Ce Board Exam Formula - Math, Geohydro

1.
SURVEY 1
1.1. Corrections Applied in Distance Measurement
Equation Formula Variables
Temperature A = area
Correction 𝐶𝑡 = 𝛼𝐿Δ𝑇 E = modulus of
elasticity of tape
𝛼 = 0.0000116/𝑚℃ (200000 MPa if steel)
Δ𝑇 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 h = vertical distance
H = horizontal
Pull ΔPL distance
Correction
𝐶𝑝 = L = length of tape
𝐴𝐸 P = force acting on
tape
Sag
Correction 𝜔2 𝐿3 R = radius of
𝐶𝑠 = curvature
24𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 2 S = slope distance
distance
𝑤 T = temperature
𝜔= w = weight on tape
𝐿
 = weight per unit
Slope
Correction ℎ2 length on tape
𝐶𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
2𝑆
𝐻 = S − 𝐶𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
Normal
Correction
(𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 − 𝑃𝑁 )L 𝜔2 𝐿3
=
𝐴𝐸 24𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 2
Sea Level ℎ
Correction
𝐿𝑐 = 𝐿 (1 − )
𝑅
1.2. Probability
Standard n = number of
Deviation 𝑉2 variables
𝑆𝐷 = √
𝑛−1
MODE-3-1
𝑠𝑥 = 𝑆𝐷
Standard 𝑆𝐷
Error
𝑆𝐸 =
√𝑛
Probable
Error of a 𝑃𝐸𝑠 = 0.6745𝑆𝐷
Single
Observation
Probable
Error of Mean 𝑃𝐸𝑚 = 0.6745(𝑆𝐸 )
1.3. Most Probable Value

Given Error e = error
MODE-3-1
𝑀𝑃𝑉 = (𝑥̅ )
1
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 2
𝑒
Given
Distance and 1
Difference in 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
Elevation 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Given Angle 1
Corrections
𝑒𝑛 =
𝑛𝑜. 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑒𝑛
𝐶𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 =
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
Given Errors
and Length
𝑒1 𝑒2
=
√𝐿1 √𝐿2
1.4. Leveling
Elevation at a BS = backsight
Certain Point 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑛 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑛−1 + 𝐵𝑆𝑛−1 − 𝐹𝑆𝑛 FS = foresight
Elev = elevation
1.5. Bumble Sensitivity

Bubble
Sensitivity
Δℎ D = distance
h = heights
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑠𝜃 ) = s = angular value
𝐷 of one space
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 s = angle the
bubble deviated
1.6. Effect of Curvature of the Earth

Curvature of h = height
the earth ℎ𝑐𝑟 = 0.067𝐾 2 K = curved
distance
1.7. Traverse Surveying

Linear Error elat = summation
of Closure
𝐿𝐸𝐶 = √𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡 2 + 𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑝 2 of latitudes
edep = summation
of departures
Relative 𝐿𝐸𝐶
Error/Relative
𝑅𝑃 =
Precision
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
1.8. Area Computations
Double 𝐷𝑀𝐷1−2 = 𝐷𝑒𝑝1−2 Dep = departure
Meridian Lat = latitude
Method 𝐷𝑀𝐷2−3 = 𝐷𝑀𝐷1−2 + 𝐷𝑒𝑝1−2 + 𝐷𝑒𝑝2−3
(departure) 𝐷𝑀𝐷3−1 = 𝐷𝑀𝐷2−3 + 𝐷𝑒𝑝2−3 + 𝐷𝑒𝑝3−1
𝑃𝐷𝐴 = 𝐷𝑀𝐷 × 𝐿𝑎𝑡

Double 𝐷𝑃𝐷1−2 = 𝐿𝑎𝑡1−2
Meridian
Method 𝐷𝑃𝐷2−3 = 𝐷𝑃𝐷1−2 + 𝐿𝑎𝑡1−2 + 𝐿𝑎𝑡2−3
(departure) 𝐷𝑃𝐷3−1 = 𝐷𝑃𝐷2−3 + 𝐿𝑎𝑡2−3 + 𝐿𝑎𝑡3−1
𝑃𝐷𝐴 = 𝐷𝑃𝐷 × 𝐷𝑒𝑝

Coordinate F = frequency
Method
MODE-3-2
Input x values starting from n
Input y values starting from n+1
Frequency set to F1 = 1; F2 = -1
SHIFT-1-3-5
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑁𝑆 ÷ 2
1.9. Balancing a Survey

Transit Rule 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑡 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑛 c = total
= correction latitude
𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡 ∑|𝐿𝑎𝑡| or departure
e = error of
Double
Meridian
𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑡 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑛 latitude or
departure
=
Method
(departure)
𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
2. SURVEY 2
2.1. Stadia Method
Horizontal D = stadia
Stadia 𝐷 = 𝑘𝑠 + 𝑐 distance
D’ = inclined
𝑠 = 𝑈𝑅 − 𝐿𝑅 stadia distance
Inclined k = stadia interval
Stadia 𝐷′ = 𝑘𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐 factor
s = stadia
intercept
𝐻 = 𝐷′𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 H = horizontal
stadia distance
𝑉 = 𝐷′𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 V = vertical
stadia distance
2.2. Subtense Bar Method

Horizontal 1 H = horizontal
Distance
𝐻= distance
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃/2) L = length of line
𝐿𝐴𝐵 = 𝐻𝐴 + 𝐻𝐵
2.3. Topographic Surveying

Scale Length 𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑝 L = length
𝑠= A = area
𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 D = contour
interval
x = map distance
𝐷 = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 s = scale
400 grad = 360
Scale Area
2
𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑝 degrees
𝑠 = 6400 mils = 360
𝐴𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 degrees
2.4. Photographic Surveying
Scale Photo f = focal length
H = flying
𝑓 altitude
𝑠= h = ground
𝐻−ℎ elevation
L = length of line
2.5. Mine Surveying

Horizontal  = horizontal
Distance angle between
strike and vertical
projection of drift
strike = bearing
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 ∙ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛾𝑑𝑖𝑝 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑡 strike
x = bearing of
𝛽𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑘𝑒 = 𝛽𝑦 − 𝛼 vertical plane
containing dip
𝛽𝑥 = 90° − 𝛽𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑘𝑒 y = bearing of
drift
dip = dip of vein
drift = grade of
plane
2.6. Areas of Irregular Boundaries

Trapezoidal 𝐿 L = distance
Rule
𝐴𝑡 = (ℎ1 + ℎ𝑛 + 2(Σℎ𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 )) between points
2 h = elevation per
point
Simpson’s 𝐿
One-Third
𝐴𝑠 = (ℎ1 + ℎ𝑛 + 2(Σℎ𝑜𝑑𝑑 )
Rule
3
+ 4(Σℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 ))
2.7. Hydrographic Surveying
End-Area 𝐻 H = height
Rule
𝑉𝑒 = (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 ) difference
2 between levels
A = area per level
Prismoidal 𝐻
Rule
𝑉𝑝 = (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 4𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑑 )
6
3. SURVEY 3
3.1. Simple Curve
Radius of 1145.916  = deflection
Curve
𝑅= angle
𝐷𝑎 Da = Degree of
Curve
E = external
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 distance
Length of I = Central Angle
Curve 𝐿𝑐 = 𝑅𝐼 m = middle
External ordinate
Distance 𝐼 Lc = length of
𝑅 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )) curve
2 LC = long chord
𝐸= R = Radius of
𝐼 Curve
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )
2 T = tangent
distance
Long Chord 𝐼
𝐿𝐶 = 2𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
2
Deflection 𝐼
Angle
𝛼=
2
Degree of 𝐷𝑐 10 𝐷𝑎 𝜋
Curve Chord
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) = ; 20 = 𝑅 ( )
Basis
2 𝑅 180
3.2. Compound Curve
Length of CT = length of
Common 𝐶𝑇 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 common tangent
Tangent T = tangent
Tangent 𝐼 distance
Distance
𝑇 = 𝑅𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
2
3.3. Reverse Curve nov 2015 sol
3.4. Parabolic Curve
Elevation 𝑥̂
Highest Point
𝐸𝑙𝐻𝑃 = 𝐸𝑙𝑝𝑐 + ∫ (𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
0
3.5. Spiral Curve

Spiral Angle
𝐿2 C = Rate of
change of Normal
𝜙= Acceleration
2𝑅𝑐 𝐿𝑠
Es = external
Deflection Angle 𝜙 distance
𝑖= G = grade
3 i = deflection
Offset Distance
𝐿3 angle
𝑥= ic = angle of
6𝑅𝑐 𝐿𝑠 intersection of
circular curve
Distance from
TS to any point 𝐿5 is = spiral angle of
along the spiral 𝑦=𝐿− intersection
tangent 40𝑅𝑐 2 𝐿𝑠 2 IF = Impact Factor
Rate of Change 3
of Normal 𝑣 K = maximum
Acceleration 𝐶= velocity
𝐿𝑅 L = length covered
Impact Factor
𝑣2 Ls = spiral length
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃 + 𝜙) = Rc radius of
𝑔𝑅 curvature of
circular curve
𝜙 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 = length of
Length of Throw 𝑥𝑐 throw
𝜌=  = friction
4 coefficient
Spiral Angle of
Intersection
𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠
Length of Spiral 𝐿 Ts = length of
Tangents 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑠⁄2 spiral tangents
External v = velocity
Distance
𝑅𝑐 + 𝐸 x = offset distance
𝑅𝑐 + 𝜌 y = distance from
TS to any point
Desirable Length
of Spiral 0.036𝐾 3 along the spiral
tangent
𝐿𝑠 =
𝑅 ST = short tangent
𝐿 2
Relationship LT = long tangent
Between Spiral 𝜙
Angle and =( )
Length of Spiral 𝜙𝑠 𝐿𝑠
Design
Superelevation 0.0079𝐾 2
𝑒=
𝑅
Short Tangent 𝑋𝑐
𝑆𝑇 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙𝑠
Long Tangent
𝐿𝑇 = 𝑦 − 𝑆𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑠
Breaking
Distance 𝑣2
𝐵𝐷 =
2𝑔(𝜇 + 𝐺 )
Frog Angle, FN 1 𝐹
𝐹𝑁 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 ( )
2 2
4. ALGEBRA 1
4.1. Sets
 = union
2 Sets
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = (𝐴 + 𝐵) − 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵  = intersection
3 Sets
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = (𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 ) −
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 + 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 + 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 ) + 𝐴 ∩
𝐵∩𝐶
4.2. Equations

