 − 𝛾𝑐 ℎ𝑐 − 𝛾𝑠 ℎ𝑠
Capacity
Shear in
1
Footings
(One-way 𝑉𝑐 = √𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
Action) 6
Shear in
Footings 2 √𝑓𝑐′
(Two-way 𝑉𝑐 = (1 + ) 𝑏 𝑑
Action) 𝛽𝑐 6 𝑜
𝑏𝑜 = 4(𝑐 + 𝑑)
𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝛽𝑐 =
𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
or
√𝑓𝑐′
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑏 𝑑
3 𝑜

19. PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

19.1. Prestressed Concrete
Equation Formula Variables
General 𝑃 𝑃𝑒𝑐 𝑀𝑐 b=base
Equation
𝑓=− ± ± d=depth
𝐴 𝐼 𝐼 e= Eccentricity
Rectangular f= Resultant
Section stress
fo= Stress in
concrete after
transfer of
stresses from the
𝑃 6𝑃𝑒 6𝑀 cables
𝑓=− ± ± I= Moment of
𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑏𝑑 2 Inertia
M= Moment due
to Loading
P= Prestressing
force

19.2. Loss of Prestress

Equation Formula Variables
Elastic 𝑛𝑃𝑜 Ag= Gross
Shortening of
∆𝑓𝑠 = 𝑛𝑓𝑐 = concrete area
Concrete
𝐴𝑔 H= Relative
humidity
correction
𝐸𝑠 n= Modular ratio
𝑛= Po= Initial cable
𝐸𝑐 stress
Creep of V/S= Volume to
Concrete ∆𝑓𝑠 = 𝐶𝑡 𝑛𝑓𝑐 surface ratio
∆𝑓𝑠 = Loss of
𝐶𝑡 = 2.0 for pretensioned prestress
𝜀𝑠ℎ = Loss in
𝐶𝑡 = 1.6 for posttensioned prestress due to
shrinkage
Shrinkage of 𝑉
Concrete
𝜀𝑠ℎ = 0.00055 (1 − 0.06 ) (1.5
𝑆
− 0.15𝐻)