 DRUGS – are any [chemical] substances that change the way the body functions mentally, physically, or emotionally

(Keane, Reaper-Reynolds, Williams, and Wolfe, 2005).

 DRUG ABUSE – is the use of licit or illicit chemical substance that results in physical, mental, emotional, and social
impairment (Lee, 2013).
 DRUG ADDICTION – (also referred to as drug dependence) is known as an individual’s dependence on drugs without
due regard to accepted medical practice.
It is a chronic brain disorder characterized by a compulsive drug-seeking behavior and use despite
negative consequences.
 Drug abuse occurs in the following situations (Gasilla-dela Cruz, 2005):
1. Use of drugs that have the capacity to change the mood or behavior even without benefit or prescription.
2. Use of drugs for a purpose different from the reason of prescription; and 3. Use of drugs without legitimate
medical application for purposes other than research.
 Republic Act 9165 or Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 – Amended to provide a more intensive
approach in addressing problems in drug abuse, drug addiction, and drug trafficking.
 To feel good - Most drugs can produce feeling of euphoria or intense feeling of pleasure.
 To feel better (self-medicating) - Some people who suffer from multitude of ailments turn to drugs and alcohol to
ease their pain, like a short-term solution.
 To do better - Some drugs improve cognitive and athletic performance upon intake.
 Curiosity and experimenting - Satisfaction of their curiosity is done by “experiencing” it.
 Social pressure - Adolescents are most likely to be influenced into taking drugs due to peer pressure. The drive to try
drugs is prompted by the need to fit in to a certain group and for the sake of “pakikisama”.
 Mental Health Disorder - Some people use substances to cope with difficult feelings and lessen their stress
whenever they are experiencing depression, anxiety, and PTSD.
 Family history/genetics - A person may have a genetic predisposition of developing addiction to drugs and alcohol if
s/he has a family history of drug addiction.
 Loneliness - Addiction to substances can begin at the time an individual feels lonely or isolated from his friend,
family, or loved ones. S/he turns into drugs and alcohol, hoping to fill the void that s/he feels.
 Recreation - Some people use drugs and alcohol with friends to unwind or relax. Frequent use of recreational drugs
and substances may result in addiction.
 A. Physical/Physiological Health
a. Systemic
i. Heart conditions (e.g., abnormal heart rates, heart attacks, collapsed veins and blood vessels)
ii. Lung disease
iii. Liver damage or liver failure
iv. Kidney problems
b. General Health
i. Weakened immune system and increased risk of illness and infection
ii. Nausea and abdominal pain, which may lead to changes in appetite, weight loss, and malnutrition
iii. Blood transmitted disease
iv. Seizures or stroke
v. Skin infections
B. Psychological/Mental Health and Behavior
a. Brain damage b. Mental confusion
c. Depression that leads to suicide
d. Paranoia, psychosis, or hallucination (auditory and visual)
e. Stress
f. Problems with memory, attention, and decision-making (impaired judgment)
g. Aggressiveness
h. Loss of self-control
C. Economic effects
a. Employment loss
b. Academic difficulties
c. Financial problems
D. Social effects
a. Conflictual/Dysfunctional relationships
b. Violence
 c. Safety
E. Spiritual/Moral effects
a. Lowering of moral values
b. Indulge in prostitution
 PREVENTIVE EDUCATION programs seek to discourage abstainers and impending users from experimenting with
illegal drugs.
 COUNSELLING – Addiction counselling aims to help the drug users in achieving and maintaining abstinence, and deal
with their recovery (Psychological Health Care, n.d.).
 DRUG REHABILITATION – administered to drug dependents who tend to abuse drug almost everyday within a week
(Agas et al., 2019).
Treatment facilities help an individual to recover from drug addiction by guiding them to make positive changes
in their lives through rectification of maladaptive behaviors.
 PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENT – It is administered to mentally ill chemical abusers or those individuals who manifest
signs and symptoms of psychotic disorders (e.g., hallucinations, delusions, etc.) caused by drugs (Agas et al., 2019).
 Republic Act No. 10121 – known as the “Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010.