Equation with x = unknown
minimum MODE-2 r = root variable
degree with
real/rational [𝑥 2 − (𝑟1 + 𝑟2 )𝑥 + 𝑟1 𝑟2 ](𝑥 − 𝑟3 )
coefficients
Least integral Trial and error starting from 1, all values from
Upper Bound synthetic division should be positive
Greatest Trial and error starting from -1, all values from
integral synthetic division should be alternating +, -
Lower Bound
Maximum Count number of sign changes of f(x) Nature of positive
Positive Roots roots are by
Maximum “two’s”
Negative Count number of sign changes of f(-x)
Roots
4.3. Partial Fractions

4.4. Inequalities
4.5. Domain and Range
4.6. Binomial Expansion
rth term of x = unknown
(a+b)n 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑛𝐶 (𝑟 − 1) ∙ 𝑎𝑛−𝑟+1 𝑏 𝑟−1 r = root variable
5. ALGEBRA 2
5.1. Number Problems
2 variables
𝑀𝑂𝐷𝐸 − 5 − 1
3 variables
𝑀𝑂𝐷𝐸 − 5 − 2
5.2. Work Problems

Work W = work done
Equation 𝑊 = 𝑅𝑡 R = rate of work
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 t = time
𝑅=
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
5.3. Mixture Problems

Percentage 𝑉1 𝐶1 + 𝑉2 𝐶2 +. . . +𝑉𝑛 𝐶𝑛 V = volume
Concentration
%= C = concentration
𝑉1 + 𝑉2 +. . . +𝑉𝑛
5.4. Motion Problems

Motion d = distance
Equation 𝑑 = 𝑉𝑡 V = velocity
t = time
5.5. Clock Problems

Clock 𝑡 t = time
Equation 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝐻𝑎𝑛𝑑 =
12
5.6. Age Problems
5.7. Investment/Money Problems
5.8. Arithmetic Progression
Value
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 d = arithmetic
difference
𝑀𝑂𝐷𝐸 − 3 − 2
Summation 𝑛
𝑠𝑛 = (2𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 )
2
𝑀𝑂𝐷𝐸 − 3 − 3
5.9. Geometric Progression

Value
𝑔𝑛 = 𝑔1 𝑟 𝑛−1 r = geometric
difference
𝑀𝑂𝐷𝐸 − 3 − 6
Summation
𝑔1 (1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑠𝑛 =
1−𝑟
5.10. Harmonic Progression
6. TRIGONOMETRY
6.1. Angles
Equation Formula
Acute
0° < 𝜃 < 90°
Right
𝜃 = 90°
Obtuse
90° < 𝜃 < 180°
Revolution
1𝑟𝑒𝑣 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 360° = 400𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑
= 6400𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑠
6.2. Trigonometric Functions

𝑦 𝑟 x = horizontal
r 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 = distance
y 𝑟 𝑦 y = vertical
 distance
𝑥 𝑟
x 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 =
𝑟 𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 =
𝑥 𝑦
6.3. Trigonometric Properties

Sinusoidal
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛[𝐵 (𝑥 − 𝐶 )] + 𝐷 amplitude = A
period = 2/B
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 [𝐵 (𝑥 − 𝐶 )] + 𝐷 frequency = B/2
phase shift = -
Asymptotic C/B
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛[𝐵 (𝑥 − 𝐶 )] + 𝐷 phase angle = D
vertical shift = D
6.4. Polar Coordinate System
Equation Formula
Polar
Coordinate 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
System
𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
Form
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖; 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
𝑧 = 𝑟∠𝜃; 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟
𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝜃𝑖 ; 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
6.5. Trigonometric Identities

6.5.1. Complimentary and Negative Identities
Equation Formula
Complimentary
and Negative 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (90° − 𝜃)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(90° − 𝜃)
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (90° − 𝜃)
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (90° − 𝜃)
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 (90° − 𝜃)
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(90° − 𝜃)
6.5.2. Reciprocal and Ratio Identities
Equation Formula
Reciprocal 1
and Ratio
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
6.5.3. Pythagorean Identities
Equation Formula
Pythagorean
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃
6.5.4. Sum and Difference Identities

Equation Formula
Sum and
Difference 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝐴 ± 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 ± 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝐴 ± 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 ± 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 ± 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴 ± 𝐵) =
1 ∓ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
6.5.5. Double Angle Identities

Equation Formula
Double Angle
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 =
1 − tan2 𝜃
6.5.6. Half Angle Identities

Equation Formula
Half Angle
𝜃 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) = √
2 2
𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) = √
2 2
𝜃 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) =
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
6.6. Oblique Triangles
Equation Formula
Sine Law
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶
Cosine Law
𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴)
𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 )
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 )
6.7. Triangle Inequality and Ambiguity

6.8. Spherical Triangles
Equation Formula
Sine Law 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐
= =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶
Cosine Law
for Angles 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐
Cosine Law
for Sides 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶
7. PLANE and SOLID GEOMETRY
7.1. Plane Areas
7.1.1. Triangles
Triangle
Given b and h 1 A = area

𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ b = base
2 h = height
Given sides a, b 1
and included
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
angle
2
Given sides a, b,
and c 𝐴 = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐 )
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝑠=
2
Given angles A,
B, C, and one 𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶
side a 𝐴=
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
7.1.2. Rectangle
Rectangle
Given side a and A = area

b 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏 P = perimeter
d = diagonal
𝑃 = 2(𝑎 + 𝑏)
𝑑 = √𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2
7.1.3. Square
Square
Given side a
𝐴 = 𝑎2 A = area
P = perimeter
d = diagonal
𝑃 = 4𝑎
𝑑 = 𝑎√2
7.1.4. General Quadrilateral
Quadrilateral
Given diagonals 1 A = area

and included
𝐴 = 𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 P = perimeter
angle
2 d = diagonal
Given four sides 𝐴 = √(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐 )(𝑠 − 𝑑 ) − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
and sum of two
opposite angles 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑
𝑠=
2
∠𝐴 + ∠𝐶 ∠𝐵 + ∠𝐷
𝜃= 𝑜𝑟 𝜃 =
2 2
Given four sides 1 1
and two opposite
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 + 𝑐𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐷
angles
2 2
7.1.5. Parallelogram
Parallelogram
and included
𝐴 = 𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 d = diagonal
angle
2
Given side a, b
and one angle A 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
7.1.6. Rhombus
Rhombus

𝐴 = 𝑑1 𝑑2 d = diagonal
2
Given side a and
one angle A 𝐴 = 𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
7.1.7. Trapezoid
Trapezoid
Given diagonals 𝑎+𝑏 A = area

and included
𝐴= ℎ h = height
angle
2
7.1.8. Cyclic Quadrilateral
A cyclic
quadrilaterals’
vertices lie on the
circumference of
a circle
Angles A = area
∠𝐴 + ∠𝐶 = 180° d = diagonal
∠𝐵 + ∠𝐷 = 180°
Area
𝐴 = √(𝑠 − 𝑎 )(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑)
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑
𝑠=
2
Ptolomy’s
Theorem
𝑑1 𝑑2 = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑
7.1.9. Inscribed Angles
Equation Figure
Inscribed Triangle
𝛼 = 180° − 𝛽 − 𝜃
Inscribed
Quadrilateral
Interior Points
1
𝜃 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝐴𝐷
2
Exterior Points
𝛼=𝜙
7.2. Polygons
No. Sides Name
11 undecagon/monodecagon
12 dodecagon/bidecagon
13 tridecagon
14 tetradecagon/quadridecagon
15 quindecagon/pentadecagon
16 hexadecagon
17 heptakaidecagon
18 octakaidecagon
19 enneadecagon
20 icosagon
tens contagon
hundreds hectagon
thousands chiliagon
ten thousands myriagon
1 million megagon
infinite/circle aperio
Sum of Interior Angles ∑𝜃 = (𝑛 − 2)180°
Sum of Exterior Angles ∑𝛽 = 360°
𝑛
Number of Diagonals 𝐷 = (𝑛 − 3)
2
7.2.1. Regular Polygons
Polygons
Basic 360° A = area

𝜃= d = diagonal
𝑛 P = perimeter
x = side
1 2 1 R = radius of
𝐴 = 𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑛 = 𝑟𝑛 circumscribing
2 2 circle
𝑃 = 𝑛𝑥 r = radius of
inscribed
Area in terms of 𝑛 180 circle
apothem 𝐴 = 𝑥𝑟 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
4 𝑛
Interior Angle (𝑛 − 2)
∠𝐼 = 180°
𝑛
Exterior Angle 360°
∠𝐸 =
𝑛
7.2.2. Circle
Circle
Circumference A = area
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝜋𝐷 C = circumference
Area 𝜋 a = perpendicular
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝐷2 distance from
4 center to line
Area portion −𝑎 b = perpendicular
𝐴=∫ (𝑦 − 𝑎)𝑑𝑥 distance from
outer circle to line
−(𝑎+𝑏)
7.2.3. Sector of Circle

Sector of Circle
Arc C 𝜋𝑟𝜃 A = area

𝐶= C = arc length
180° P = perimeter
Area
𝜋𝑟 2 𝜃 1
𝐴= = 𝐶𝑟
360° 2
Perimeter 𝑃 = 2𝑟 + 𝐶
7.2.4. Segment of Circle

Segment of
Circle
r = radians
Figure 1 A = area
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 − 𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 C = arc length
1 2 1 2
𝐴 = 𝑟 𝜃𝑟 − 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2 2
1 2
𝐴 = 𝑟 (𝜃𝑟 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
2
Figure 2 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 + 𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
1 2 1 2
𝐴 = 𝑟 𝛼𝑟 + 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2 2
1
𝐴 = 𝑟 2 (𝛼𝑟 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
2
7.2.5. Parabolic Segment
Ellipse
Area 2 b = base
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ h = height
3
7.2.6. Ellipse
Ellipse
Given lengths a A = area

and b
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑎𝑏 P = perimeter
𝑎2 + 𝑏2
𝑃 = 2𝜋√
2
7.3. Radius of Circle
7.3.1. Circle circumscribed about a Triangle
Cicumcircle
Given sides a, b, 𝑎𝑏𝑐 AT = area of

c 𝑟= triangle
4𝐴 𝑇 r = radius
7.3.2. Circle inscribed in Triangle

Incircle
Given sides a, b, 𝐴𝑇 AT = area of

c 𝑟= triangle
𝑠 r = radius
1
𝑠 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
2
7.3.3. Circle escribed about a Triangle
Excircle
Given sides 𝐴𝑇 𝐴𝑇 𝐴𝑇 AT = area of

a, b, c 𝑟𝑎 = ; 𝑟𝑏 = ; 𝑟𝑐 = triangle
𝑠−𝑎 𝑠−𝑏 𝑠−𝑐 r = radius
1
𝑠 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
2
7.3.4. Circle circumscribed about a Quadrilateral

Given sides Aq = area of

a, b, c, d √(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑐𝑑 )(𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑)(𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐) quadrilateral
𝑟= r = radius
4𝐴𝑞
𝐴𝑞 = √(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑)
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑
𝑠=
2
7.3.5. Circle inscribed in Quadrilateral

Given sides 𝐴𝑞 Aq = area of

a, b, c, d 𝑟= quadrilateral
𝑠 r = radius
𝐴𝑞 = √𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑
𝑠=
2
7.4. Prisms
7.4.1. Hexagonal Prism
Hexagonal
Volume Ab = area
𝑉 = 𝐴𝑏 ℎ base
h = height
V = volume
7.4.2. Rectangular Parallelpiped

Rectangular
Volume Ab = area
𝑉 = 𝐴𝑏 ℎ = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 base
Lateral Area 𝐴𝐿 = 2(𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐) AL = lateral
area
Total Surface
Area
𝐴𝑠 = 2(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑐) As = total
surface area
Diagonals d1 = face
𝑑1 = √𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 diagonal
d2 = space
diagonal
𝑑2 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 h = height
V = volume
7.4.3. Cube (Regular Hexahedron)

Cube
Volume
𝑉 = 𝐴𝑏 ℎ = 𝑎3
Lateral Area
𝐴𝐿 = 4𝑎2 Ab = area
base
Total Surface
Area
𝐴𝑠 = 6𝑎2 AL = lateral
area
Diagonals As = total
surface area
d1 = face
𝑑1 = 𝑎√2 diagonal
d2 = space
𝑑2 = 𝑎√3 diagonal
h = height
V = volume
7.4.4. Truncated Prism

Truncated
Prism
Volume AR = area of
Σℎ right section
𝑉 = 𝐴𝑅 n = number
𝑛 of sides
7.5. Pyramids
7.5.1. General Pyramid
Pyramid
Volume Ab = area of base
1 h = height or altitude
𝑉 = 𝐴𝑏 ℎ perpendicular from
3 the vertex to base
7.5.2. Frustum of a Pyramid

Frustum of
Pyramid
Volume ℎ A1 = lower base area

𝑉 = (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + √𝐴1 𝐴2 ) A2 = upper base area
3 h = altitude
7.6. Cylinders
Right
Cylinder
Volume
𝑉 = 𝐴𝑏 ℎ = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ V = volume
AL = lateral area
Lateral Area
𝐴𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
7.7. Cone
7.7.1. General Cone
Right
Cylinder
Volume 1 V = volume
𝑉 = 𝐴𝑏 ℎ Ab = area base
3
7.7.2. Right Circular Cone

Right
Cylinder
Slant Height V = volume

𝐿 = √𝑟 2 + ℎ 2 AL = lateral area
L = slant height
Volume 1 1
𝑉 = 𝐴𝑏 ℎ = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3 3
Lateral Area 𝐴𝐿 = 𝜋𝑟𝐿
7.7.3. Frustum of a Cone
Right
Cylinder
Volume ℎ A1 = lower base area

𝑉 = (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + √𝐴1 𝐴2 ) A2 = upper base area
3 h = altitude
7.7.4. Frustum of a Right Circular Cone

Right
Cylinder
Slant Height V = volume

𝐿 = √ℎ2 + (𝑅 − 𝑟 )2 AL = lateral area
L = slant height
Volume 𝜋ℎ 2 R = lower radius
𝑉= (𝑅 + 𝑟 2 + 𝑅𝑟 ) r = upper radius
3
Lateral Area 𝐴𝐿 = 𝜋(𝑅 + 𝑟 )𝐿
7.8. Sphere
Sphere
Volume 4 V = volume
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3 As = surface area
3
Surface Area
𝐴𝑠 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
7.8.1. Spherical Segment of One Base

Segment
one base
Volume
𝜋ℎ2 V = volume
𝑉= (3𝑟 − ℎ) Az = area zone
3
Area zone 𝐴𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
7.8.2. Spherical Segment of Two Bases

Segment
two bases
Volume 𝜋ℎ V = volume
𝑉= (3𝑎2 + 3𝑏 2 + ℎ2 ) As = surface area
6
Surface
area
𝐴𝑠 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
7.8.3. Spherical Cone or Spherical Sector

Cone or
Sector
Volume 1 2 V = volume
𝑉 = 𝐴𝑧 𝑟 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ Az = area zone
3 3
Area zone 𝐴𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
7.8.4. Spherical Lune and Wedge
Lune and
Wedge
Area Lune
𝜋𝑟 2 𝜃 A = area lune
V = volume wedge
𝐴=
90°
Volume
Wedge
𝜋𝑟 3 𝜃
𝑉=
270°
7.8.5. Spherical Polygon

Polygons
Area
𝜋𝑟 2 𝐸 A = area
E = spherical excess
𝐴=
180° n = number of sides
Spherical
Excess
𝐸 = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 − (𝑛 − 2)180°
7.8.6. Spherical Pyramid
Pyramid
Volume
𝜋𝑟 3 𝐸 E = spherical excess
n = number of sides
𝑉=
540° V = vol ume
Spherical
Excess
𝐸 = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 − (𝑛 − 2)180°
7.9. Solid of Revolution

Solid of
Revolution
1st E = spherical excess

proposition 𝐴𝑠 = 2𝜋𝐿𝑅 n = number of sides
of Pappus V = vol ume
2nd
proposition 𝑉 = 𝐴𝑠 × 2𝜋𝑅
of Pappus
7.10. Ellipsoid
Ellipsoid
Volume 4 A = surface area

𝑉 = 𝜋𝑎𝑏𝑐 V = volume
3
Prolate 4
Spheroid 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑎𝑏 2
c=b 3
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝐴𝑠 = 2𝜋𝑏 2 + 2𝜋𝑎𝑏
𝑒
√𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
𝑒=
𝑎
Oblate 4
Spheroid 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑎2 𝑏
c=a 3
2
𝜋𝑏 1+𝑒
𝐴𝑠 = 2𝜋𝑎2 + ln
𝑒 1−𝑒
√𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
𝑒=
𝑎
7.11. Paraboloid of Revolution
Paraboloid
of
Revolution
Volume 1 2 A = area
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ V = volume
2
Surface 3
area 4𝜋𝑟 𝑟2 2
𝑟 3
2
𝐴𝐿 = 2 [( + ℎ ) − ( ) ]
3ℎ 4 2
7.12. Prismoidal Rule

Prismoidal
rule
Volume 𝐿 A = area
𝑉𝑝 = (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 4𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑑 ) L = length
6
7.13. Similar Solids
Similar
Solids
Area 𝐴𝑠1 𝑥1 2 A = area

=( ) V = vol ume
𝐴𝑠2 𝑥2
Volume 𝑉1 𝑥1 3
=( )
𝑉2 𝑥2
7.14. Other Polygons

Area
Tetrahedron
𝑎3 a = edge
𝐴=
6√2
8. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
8.1. Lines in Two Dimensions
8.1.1. Line Forms
Slope-Intercept m = slope
Form
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
Two Point Form 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
Point Slope Form
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
Intercept Form 𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
𝑎 𝑏
Normal Form 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜎 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜎 = 𝑝
Parametric Form 𝑥 = 𝑥1 + 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝑦 = 𝑦1 + 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝑑𝑖𝑣
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑡= 𝑒𝑥𝑡
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Vector Parametric
Form
(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) + 𝑡 < 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 >
Point Direction 𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
Form (Symmetric = =
Form 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
(A,B,C) is the distance/direction of line
General Form 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0
Standard Form 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 = 𝐶
Equation of 𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1
Projection =
𝐴 𝐵
then simplify
8.1.2. Distance
Point to Point m = slope
𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
Point to Line |𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1 + 𝐶 |
𝑑=
√𝐴2 + 𝐵2
Line to Line 𝐶1 − 𝐶2
𝑑=
√𝐴2 + 𝐵2
8.1.3. Line Segment

Segment 𝑥 = 𝑥1 + (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )𝑡
𝑦 = 𝑦1 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝑡
𝑑𝑖𝑣
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑡= 𝑒𝑥𝑡
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
8.1.4. Locus
Locus of center of all
points tangent to x- (𝑟 + 𝑦)2 = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦)2
axis
8.2. Circle
Standard Equation (𝑥 − 𝑎 )2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏 )2 =𝑟 2 r = radius
t = angle
Parametric Equation 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑦 = 𝑏 + 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
Polar Equation
𝑟 2 − 2𝑟𝑟0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜃 − 𝜑) + 𝑟0 2 = 𝑎2
8.3. Parabola
Standard Equation
𝑦2 = 2𝑝𝑥 r = radius
t = angle
Parametric Equation
𝑥 = 2𝑝𝑡 2
𝑦 = 2𝑝𝑡
Tangent Line 𝑦0 𝑦 = 𝑝(𝑥 + 𝑥0 )
𝑝
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 +
2𝑚
Tangent lines from a
given point
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦0 ± √𝑦0 2 − 2𝑝𝑥0
𝑚=
2𝑥0
8.4. Ellipse
Standard Equation
𝑥 2 𝑦2 r = radius
t = angle
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
Parametric
Equation
𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑦 = 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
Tangent Line 𝑥0 𝑥 𝑦0 𝑦
+ 2 =1
𝑎2 𝑏
Tangent lines from
a given point
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦0 ± √𝑦0 2 − 2𝑝𝑥0
𝑚=
2𝑥0
Eccentricity
√𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
𝑒=
𝑎
Foci 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 > 𝑏
→ 𝐹1 (−√𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 , 0) 𝐹2 (√𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 , 0)
𝑖𝑓 𝑎 < 𝑏
→ 𝐹1 (0, −√𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 ) 𝐹2 (0, √𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 )
Area 𝐾 = 𝜋𝑎𝑏
8.5. Hyperbola
Standard Equation
𝑥 2 𝑦2 r = radius
t = angle
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
Parametric 𝑎
Equation 𝑥=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑦=
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
Tangent Line 𝑥0 𝑥 𝑦0 𝑦
− 2 =1
𝑎2 𝑏
Tangent lines from
a given point
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦0 ± √𝑦0 2 − 2𝑝𝑥0
𝑚=
2𝑥0
Eccentricity
√𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
𝑒=
𝑎
Foci 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 > 𝑏
→ 𝐹1 (−√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 , 0) 𝐹2 (√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 , 0)
𝑖𝑓 𝑎 < 𝑏
→ 𝐹1 (0, −√𝑏 2 + 𝑎2 ) 𝐹2 (0, √𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 )
Asymptotes 𝑏
𝑖𝑓 𝑎 > 𝑏 → 𝑦 = ± 𝑥
𝑎
𝑎
𝑖𝑓 𝑎 < 𝑏 → 𝑦 = ± 𝑥
𝑏
8.6. Polar Coordinates