A law that transforms the disaster management system of the Philippines from disaster relief to disaster risk
reduction.
 Presidential Decree No. 1566 – known as the “Strengthening the Philippine Disaster Control, Capability and
Establishing the National Program on Community Disaster Preparedness”.
disaster management focused on disaster response and impacts of disaster.
 HAZARDS – are dangerous phenomena, events, or conditions, natural or human-induced that may cause loss of life,
injury, property damage, loss of livelihood and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental
degradation resources to the extent of causing a disaster.
 DISASTER – is an outcome of a hazard’s impact on a community.
Also described as a situation or occurrence, usually catastrophic in nature, that severely impacts and cause
serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society. H x R + V = Disaster
 DISASTER MANAGEMENT – It refers to various planned and implemented activities that aim to maintain control
over disaster and emergency situation.
 Components of Disaster Management
1. Disaster Prevention – refers to the actions designed to hinder the occurrence of a disaster or avoid its
harmful effects on communities.
2. Disaster Mitigation – refers to the measures taken before the occurrence of a disaster in order to
lessen or limit the adverse impacts of hazards.
3. Disaster Preparedness – refers to activities that enable government, organizations, communities, and
individuals to respond rapidly and effectively in minimizing the impact of disaster.
4. Disaster Response – refers to activities undertaken immediately during or and after a disaster, in order
to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety, and provide the basic needs of the people to
survive. Also called “disaster relief operations”
5. Recovery – refers to the process of assessing the communities to return to their proper level of
functioning after a disaster.
6. Rehabilitation – measures that help the affected communities to restore their normal level of
functioning by restoring livelihood and rebuilding damaged infrastructures.
 Hydro-meteorological hazards include tropical cyclones (i.e., tropical depression, tropical storm, and typhoons) and
flood.
 On the other hand, geological hazards include earthquakes and tsunami.
 CYCLONE – is an intense low pressure system characterized by strong spiral winds towards the center or the “eye”.
 Tropical depression (maximum winds from 35 kph to 63 kph)
 Tropical storm (maximum winds from 64 kph to 118 kph)
 Typhoon (maximum winds exceeding 118 kph).
 FLOOD – is usually caused by a temporary rise or overflowing of bodies of water (e.g., river, stream, lakes, oceans,
reservoirs, or other water course) in times of tropical cyclones, monsoons, active low pressure areas, storm surges,
and tsunami along coastal areas.
 EARTHQUAKE – is a feeble shaking to violent trembling of the ground produced by sudden displacement of rocks or
rock material beneath the earth’s surface. It has two types – tectonic and volcanic.
 TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE – occurs when the rocks in the earth’s crust break due to the movement of tectonic plates.
 VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKE – on the other hand, is induced by volcanic activity, specifically, the rising magma beneath
active volcanoes.
 TSUNAMIS – are series of giant sea waves generated by under-the-sea earthquakes. (a) strongly-felt earthquake; (b)
sudden drop or rise of seawater; and (c) roaring sound of incoming waves.
 SURVIVAL KIT
 Young citizens are encouraged to involve themselves in rendering assistance and services to the community in times
of calamities.
 FISRT AID – is defined as the immediate and temporary treatment given to a person who has been injured or
suddenly taken ill, using the facilities or materials available at the time of injury or accident.
 FIRST AIDER – is the person who attempts to save lives, prevent complications or further injury, aid recovery, and
relieve the pain of the patients during accidents or emergencies while waiting for medical assistance to arrive.
 Qualities of a Good First Aider (Philippine Red Cross, n.d.).
 Gentle – Do not cause more pain.
 Observant – Notice all signs in the body of the victim.
 Resourceful – Make the best use of the material at hand.
 Sympathetic – Comfort the victim.
 Tactful – Do not alarm the patient to avoid nervous breakdown.
Respectable – Maintain a professional and caring attitude.
 REACT: Ways to Respond to Emergencies
1. Recognize the emergency.
2. Environment safety.
3. Assess the victim.
4. Call for help.
5. Treat the victim.
 First Aid for Common Accidents
1. Severe bleeding of wound on limb (Piazza, 2014; and Harvard Health Publishing, 2017))
 Apply direct pressure to the wound using a clean compress to stop the bleeding.