9. VECTORS
9.1. Vector Algebra
Magnitude of Vector E = equivalent
𝐿 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 force
R = reaction
or force
MODE-8-Abs(Shift5)
Head and Tail Vector 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 − 𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑙
Equivalent Force
𝐸̅ = −𝑅̅
Dot Product MODE-8-Abs(Shift5)
𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = 𝑉𝑐𝑡𝐴 ∙ 𝑉𝑐𝑡𝐵
𝑅̅ = 𝐴𝑏𝑠 (𝑉𝑐𝑡𝐴𝑏𝑠 )
Angle Between
Vectors
|𝐴 ∙ 𝐵| = |𝐴||𝐵|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
|𝐴| = 𝐴𝑏𝑠 (𝑉𝑐𝑡𝐴)
|𝐵| = 𝐴𝑏𝑠 (𝑉𝑐𝑡𝐵)
Angle Between Vector
and axis
|𝑋 | = |𝑌 | = |𝑍 | = 1
𝐴 ∙ 𝑋 = |𝐴||𝑋|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑥
𝐴 ∙ 𝑌 = |𝐴||𝑌|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑦
𝐴 ∙ 𝑍 = |𝐴||𝑍|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑧
Cross Product MODE-8-Abs(Shift5)
𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝑉𝑐𝑡𝐴 × 𝑉𝑐𝑡𝐵
𝑅̅ = 𝐴𝑏𝑠 (𝑉𝑐𝑡𝐴𝑏𝑠 )
Unit Vector 𝐴
̂
𝐴= = 𝑉𝑐𝑡𝐴 ÷ 𝐴𝑏𝑠 (𝑉𝑐𝑡𝐴)
|𝐴 |
9.2. Vector Application Mechanics
Resolve Component
𝐹̅ = 𝐹𝐴̂ F = force
R = reaction
Two Concurrent
Forces
𝑅̅ = 𝐹̅1 + 𝐹̅2 force/radius
Work Done
𝑤 = 𝐹̅ ∙ 𝐷
̅
Moment about Origin ̅0 | = 𝑅̅ × 𝐹̅
|𝑀
9.3. Vector Application Geometry

Given 3 points, find A = area
the perpendicular
𝑉𝑐𝑡𝐴 = 𝐵 − 𝐴 d = distance
distance 𝑉𝑐𝑡𝐵 = 𝐶 − 𝐴 F = force
R = reaction
|𝐴 × 𝐵| = |𝑉𝑐𝑡𝐴||𝑉𝑐𝑡𝐵|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 force/radius
V = volume
|𝑉𝑐𝑡𝐴||𝑉𝑐𝑡𝐵|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑=
|𝑉𝑐𝑡𝐴|
Area of Parallelogram 𝐴 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = |𝐴 × 𝐵|
|𝐴 × 𝐵| = |𝑉𝑐𝑡𝐴||𝑉𝑐𝑡𝐵|
(vector cross products are equal)
Volume 𝑉 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑉 = |𝐴 × 𝐵||𝐶 |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑉 = (𝑉𝑐𝑡𝐴 × 𝑉𝑐𝑡𝐵) ∙ 𝑉𝑐𝑡𝐶
9.4. Solid Analytic Geometry

Distance between |𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1 + 𝐶 | F = force
Point to a Line 𝑑= R = reaction
√𝐴2 + 𝐵2 force/radius
Distance between Line |𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1 + 𝐶𝑧1 + 𝐷|
to a Plane 𝑑=
√𝐴2 + 𝐵2 + 𝐶 2
Equation of a Plane
(given three points)
𝑉𝑐𝑡𝐴 = 𝐶 − 𝐴
𝑉𝑐𝑡𝐵 = 𝐵 − 𝐴
𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝑉𝑐𝑡𝐴 × 𝑉𝑐𝑡𝐵
Area of Triangle 1
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2
1
𝐴 = |𝐴 × 𝐵 |
2
𝐴 = 0.5 × 𝐴𝑏𝑠 (𝑉𝑐𝑡𝐴 × 𝑉𝑐𝑡𝐵)
10. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
10.1. Limits
Limit 1. Simplify
2. L’Hospital’s
Rule
lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑎) (differentiate)
𝑥→𝑎 3. Substitution
(calculator)
10.2. Asymptotes
Asymptote
𝑁(𝑥 ) 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑚 + 𝑎𝑚−1 𝑥 𝑚−1 … a = numerator
b = denominator
= m = numerator
𝐷 (𝑥 ) 𝑏1 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 … exponent
n = denominator
Vertical
Asymptote 𝐷 (𝑥 ) = 0; 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑥 exponent
Horizontal
Asymptote Case 1: 𝑚 < 𝑛; 𝑦 = 0
𝑎1
Case 2: 𝑚 = 𝑛; 𝑦 =
𝑏1
Case 3: 𝑚 > 𝑛; 𝑦 = 𝑄 (𝑥 )
10.3. Derivatives
10.3.1. Basic Functions
Constant 𝑑 a=
(𝐶 ) = 0 numerator
𝑑𝑥 b=
denominator
𝑑 m=
(𝑥 ) = 1 numerator
𝑑𝑥 exponent
𝑑 𝑛 n=
(𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 denominator
𝑑𝑥 exponent
Chain rule 𝑑 𝑛
(𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 ∙ 𝑥′
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
(𝑢 ± 𝑣) = ±
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 − 𝑢
( ) = 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣
10.3.2. Trigonometric Functions
Sin 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
( )
(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Cosine 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
( )
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 ) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Tangent 𝑑 2( )
𝑑𝑢
( )
(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Cotangent 𝑑 2( )
𝑑𝑢
( )
(𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 ) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Secant 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
( ) ( )
(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Cosecant 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
( ) ( )
(𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 ) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Arc Sin 𝑑 −1 ( )
1 𝑑𝑢
(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 ) =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
Arc Cosine 𝑑 −1 ( )
1 𝑑𝑢
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 ) = −
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
Arc Tan 𝑑 −1 ( )
1 𝑑𝑢
(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 ) =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
Arc
Cotangent
𝑑 −1 ( )
1 𝑑𝑢
(𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 ) = −
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
Arc Secant 𝑑 −1 ( )
1 𝑑𝑢
(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 ) =
𝑑𝑥 |𝑢|√𝑢2 − 1 𝑑𝑥
Arc Cosecant 𝑑 −1 ( )
1 𝑑𝑢
(𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 ) = −
𝑑𝑥 |𝑢|√𝑢2 − 1 𝑑𝑥
10.3.3. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Ln 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
( )
(𝑙𝑛 𝑢 ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Log 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(log 𝑎 (𝑢)) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑛(𝑎)𝑢 𝑑𝑥
e 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
(𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
a 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
(𝑎 ) = 𝑙𝑛(𝑎)𝑎𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
10.4. Parametric Equations
Tangent Line
𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜 = 𝑚 𝑇𝐿 (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜 ) TL = tangent line
NL = normal line
𝑑𝑦⁄
𝑚 𝑇𝐿 = 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥⁄
𝑑𝑢
Normal Line
𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜 = 𝑚𝑁𝐿 (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜 )
1
𝑚𝑁𝐿 = −
𝑚 𝑇𝐿
10.5. Curvature
Curvature |𝑦"| TL = tangent line
NL = normal line
𝐾= 3
[1 + 2
(𝑦′) ]2
parametric form:
|𝑓′𝑔" − 𝑓"𝑔′|
𝐾= 3
[𝑓′2 + 2
𝑔′ ]2
Radius of 3
2
Curvature 1 [1 + (𝑦′ ) ]2
𝑅= =
𝐾 |𝑦"|
polar form:
3
[𝑟 + (𝑟′ 2 2
) ]2
𝑅= 2
𝑟 + 2𝑟′2 − 𝑟𝑟"
Center of
Curvature 𝑦′(1 + 𝑦′2 )
𝑋=𝑥−
𝑦"
(1 + 𝑦′2 )
𝑌=𝑦+
𝑦"
10.6. Curvilinear Motion

Velocity at = tangential
𝑉 = √𝑉𝑥 2 + 𝑉𝑦 2 acceleration
an = normal
acceleration
Tangential 𝑑𝑉 R = radius
Vx = horizontal
Acceleration
𝑎𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡 velocity
Vy = vertical
Normal
Acceleration 𝑉2 velocity
𝑎𝑡 =
𝑅
Acceleration
𝑎 = √𝑎𝑡 2 + 𝑎𝑛 2
10.7. Partial Differentiation

Partial
Differentiation 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 m = slope
𝜕𝐹
= 𝑦𝑧(𝑥𝑑𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝐹
= 𝑥𝑧(𝑦𝑑𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝐹
= 𝑥𝑦 (𝑧𝑑𝑦)
𝑑𝑧
Equation of
Tangent Plane 𝑚1 (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜 ) + 𝑚2 (𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜 )+
𝑚3 (𝑧 − 𝑧𝑜 )
Equation of 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜 𝑧 − 𝑧𝑜
Normal Plane = =
𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑚3
11. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
11.1. Integrals
11.1.1. Basic Functions
Constant a=
∫(𝐶 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶𝑥 + 𝑐 numerator
b=
denominator
m=
𝑛+1
𝑥 numerator
∫(𝑥 𝑛 )𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 exponent
n=
𝑛+1 denominator
exponent
11.1.2. Trigonometric Functions

Sin
∫(𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 ))𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 ) + 𝑐
Cosine
∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 ))𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 ) + 𝑐
Tangent
∫(𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 ))𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑥 )| + 𝑐
Secant
∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑥 ))𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 ) + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑥 )| + 𝑐
Sin sq
2(
1
∫(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ))𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 )) + 𝑐
2
Cos sq
2( )
1
∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 )𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 )) + 𝑐
2
Tan sq
∫(𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝑥 ))𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 ) − 𝑥 + 𝑐
Sec sq
∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥 ))𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 ) + 𝑐
11.1.3. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Ln 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
( )
(𝑙𝑛 𝑢 ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Log 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(log 𝑎 (𝑢)) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑛(𝑎)𝑢 𝑑𝑥
e 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
(𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
a 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
(𝑎 ) = 𝑙𝑛(𝑎)𝑎𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
11.2. Plane Areas
Vertical Strip
𝐴 = ∫(𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥
Horizontal
Strip 𝐴 = ∫(𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 )𝑑𝑥
11.3. Volume of Solid of Revolution
Disk Method R = outer radius
𝑉 = ∫ 𝑅2 𝑑𝑥 r = inner radius
Ring Method
𝑉 = ∫(𝑅2 − 𝑟 2 )𝑑𝑥
Shell Method
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝐴
11.4. Length of Curve

Parametric
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑆 = ∫ √( ) + ( ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Rectangular
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑆 = ∫ √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑆 = ∫ √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡
Polar
2
𝑑𝑟
𝑆 = ∫ √(𝑟)2 + ( ) 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃
11.5. Surface Area of Curves
Surface Area
of Curve 𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑆
11.6. Centroids
Horizontal R = outer radius
Axis 𝐴𝑥̅ = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝐴 r = inner radius
Vertical Axis
𝐴𝑦̅ = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝐴
11.7. Moments of Inertia

Horizontal
and Vertical
Axis
𝐼𝑥 = ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 ; 𝐼𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝐴
Polar Moment
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑅2 𝑑𝐴
Product of
Inertia 𝐼𝑥𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝐴
11.8. Miscellaneous Volume of Solids

11.9. Work and Motion Problems
Work
Equation 𝑤 = ∫ 𝐹𝑑𝑥
12. PHYSICS
12.1. Linear and Rotational Kinematics
Linear a = acceleration
𝑉 = 𝑉0 + 𝑎𝑡 t = time
1 s = displacement
𝑠 = 𝑠0 + 𝑉0 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 s0 = initial
displacement
2 V = velocity
𝑉𝑓2 = 𝑉02 + 2𝑎𝑠 V0 = initial velocity
Vf = final velocity
Rotational  = angular
𝜔 = 𝜔0 + 𝛼𝑡 acceleration
1 2 t = time
 = angular
𝜃 = 𝜃0 + 𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝛼𝑡
2 displacement
0 = initial angular
𝜔𝑓2 = 𝜔02 + 2𝛼𝜃 displacement
 = angular velocity
0 = initial velocity
𝑉𝑇 = 𝑅𝜔 f = final velocity
12.2. Fictitious Forces

Centrifugal/
Centripetal 𝑉𝑇 2 aCF = centrifugal
acceleration
Force 𝑎𝐶𝐹 = aCor = coriolis
𝑅 acceleration
𝑚𝑉𝑇 2 FCF = centrifugal
force
𝐹𝐶𝐹 = FCor = coriolis force
𝑅 R = radius
𝑉𝑇 2
VT = tangential
velocity
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =  = banking angle
𝑅𝑔
Coriolis
Effect 𝑎𝐶𝑜𝑟 = 2𝜔𝑉
𝐹𝐶𝑜𝑟 = 2𝑚𝜔𝑉
12.3. Gravitation
Gravitational 𝑚1 𝑚𝑒 Fgrav = gravitational
Force 𝐹𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 =𝐺 force
𝑅2 G = gravitational
constant
−11
𝑚3 m1 = mass object
𝐺 = 6.67 × 10
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑠 2 me = mass earth
R = radius/distance
𝑚𝑒 = 5.972 × 1024 𝑘𝑔
Force of 𝑚𝑒
gravity due to 𝑔=𝐺
earth 𝑅2
Tangential/ H = height/distance
Escape 𝐺𝑚𝑒 Re = radius of earth
Velocity 𝑉𝑇 = √
𝑅𝑒 + 𝐻
12.4. Work, Energy, Power

Work F = force
𝑤 = 𝐹𝑑 d = distance
H = height
𝑤 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑 m = mas
g = force of gravity
V = velocity
Total Work x = spring distance
𝑤𝑇 = 𝑃𝐸 + 𝐾𝐸 ± 𝑤 k = spring constant
Potential
Energy 𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔𝐻
1 2
𝑃𝐸𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑘𝑥
2
Kinetic 1
Energy
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑉 2
2
Conservation
of Energy 𝑃𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸
𝑉 = √2𝑔ℎ
Power 𝑤𝑇
𝑃=
𝑡
12.5. Impulse and Momentum
Momentum P = momentum
𝑃 = 𝑚𝑉 P = impulse
Impulse F = force
∆𝑃 = 𝐹∆𝑡 m = mass
V = velocity
∆𝑃 = 𝑚𝑉𝑓 − 𝑚𝑉𝑖
12.6. Oscillation, Simple Harmonic Motion

Force F = force
Equation 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥 k = spring constant
T = period of
𝑚𝑎 = 𝑘𝑥 motion
𝑘 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴
Period of
Motion
𝑚
𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝑘
Angular
Velocity 𝑘
𝜔=√
𝑚
12.7. Conical Pendulum

Period of F = force
Motion 𝐻 k = spring constant
𝑇 = 2𝜋√ T = period of
𝑔 motion
Angular
Velocity
𝑔 H = vertical length
𝜔=√
𝐻
12.8. Ideal/Simple Pendulum

Relation 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 F = force
k = spring constant
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ≈ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 T = period of
motion
𝑅 𝑅 l = inclined length
= ;𝑙 ≈ 𝐻
𝑙 𝐻
Period of
Motion 𝑙
𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝑔
Angular
Velocity
𝑔
𝜔= √
𝑙
12.9. Physical Pendulum

Relation 2 F = force
𝑚𝑙 k = spring constant
𝐼𝑚 = T = period of
3 motion
Period of d = distance of
Motion 𝐼 center of gravity to
𝑇 = 2𝜋√ center of rotation
𝑚𝑔𝑑 I = mass moment of
inertia
m = mass
Angular
Velocity
𝑚𝑔𝑑
𝜔=√
𝐼
13. STATISTICS and PROBABILITY
13.1. Central Tendency and Dispersion
Range F = force
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 k = spring constant
Median T = period of
𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑓 𝑜𝑑𝑑 motion
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑓 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 d = distance of
center of gravity to
Quartiles 1 center of rotation
𝑄1 = (𝑛𝑜. 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎) I = mass moment of
4 inertia
𝑄2 = 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
3
𝑄3 = (𝑛𝑜. 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎)
4
𝑄4 = 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Percentile
𝑃𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑛𝑜. 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎)
Interquartile
Range 𝐼𝑄𝑅 = 𝑄3 − 𝑄1
Semi- 𝑄3 − 𝑄1
interquartile
𝑆𝐼𝑄𝑅 =
range
2
Data Mark 𝑈𝐿 + 𝐿𝐿
𝐷𝑀 =
2
Boundaries
𝐿𝐵 = 𝐿𝐿 − 0.5
𝑈𝐵 = 𝑈𝐿 + 0.5
Mean for
series of data MODE-3-1
Cm|f
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥̅
Median and
Quartile for
MODE-3-2
series of data
fm|UL/LL
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛𝑦̂
𝑛 = 𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
Mode for
series of data
MODE-3-3
Cm|f
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = −𝐵 ÷ 2𝐶
Mean
Absolute MODE-3-1
Deviation
Dev|f
𝑀𝐴𝐷 = 𝑥̅
𝐷𝑒𝑣 = |𝐶𝑚 − 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛|
13.2. Fundamental Counting Principle

No T = how many
restrictions no 𝑁𝑜. 𝑇 = 𝑁 𝑛 times
category N = total number
Repetition is n = required
not allowed 𝑁𝑜. 𝑇 =𝑁 𝑃𝑛 number/grouped
no category number
No
restrictions 𝑁𝑜. 𝑇 = 𝑁!
categories
Categories
grouped 𝑁𝑜. 𝑇 = 𝑛! (𝑁1 ! × 𝑁2 ! … 𝑁𝑛 !)
Identical/ 𝑁𝑇 !
Distinct
𝑁𝑜. 𝑇 =
categories
𝑁𝑖 !
Round/
Circular 𝑁𝑜. 𝑇 = (𝑁 − 1)!
categories
Round/
Circular 𝑁𝑜. 𝑇 = 𝑛(𝑁 − 𝑛)!
categories
grouped
Combination
Selection 𝑁𝑜. 𝑇 =𝑁 𝐶𝑛
Combination
selection 𝑁𝑜. 𝑇 =𝑁 𝐶𝑛1 ×𝑛1 𝐶𝑛2
w/priority
Round/
Circular 𝑁𝑜. 𝑇 =𝑁 𝐶𝑛 × (𝑛 − 1)!
combination
13.3. Fundamental Probability

Probability 𝑛 pP = probability
𝑃= N = total number
𝑁 n = required
number/grouped
Probability .𝑁1 𝐶𝑛1 ×.𝑁2 𝐶𝑛2 number
with
𝑃=
Combination
.𝑁 𝐶𝑛
13.4. Conditional Probability and Independent Events

Probability 𝑛 pP = probability
𝑃= N = total number
𝑁 n = required
number/grouped
Probability .𝑁1 𝐶𝑛1 ×.𝑁2 𝐶𝑛2 number
with
𝑃=
Combination
.𝑁 𝐶𝑛
13.5. Binomial Distribution