 Raise and support the injured part. Elevate the wound above the heart.
 To keep the injury high, lay down the victim.
 Secure with bandage.
2. Choking (EMS Safety Services, Inc., 2011; and Gasilla-dela Cruz et al., 2007)
 Mild Obstruction (a person is able to cough forcefully or speak)
o Encourage the person to cough until the obstruction is relieved.
o Monitor for progression to severe obstruction.
 Severe obstruction (a person is unable to speak)
o Perform the Heimlich Maneuver.
o Stand behind the person and reach under his/her arms.
o Clench a fist and put it right under the breastbone.
o Grasp the fist firmly with the other hand.
o Perform quick inward and upward thrusts to give the victim a hard squeeze that would help him/her expel
the object.
 Unresponsive or unconscious choking person
o Lay the victim on his back.
o Perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). (Refer to the discussion on CPR.)
3. Shock, Fainting, or Dizziness (Piazza, 2014)
 Responsive victims o Have the victim lie on his/her back. The head should be positioned lower than the body.
o Raise and support the legs above the level of the heart.
o Loosen any tight clothing that constricts the neck, chest, and waist.
o Cover the victim with coat or blanket to keep him/her warm.
 For unresponsive victims, perform CPR.
4. Sprain
 Immobilize. Do not move.
 Reduce swelling by applying an ice pack wrapped in a moist cloth for 15-20 minutes.
 Wrap an elastic bandage around the injury in a spiral, overlapping manner to control swelling.
  Elevate the injury above the level of the heart to minimize swelling if it does not cause more pain to the
victim.
5. Fracture and Dislocations (American Red Cross, 2014)
 Place splint (e.g., board) under the injured part.
 Secure bandage
 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (Gasilla-dela Cruz, 2005; and American Red Cross, 2014)
 Place the victim on his/her back.
 Place the heel of one hand at the center of the person’s chest.
 Place the heel of the other hand on top of the first hand and interlock your fingers.
 Straighten your arms and press down hard (5 cm down) and fast (2 times per second). The chest should come
back fully each time.
 Compress the chest 30 times at a rate of 100 compressions per minute.
 If you can perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation or rescue breaths, follow these steps to give two (2) rescue
breaths after 30 chest compressions:
 Gently tilt the head back.
 Open the victim’s airways (mouth) and pinch the nose using your thumb and index finger.
 Cover the victim’s mouth completely with your mouth.
 Take a deep breath, cover the victim’s mouth completely with your mouth, and blow air for one (1) second
until his/her chest rises. When you take your mouth off the victim’s mouth, his/her chest should fall fully.
 Continue cycles of CPR.
 Seven Principles of Environment
1. Everything is connected to everything else. (Ang lahat ng bagay ay magkaugnay.) – This principle is best
exemplified by the concept of ecosystem. All components of the ecosystem are interconnected, thus having
consequences that affect one another.
2. Everything must go somewhere. (Ang lahat ng bagay ay may patutunguhan.) – This sentence is an informal
way of stating that matter is indestructible. In nature, the waste excreted by an organism will be taken as food
by another organism.
3. Nature knows best. (Ang kalikasan ang mas nakakaalam.) – For every organic substance present and
produced by living organisms, an enzyme.
4. All forms of life are important. (Ang lahat na may buhay ay mahalaga.) – Consider the world as a big jigsaw
puzzle. Every living organism has a role to play in order to maintain the balance in the ecosystem.
5. Ours is a finite earth. (Ang kalikasan ay may hangganan.) – Nature provides the resources needed for the
survival of living organisms. However, overexploitation and depletion of natural resources occur when we
consume the resources excessively, extensively, and faster than the rate of its replenishment
6. Nature is beautiful and we are stewards of God’s creation. (Ang kalikasan ay maganda at tayo ang
tagapangasiwa ng lahat ng nilikha ng Diyos.) – Stewardship refers to the theological belief that humans are
given the responsibility to manage the goods, and take care of the properties and resources in the world. In
other words, we, humans, are caretakers of the things that God has created.