13.6. Normal Distribution
13.7. Poisson Distribution
14. ENGINEERING ECONOMY
14.1. Simple Interest
Exact Interest F = future worth
𝐼𝑒 = 𝑃𝑟𝑛𝑒 I = interest
n = number of days
𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 per year
𝑛𝑒 = r = rate of return
𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 P = present worth
Ordinary
Interest 𝐼𝑜 = 𝑃𝑟𝑛𝑜
30 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
𝑛𝑜 =
365
Future Worth
𝐹 = 𝑃 + 𝐼 = 𝑃 (1 + 𝑟𝑛)
14.2. Compound Interest

Compound
Interest 𝐹 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖 )𝑛 F = future worth
i = interest rate
I = interest
𝐹 =𝑃+𝐼 m = compound rate
n = number of days
𝑛 = 𝑡𝑚 per year
𝑖 P = present worth
𝑖=
𝑚
Calculator MODE-3-6
Syntax
x = period
y = value (P)
Least
Effective
𝑟 𝑚
Annual 𝑒 = (1 + ) − 1
Interest Rate 𝑚
14.3. Continuous Compound Interest
Continuous F = future worth
Compound
Interest
𝐹 = 𝑃𝑒 𝑟𝑡 r = rate of return
P = present worth
t = time
14.4. Inflation
Inflation F = future worth
𝑃(1 + 𝑖 )𝑛 f = inflation rate
𝐹= P = present worth
(1 + 𝑓)𝑛 i = interest rate
n = time
14.5. Cash Flow Diagram

Cash Flow
𝐹 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖 )𝑛 F = future worth
P = present worth
𝑃 = 𝐹 (1 + 𝑖 )−𝑛 i = interest rate
n = time
14.6. Annuity
Ordinary
Annuity
(1 + 𝑖 − 1 )𝑛 A = annuity
F = future worth
𝐹 = 𝐴[ ] P = present worth
𝑖 i = interest rate
m = time/distance
(1 + 𝑖 )𝑛 − 1 from P/F
𝑃 = 𝐴[ ] n = number of
𝑖 (1 + 𝑖 )𝑚 annuities
Annuity Due
𝑚 =𝑛−1
Deferred
Annuity 𝑚 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
14.7. Arithmetic Gradient
Ordinary A = annuity
Annuity F = future
worth
𝐹 = 𝑃 (1 + 𝑖 )𝑛 P = present
worth
(1 + 𝑖 )𝑛 − 1 𝐺 (1 + 𝑖)𝑛 − 1 − 𝑛𝑖 G = gradient
𝑃 = 𝐴[ ]+ [ ] i = interest
𝑖 ( 1 + 𝑖 )𝑛 𝑖 𝑖 (1 + 𝑖 ) 𝑛 rate
n=
time/distance
14.8. Geometric Gradient

Ordinary
Annuity 𝐹 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖 )𝑛 A = annuity
F = future worth
1 − (1 + 𝑔)𝑛 (1 + 𝑖 )−𝑛 P = present worth
g = geometric rate
𝑃 = 𝐴[ ] i = interest rate
𝑖−𝑔 n = time/distance
𝑖≠𝑔
14.9. Perpetuity
Ordinary A = annuity
Annuity F = future worth
P = present worth
𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + 𝑖 )𝑛 − 𝑃 g = geometric rate
i = interest rate
n = time/distance
14.10. Capitalized and Annual Cost
Capitalized 𝑀𝐶 𝑅𝐶 − 𝑆𝑉 AC = annual
Cost
𝐾 = 𝐹𝐶 + + cost
𝑖 (1 + 𝑖 )𝑛 − 1 K = capitalized
cost
n = estimated
𝐾 = 𝑃𝐹𝐶 + 𝑃𝑀𝐶 + 𝑃𝐹𝐶−𝑆𝑉 life
FC = first cost
MC =
𝑃𝐹𝐶 = 𝐹𝐶 maintenance
cost
𝑀𝐶 = 𝑃𝑀𝐶 (1 + 𝑖 )𝑛 − 𝑃𝑀𝐶 SV = scrap value
𝐹𝐶 − 𝑆𝑉 = 𝑃𝐹𝐶−𝑆𝑉 (1 + 𝑖 )𝑛 − 𝑃𝐹𝐶−𝑆𝑉
Annual
Cost 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐾𝑖
14.11. Depreciation
14.11.1. Straight Line Method
SLM 𝐹𝐶 − 𝑆𝑉 d = depreciation
𝑑= Dm = total
𝑛 depreciation
m = year
𝐷𝑚 = 𝑑 × 𝑚 n = estimated life
FC = first cost
Calcu MC = maintenance
Syntax MODE-3-2 cost
SV = scrap value
0|FC
n|SV
14.11.2. Sum of the Years Digit Method
SOYD d = depreciation
𝑛−𝑚+1 Dm = total
𝑑𝑚 = [ ] (𝐹𝐶 − 𝑆𝑉 ) depreciation
𝑆𝑂𝑌𝐷 m = year
n = estimated life
𝑚(2𝑛 − 𝑚 + 1) FC = first cost
𝐷𝑚 = [ ] (𝐹𝐶 − 𝑆𝑉 ) MC = maintenance
2𝑆𝑂𝑌𝐷 cost
SV = scrap value
14.11.3. Declining Balance Method

DBM d = depreciation
𝐵𝑉𝑚 = 𝐹𝐶 (1 − 𝐾 )𝑚 Dm = total
depreciation
K = Matheson
𝑛 𝑆𝑉 Constant
𝐾 =1− √ m = year
𝐹𝐶 n = estimated life
FC = first cost
MC = maintenance
𝑆𝑉 = 𝐹𝐶 (1 − 𝑘)𝑛 cost
SV = scrap value
14.11.4. Double Declining Balance Method

DDBM d = depreciation
Dm = total
2 𝑚 depreciation
𝐵𝑉𝑚 = 𝐹𝐶 (1 − ) K = Matheson
𝑛 Constant
m = year
𝑑𝑚 = 𝐵𝑉𝑚−1 − 𝐵𝑉𝑚 n = estimated life
FC = first cost
𝐷𝑚 = 𝐹𝐶 − 𝐵𝑉𝑚 MC = maintenance
cost
SV = scrap value
14.11.5. Sinking Fund Method
SFM (𝐹𝐶 − 𝑆𝑉 )𝑖 d = depreciation
Dm = total
𝑑=
(1 − 𝑖 )𝑛 − 1 depreciation
K = Matheson
(𝐹𝐶 − 𝑆𝑉 ) ∑𝑛𝑛−𝑚 𝑥 Constant
m = year
𝐷𝑚 =
∑𝑛1 𝑥 n = estimated life
FC = first cost
Calcu MC = maintenance
Syntax
MODE-3-3 cost
SV = scrap value
0|FC
n|SV
n+1|SV
14.12. Breakeven Analysis

Breakeven C = total cost
Analysis 𝐶 = 𝑓 + 𝑎𝑁 R = revenue
a = product cost
𝑅 = 𝑝𝑁 f = fixed cost
p = price per unit
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = 𝑅 − 𝐶 N = units
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = 0 (𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛)
15. HYDRAULICS 1
15.1. Density, Specific Weight, Specific Volume,
Specific Gravity
Specific 𝑤 g = gravity
Weight 𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔 = m = mass
𝑉 R = universal gas
constant
Specific 𝑉 1 T = temperature
Volume
𝑉= = P = pressure
𝑚 𝜌 V = volume
 = density
Specific 𝛾 𝜌  = unit weight
Gravity 𝑠. 𝑔. = =
𝛾𝑤 𝜌𝑤 s.g. = specific
gravity
Ideal Gas
Law 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇
𝐽
𝑅 = 8.314
𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∙ 𝑘
15.2. Surface Tension, Capillary Action

True Static H = height
Height 𝑇𝑆𝐻 = 𝐻 + ℎ difference
4𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 h = recorded
height
𝐻= D = diameter
𝛾𝐷 Fv = vertical force
Surface L = contact length
Tension  = surface
𝐹𝑣 = 𝜎𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 tension
 = contact angle
 = unit weight
15.3. Viscosity
Shear Stress A = area
𝐹 𝜇𝑣 F = force
v = velocity
𝜏= = y = thickness
𝐴 𝑦  = shear stress
 = viscosity
15.4. Manometry and Pascal’s Law

Absolute A = area
Pressure 𝑃𝐴𝐵𝑆 = 𝑃𝐴𝑇𝑀 + 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 F = force
Pascal’s Law v = velocity
𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ y = thickness
 = shear stress
𝑃1 ± 𝛾ℎ = 𝑃2  = viscosity
15.5. Gas Laws

Boyle’s Law A = area
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 F = force
Charles’ Law 𝑉1 𝑉2 v = velocity
y = thickness
=  = shear stress
𝑇1 𝑇2  = viscosity
Gay-Lussac’s 𝑃1 𝑃2
Law
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
Combined 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
Gas Law
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
15.6. Compressibility
Bulk Modulus A = area
of Elasticity −∆𝑃 −∆𝑃 F = force
𝐾= = v = velocity
∆𝑉⁄ ∆𝑉⁄ y = thickness
𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑜  = shear stress
 = viscosity
16. HYDRAULICS 2
17. HYDRAULICS 3
18. HYDRAULICS 4
19. HYDRAULICS 5
20. GEOTECHNICAL 1: SOIL PROPERTIES
Total Volume A = Air content
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑆 + 𝑉𝑉 = 𝑉𝑆 + 𝑉𝑤 + 𝑉𝑎 or air void ratio
Total Weight e = void ratio
𝑊 = 𝑊𝑠 + 𝑊𝑤 Gs = Specific
gravity
Water 𝑊𝑤 ID = Relative
Content or
𝑤= Density
Moisture
Content
𝑊𝑠 M = Total mass
Ms = Mass of
Degree of 𝑉𝑤 solids
Saturation or
𝑆= Mw = Mass of
Saturation
Ratio
𝑉𝑣 water
n = porosity
Void Ratio 𝑉𝑣 S= Degree of
𝑒= Saturation/
𝑉𝑠 Saturation Ratio
𝑛 v = specific
volume
𝑒= V = Volume
1−𝑛 Va = Volume of
Porosity 𝑉𝑣 air in the voids
𝑛= Vs = Volume of
𝑉 soil solids
Vv = Volume of
𝑒 voids
𝑛=
1+𝑒
Specific 𝑉 Vw = Volume of
Volume
𝑣 = = 1+𝑒 water in the voids
𝑉𝑠 w = water
content/ moisture
Air Content 𝑉𝑎 content
or Air Void
𝐴= W = Total weight
Ratio
𝑉 Ws = Weight of
soil solids
Bulk Unit 𝑀 Ww = Weight of
Weight
𝛾= water
𝑉 𝛾 = Bulk unit
weight
Specific 𝑀𝑠 𝜌𝑠 𝜌𝑠 = particle
Gravity
𝐺𝑠 = = density
𝑉𝑠 𝜌𝑤 𝜌𝑤 𝜌𝑤 = Density of
Water
Other
Important 𝐺𝑠 𝑤 = 𝑒𝑆
Relationships
𝑒 − 𝐺𝑠 𝑤
𝐴= ; 𝐴 = 𝑛(1 − 𝑆)
1+𝑒
𝐺𝑠 + 𝑆𝑒
𝛾= 𝛾𝑤
1+𝑒
Dry Soil 𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤
(S=0)
𝛾𝑑 =
1+𝑒
Completely 𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒
Saturated Soil
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝛾𝑤
(S=1)
1+𝑒
Relative 𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒
Density 𝐼𝐷 =
𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛
1 1
−
𝛾𝑑 (min) 𝛾𝑑
𝐼𝐷 =
1 1
−
𝛾𝑑(min) 𝛾𝑑 (max)
21. GEOTECHNICAL 2: SOIL TESTS AND
INDICES
Shrinkage 𝑚1 − 𝑚2 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 Dr = Relative
Limit
𝑆𝐿 = − 𝜌𝑤 Density
𝑚2 𝑚2 FI = Flow Index
LI = Liquidity
Shrinkage 𝑚2 Index or Water-
Ratio 𝑆𝑅 = Plasticity Ratio
𝑉2 𝜌𝑤 LL= Liquid Limit
m1 = Mass of the
1 wet soil pat in the
𝐺𝑠 = dish at the
1 𝑆𝐿 beginning of the
− test
𝑆𝑅 100 m2 = Mass of the
Plasticity
Index 𝑃𝐼 = 𝐿𝐿 − 𝑃𝐿 dry soil in the pat
N1 or N2 =
Shrinkage Corresponding
Index 𝑆𝐼 = 𝑃𝐿 − 𝑆𝐿 blows
Consistency PI = Plasticity
Index or
𝐿𝐿 − 𝑤 Index
Relative 𝐶𝐼 = R(%) = Relative
Consistency 𝑃𝐿 Compaction
Liquidity SI = Shrinkage
Index or 𝑤 − 𝑃𝐿 Index
Water- 𝐿𝐼 = SL = Shrinkage
Plasticity 𝑃𝐼 limit
SN = Suitability
Ratio
Flow Index 𝑤1 − 𝑤2 𝑤1 − 𝑤2 Number
𝐹𝐼 = = SR = Shrinkage
𝑁2
log ( ) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑁2 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑁1
ratio
V1 = Initial
𝑁1 volume of the soil
Relative 𝛾𝑑(𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑) in the pat
V2 = Volume of
Compaction 𝑅 (%) = 𝑥100% the oven- dried
𝛾𝑑(𝑚𝑎𝑥−𝑙𝑎𝑏) soil pat
w1 or w2 =
𝑅𝑜 moisture content
𝑅(%) = of soil
1 − 𝐷𝑟 (1 − 𝑅𝑜 )
𝛾𝑑(min) 𝜌𝑤 = Density of
𝑅𝑜 = Water
𝛾𝑑(max)
Suitability
Number 3 1 1
𝑆𝑁 = 1.7√ + +
(𝐷50 )2 (𝐷20 )2 (𝐷10 )2
22. GEOTECHNICAL 3: SOIL CLASSIFICATION

Uniformity 𝐷60 Cc = Coefficient
Coefficient
𝐶𝑢 = of gradation or
𝐷10 curvature
Cu = Uniformity
Coefficient of 2
Gradation or 𝐷30 Coefficient
Curvature 𝐶𝑐 = SN = Sorting
𝐷60 𝐷10 coefficient
Sorting
Coeffcient 𝐷75
𝑆𝑁 = √
𝐷25
Soil Textural
Triangle
23. GEOTECHNICAL 4: PERMEABILITY

23.1 Permeability and Head Permeability Tests
Hydraulic ∆ℎ a = cross- area of
Gradient
𝑖= the standpipe
𝐿 A = Cross-
sectional area of
Velocity
𝑣 = 𝑘𝑖 the sample
h = head of water
𝑞 = 𝑘𝑖𝐴 in the sample
h1 = initial head
Seepage 𝑣 of water in the
Velocity 𝑉𝑠 = standpipe
𝑛 h2 = final head of
water in the
Constant
Head
𝐿𝑞 standpipe
Permeability 𝑘= i = hydraulic
Test ℎ𝐴𝑡 gradient
k = Coefficient of
Falling Head 𝑎𝐿 ℎ1 Permeability
Permeability
𝑘= ln ( ) L = Length of the
Test
𝐴𝑡 ℎ2 specimen
q = Flow rate/
Equivalent
Coefficient of ∑ 𝑘ℎ Volume of water
collected
Permeability 𝑘𝐻𝑒𝑞 = t = Duration of
(Horizontal ∑ℎ water collection
Direction) v = velocity
Equivalent
Coefficient of
∑ℎ Vs = Seepage
𝑘𝑉𝑒𝑞 = velocity
Permeability ℎ
(Vertical ∑
Direction) 𝑘
23.2 Unconfined and Confined Aquifer

Unconfined 𝑟 q = rate of
Aquifer 𝑞𝑙𝑛 ( 2 ) discharge
𝑟1 r1 = nearest
𝑘=
𝜋 (𝑧22 − 𝑧12 ) distance of
observation from
Confined the test well
𝑟 r2 = farthest
𝑞𝑙𝑛 ( 2 )
Aquifer
distance of
𝑟1 observation from
𝑘= the test well
2𝜋𝑡(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) t = thickness of
the aquifer
𝑟 T = transmissivity
𝑞𝑙𝑛 ( 2 ) z1 = draw down
𝑟1 of the nearest
𝑇= observation well
2𝜋𝑡 (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) z2 = draw down
of the farthest
𝑇 = 𝑘𝑡 observation well
24. GEOTECHNICAL 5: STRESSES IN SOILS

Total Vertical C = Constant
Stress
𝜎 = 𝛾𝑧 varying from
Pore Water 10-50mm2
Pressure 𝑢 = 𝛾𝑤 𝑧 D10 = effective
𝑆 size
𝑢 = −( )𝛾 ℎ e = void ratio
100 𝑤 icr = Critical
Effective
Stress 𝜎′ = 𝜎 − 𝑢 hydraulic gradient
S = Degree of
When water table is at the ground surface Saturation, in %
𝜎 = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑧 u = pore water
pressure
𝑢 = 𝛾𝑤 𝑧 z = Depth under
𝜎 ′ = 𝑧(𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤 ) = 𝛾′𝑧
consideration/
below water table
In the case of upward seepage 𝛾 = Unit weight
𝜎 = 𝑧𝛾 ′ − 𝑖𝑐𝑟 𝑧𝛾𝑤 = 0 of soil
𝜎 = Total vertical
Critical
Hydraulic
𝛾 ′ 𝐺𝑠 − 1 stress
Gradient 𝑖𝑐𝑟 = = 𝜎 ′ = Effective
(0.9- 1.1) 𝛾𝑤 1+𝑒 stress
Seepage
Force 𝑆𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑖𝛾𝑤
Height of 𝐶
Capillary Rise
ℎ=
(Hazen, 1930)
𝑒𝐷10
25. GEOTECHNICAL 6: SOIL SETTLEMENT

25.1. Elastic Settlement (Immediate Settlement)
Elastic B = Width of the
Settlement foundation
(diameter if
circle)
Es = Modulus of
Elasticity of soil
𝐵𝑞 (1 − 𝜇 2 )𝐼𝑓 If = Influence
𝑆𝑒 = factor
𝐸𝑠 q = net pressure
at the base of
foundation
Se = Elastic
settlement
𝜇 = poisons ratio
of the soil
25.2. Primary Consolidation Settlement

For Normally 𝐶𝑐 𝐻 𝑃0 + ∆𝑃 Cc = Compression
Consolidated
𝑆𝑝 = log ( ) index
Clays
1 + 𝑒0 𝑃0 Cs = Swell index
OCR = Over-
𝑃0 + ∆𝑃 consolidated ratio
∆𝑒 = Void ratio
∆𝑒 = 𝐶𝑐 log ( )
𝑃0 ∆𝑃 = Vertical
Stress Increase
∆𝑒 ∆𝑃𝑏 = Increase in
𝑆𝑝 = 𝐻 ( ) pressure at the
1 + 𝑒0 bottom of the
layer
𝑒1 − 𝑒2 ∆𝑃𝑚 = Increase in
𝐶𝑐 = pressure at the
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑃2 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑃1 middle of the
layer
𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(𝐿𝐿 − 10) Skempton (1944) ∆𝑃𝑡 = Increase in
pressure at the top
For Over-
consolidated 𝐼𝑓 𝑃0 + ∆𝑃 ≤ 𝑃𝑐 of the layer
Clays
𝐶𝑠 𝐻 𝑃0 + ∆𝑃
𝑆𝑝 = log ( )
1 + 𝑒0 𝑃0
1 1
𝐶𝑠 = 𝐶𝑐 𝑡𝑜 𝐶
5 10 𝑐
𝐼𝑓 𝑃0 + ∆𝑃 ≥ 𝑃𝑐
𝐶𝑠 𝐻 𝑃𝑐
𝑆𝑝 = log ( )
1 + 𝑒0 𝑃0
𝐶𝑐 𝐻 𝑃0 + ∆𝑃
+ log ( )
1 + 𝑒0 𝑃𝑐
Over- 𝑃𝑐
Consolidation
𝑂𝐶𝑅 =
Ratio
𝑃0
Vertical
Stress ∆𝑃𝑡 + 4𝑃𝑚 + ∆𝑃𝑏
Increase ∆𝑃 =
(Surcharge 6
Load)
25.3. Secondary Consolidation Settlement