7. Everything changes. (Ang lahat ay nagbabago.) – As the saying goes, the only thing that remains permanent
in the world is change. This also applies to environment, or nature in a larger scale.
 Linear changes – refer to those changes that occur naturally through time.
 Cyclic changes – rhythms in floral and faunal life stages that go with the changes in seasons.
 Random changes – include the natural catastrophes that destroy natural habitats and kill living organisms.
 Nuclear wastes – are hazardous wastes made radioactive by exposure to the radiation during the production/
utilization of nuclear fuels.
 Toxic wastes – are poisonous substances that have carcinogenic [tending to cause cancer], mutagenic [causes
permanent change in organisms’ genes], and teratogenic [causing disturbance of the development of an embryo or
fetus] effects on living organisms.
 Climate change – is defined as “a change in the pattern of weather, and related changes in oceans, land surfaces
and ice sheets, occurring over time scales of decades or longer” that may be due to natural and/or human-induced
causes.
 In the Philippines, the following scenarios are some of the effects of climate change that the country faces
 El Niño  Sea level rise  Ocean acidification
 Anthropogenic (human-induced) factors are found to contribute more to climate change as humans generate more
greenhouse gas emissions.
 Carbon dioxide – sources: energy production including burning fossil fuels, and cement production.
 Methane – sources: digestive system of domesticated or grazing animals (e.g., cows, goats, pigs, and horses),
landfills (place where waste materials are disposed and covered over with soil over the years), waste dumps, oil
drilling, coal mining, leaking gas pipelines, natural gas and petroleum industries.
 Nitrous oxide – source: fertilizers
 SOLID WASTE – defined in the Republic Act No. 9003 as “all discarded household commercial waste, non-hazardous
institutional and industrial waste, street sweeping, construction debris, agricultural waste and other non-hazardous
and non-toxic solid waste”
 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT – legally referred to as the systematic administration of activities associated with the
“control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a
manner that is in accord with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics,
and other environmental considerations (Republic Act No. 9003, 2001, p. 6).
 3 R’s
 Reduce o Decrease the amount of trash/garbage produced on a daily basis.
o Buy only what you need.
o Buy in bulk.
o Prefer to use items that you can re-use.
 Reuse
o Recover materials intended for the same or different purpose without the alteration of physical and
chemical characteristics.
o Reuse items more than once.
o Reuse environmentally-friendly bags.
 Recycle
o Put a product to a new use instead of just throwing it away.
o Treat used or waste materials through a process of making them suitable for beneficial use and for other
purposes.
 WASTE SEGREGATION – defined as the solid waste management practice of separating different materials found in
solid waste in order to promote recycling and re-use of resources, and to reduce the volume of waste for collection
and disposal (Republic Act No. 9003, 2001).
 BIODEGRADABLE WASTES – are materials or substances that can be broken down or decomposed easily by bacteria
or other natural organisms; thus, can be turned into compost. Also include the compostable wastes (e.g., garden
wastes (grass cuttings, and plant trimmings/leaves).
 NON-BIODEGRADABLE WASTES – wastes cannot be broken down or decomposed by the biological process or
natural organisms.
 RECYCABLE WASTES – After retrieving these waste materials from the waste stream, it will be decontaminated or
cleaned by the recyclers and will be transformed into new products to become beneficial.
 SPECIAL WASTES
a. Hazardous wastes - Examples: Busted fluorescent bulbs, expired/discarded paints, clinical wastes (used
sharps, dressings, etc.), empty paint thinner/pesticide/chemical containers, used oil filters, and used/waste oils
b. Bulky wastes - Examples: yard wastes (tree trunks and large branches of trees), and building
repair/maintenance wastes (rocks, stones, demolished concrete, wood/metal scraps, etc.)
c. Waste electronic and electrical equipment (WEEE) or E-wastes - These wastes are the broken or unwanted
electrical and electronic equipment that should be disposed responsibly to avoid contaminating the
environment.