Secondary ∆𝑒 ∆𝑒 ep = void ratio at
Consolidation
𝐶𝛼 = = the end of
Settlement
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑡2 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑡1 log (𝑡2 ) primary
consolidation
𝑡1 H = thickness of
′
𝑡2 clay layer
Ss = Secondary
𝑆𝑠 = 𝐶𝛼 𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) Settlement
𝑡1 𝐶𝛼 = Secondary
′
𝐶𝛼 compression
index
𝐶𝛼 = ∆𝑒 = Void ratio
1 + 𝑒𝑝 at the end of
primary
𝐶𝛼 𝐻 𝑡2 consolidation
𝑆𝑠 = log ( )
(1 + 𝑒𝑝 ) 𝑡1
𝑒𝑝 = 𝑒0 − ∆𝑒
25.4. Time Rate of Consolidation

Coefficient of ∆𝑒 av = Coefficient
Compressibility
𝑎𝑣 = of compressibility
∆𝑃 cv = Coefficient
of consolidation
Coefficient of 𝑎𝑣 mv = Coefficient
Volume 𝑚𝑣 = of volume
Compressibility 1 + 𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒 compressibility
Tv = time factor
Coefficient of
Consolidation
𝑘 Uz = Degree of
𝐶𝑣 = consolidation
𝛾𝑤 𝑚𝑣
Time Factor 𝑐𝑣 𝑡
𝑇𝑣 = 2
𝐻𝑑𝑟
𝜋 𝑈 2
𝑇𝑣 = ( )
4 100
(𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 0 < 𝑈 ≤ 60%)
𝑇𝑣 = 1.781 − 0.933 log(100 − 𝑈)

(when 60% < U ≤ 100%)
Degree of 𝑢 0 − 𝑢𝑧 𝑢𝑧
Consolidation 𝑈𝑧 = = (1 − ) 100%
𝑢0 𝑢0
26. GEOTECHNICAL 7: SHEAR STRENGTH OF

SOILS
26.1 Direct Shear Test
Direct Shear A = Area of soil
Test 𝑁 = 𝜎𝐴 specimen
𝐹 = 𝜏𝐴 c = Undrained
shear strength or
𝐹𝑓 = 𝜇𝑁 cohesion
C = Cohesion
𝜇 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅ F = Shear force
N = Normal force
𝐹𝑐 = 𝑐𝐴 𝜎 = Normal stress
𝐹 − 𝐹𝑓 − 𝐹𝑐 = 0 𝜏 = Shear stress
𝜇 = Coefficient of
𝐹 = 𝐹𝑓 + 𝐹𝑐 internal friction
∅ = Angle of
𝜏𝐴 = 𝜇𝑁 + 𝑐𝐴 internal friction
𝜏𝐴 = (𝑡𝑎𝑛∅)(𝜎𝐴) + 𝑐𝐴
Relationship
of Shear
Strength of 𝜏 = 𝑐 + 𝜎𝑡𝑎𝑛∅
Soil and
Normal Stress
For Normally
Consolidated 𝜏 = 𝜎𝑡𝑎𝑛∅
Clay, C=0
For Over
Consolidated 𝜏 = 𝑐 + 𝜎𝑡𝑎𝑛∅
Clay
26.2 Triaxial Test

Triaxial Test ∅ c = Undrained
𝜃 = 45 + shear strength or
2 cohesion
FP = Failure
∆𝜎 = 2𝑟 = 𝐷 plane
MNP = Minor
𝜎1 = 𝜎3 + ∆𝜎 principal plane
MJP = Major
principal plane
∅ = Angle of
internal friction
𝜎1 = Major
principal stress,
max normal stress
𝜎3 = Minor
principal stress,
min normal stress
∆𝜎 = Deviator
stress or diameter
of Mohr Circle
𝜎𝑓 = Normal
stress at failure
plane
𝜏𝑓 = Shear stress
at failure plane
𝜃 = Angle that the
failure plane
makes with the
major principal
stress
27. GEOTECHNICAL 8: LATERAL EARTH

PRESSURE
27.1. Lateral Earth Pressure (Horizontal Soil Stress)
Vertical Earth Pv = Vertical earth
Pressure 𝑃𝑣 = 𝛾ℎ pressure
Lateral Earth Ph = Lateral earth
Pressure pressure
k = Lateral earth
𝑃ℎ = 𝑘𝛾ℎ pressure coefficient
𝛾 = Effective unit
weight of soil
h = height of soil
27.2. Three Categories

At Rest At Rest = Soil
𝑃0 = 𝑘0 𝛾ℎ pressure which
Active causes no wall
𝑃𝑎 = 𝑘𝑎 𝛾ℎ movement
Passive Active= Soil
pressure which
causes wall to
move away from
𝑃𝑝 = 𝑘𝑝 𝛾ℎ soil
Passive = Soil
pressure which
causes wall to
move toward soil
27.3. Additional Earth Pressure Parameters

Water k = Lateral earth
𝑃𝑤 = 𝛾𝑤 ℎ pressure coefficient
Cohesion
𝑃𝑐 = −2𝑐√𝑘 (𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)
𝑃𝑐 = 2𝑐√𝑘 (𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒)
Surcharge
𝑃𝑞 = 𝑘𝑞
27.4. At- Rest Earth Pressure

Jaky, 1944
𝑘0 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
Sherif, Fang 𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦
& Sherif, 𝑘0 = (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅) + 5.5 ( − 1)
1984 𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦(min)
Massarch, 𝑘0 = 0.44 + 0.42𝑃𝐼
1979
OCR
𝑘0(𝑂𝐶) = 𝑘0(𝑁𝐶) √𝑂𝐶𝑅
27.5. Rankine’s Theory, 1857

Active Earth
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − √cos 2 𝛼 − cos 2 𝛽) ∅ = angle of
Pressure 𝑘𝑎 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 ( ) internal friction (or
Coefficient 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + √cos 2 𝛼 − cos 2 𝛽)
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ angle of shearing
𝑘𝑎 = ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝛼 = 0 resistance)
𝛼 = Slope of
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ backfill (soil mass)
Passive Earth
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + √cos 2 𝛼 − cos 2 𝛽) with respect to
Pressure 𝑘𝑝 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 ( ) horizontal surface
Coefficient 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − √cos 𝛼 − cos 𝛽)2
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
𝑘𝑝 = ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝛼 = 0
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
27.6. Coulomb’s Theory, 1776

2
Active sin (𝛽 + ∅) ∅ = angle
Earth 𝑘𝑎 = 2 of internal
Pressure sin(∅ + 𝛿 ) sin(∅ − α) friction
Coefficient sin2 𝛽 sin(𝛽 − 𝛿 ) [1 + √ ] (or angle
sin(𝛽 − 𝛿 ) sin(𝛼 + 𝛽 )
of
shearing
resistance)
𝛽 = angle
of back
face
inclined
with the
horizontal
𝛿 = wall
friction
angle
𝛼 = Slope
of backfill
(soil
mass)
with
respect to
horizontal
surface
Passive sin2 (𝛽 + ∅)
Earth 𝑘𝑝 = 2
Pressure sin(∅ + 𝛿 ) sin(∅ + α)
Coefficient sin2 𝛽 sin(𝛽 − 𝛿 ) [1 − √ ]
sin(𝛽 + 𝛿 ) sin(𝛼 + 𝛽 )
28. STATICS
29. DYNAMICS
30. STRESS-STRAIN
31. STATICALLY INDETERMINATE and TORSIONAL MEMBERS
32.

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1.

1.3. Most Probable Value

1.5. Bumble Sensitivity

1.6. Effect of Curvature of the Earth

1.7. Traverse Surveying

𝑃𝐷𝐴 = 𝐷𝑀𝐷 × 𝐿𝑎𝑡

𝑃𝐷𝐴 = 𝐷𝑃𝐷 × 𝐷𝑒𝑝

1.9. Balancing a Survey

2.2. Subtense Bar Method

2.3. Topographic Surveying

2.5. Mine Surveying

2.6. Areas of Irregular Boundaries

3.5. Spiral Curve

Equation Formula Variables

4.3. Partial Fractions

5.2. Work Problems

5.3. Mixture Problems

5.4. Motion Problems

5.5. Clock Problems

5.9. Geometric Progression

6.2. Trigonometric Functions

6.3. Trigonometric Properties

6.5. Trigonometric Identities

6.5.4. Sum and Difference Identities

6.5.5. Double Angle Identities

6.5.6. Half Angle Identities

6.7. Triangle Inequality and Ambiguity

Given b and h 1 A = area

Given side a and A = area

Given diagonals 1 A = area

Given diagonals 1 A = area

Given diagonals 𝑎+𝑏 A = area

Basic 360° A = area

7.2.3. Sector of Circle

Arc C 𝜋𝑟𝜃 A = area

7.2.4. Segment of Circle

Given lengths a A = area

Given sides a, b, 𝑎𝑏𝑐 AT = area of

7.3.2. Circle inscribed in Triangle

Given sides a, b, 𝐴𝑇 AT = area of

Given sides 𝐴𝑇 𝐴𝑇 𝐴𝑇 AT = area of

7.3.4. Circle circumscribed about a Quadrilateral

Given sides Aq = area of

7.3.5. Circle inscribed in Quadrilateral

Given sides 𝐴𝑞 Aq = area of

7.4.2. Rectangular Parallelpiped

7.4.3. Cube (Regular Hexahedron)

7.4.4. Truncated Prism

7.5.2. Frustum of a Pyramid

Volume ℎ A1 = lower base area

7.7.2. Right Circular Cone

Slant Height V = volume

Volume ℎ A1 = lower base area

7.7.4. Frustum of a Right Circular Cone

Slant Height V = volume

7.8.1. Spherical Segment of One Base

7.8.2. Spherical Segment of Two Bases

7.8.3. Spherical Cone or Spherical Sector

7.8.5. Spherical Polygon

7.9. Solid of Revolution

1st E = spherical excess

Volume 4 A = surface area

7.12. Prismoidal Rule