RE

This worksheet was develop

Hygiene Association and Pr
three years work begun in 2
groups that are looking for
the selection, inputs, outpu
team and found to be usefu
should not be considered e
explored but found to be in
languages, etc.), or were un
Members are encouraged t
awareness of new or unrev
Committee Math Modeling
 READ ME FIRST
orksheet was developed by volunteers with the American Industrial
e Association and Product Stewardship Society. It is the culmination of
years work begun in 2016. It is for use by those members of the two
that are looking for introductory and comparative information regarding
ection, inputs, outputs and differences between models explored by the
and found to be useful in assessing exposures to humans from products. It
not be considered exhaustive, as there are many models that were
ed but found to be inaccessible to the general member (fee-based, other
ges, etc.), or were unwieldly or could not be validated as functional.
ers are encouraged to participate in the member societies and raise
ness of new or unreviewed models to the Exposure Assessment Strategies
ittee Math Modeling group of AIHA for further consideration.
 D
The American Industrial Hygiene
(PSS), as publisher, and the auth
and methods addressed in this b
and industrial hygiene practices
discussed will require modificati
regulations, or heretofore unkno

AIHA, PSS and the authors discla

indirectly from the use of the pr
Moreover, it is the reader’s resp
state, or local regulations that m
policies adopted specifically in t

Specific mention of manufacture

endorsement by AIHA or PSS.
 DISCLAIMER
ndustrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) and Product Stewardship Society
her, and the authors have been diligent in ensuring that the material
ddressed in this book reflect prevailing occupational health and safety
hygiene practices. It is possible, however, that certain procedures
equire modification because of changing federal, state, and local
heretofore unknown developments in research.

he authors disclaim any liability, loss, or risk resulting directly or

the use of the practices and/or theories discussed in this book.
the reader’s responsibility to stay informed of any changing federal,
egulations that might affect the material contained herein, and the
d specifically in the reader’s workplace.

n of manufacturers and products in this book does not represent an

y AIHA or PSS.
Getting Introduced to a Model

The following briefly steps through a process of self-validating a model, or in other words, demonstrating to your s
works as it's supposed to. Many of these models are published by regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Environmen
downloaded for free. The example presented here is for the EPA's Exposure and Fate Assessment Screening Tool V
contains a family of models, one of which is used to assess exposures to chemical substances in consumer product
CEM. CEM was developed for use in assessments performed under the Toxic Substances Control Act.

The process is as follows:

Step 1: Download the software and manual

One caution – with some networks, administrator privileges might be required to install some models. Assistance
software and user’s guide can be downloaded from this link <https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/e-fast-exp
tool-version-2014>.

Step 2: Click through the screens and prompts

Get a feel for the workflow of the model and what kinds of input values are needed to run it.

Step 3: Read the manual

Not front to back, but interactively while exploring the model.

Step 4: ‘Exercise’ the model

This is best done using an example that someone else has worked out. Fortunately for E-FAST (CEM), there are wo
input values and resulting outputs. These are found in EPA’s consumer products risk assessment for trichloroethyl
self-validation exercise is found on the TCE rulemaking docket <https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-che
chemical-risk-assessment>. The scenario used in this self-validation exercise is an attachment to the EPA’s risk asse
rulemaking docket at this link: https://www.regulations.gov/docket?D=EPA-HQ-OPPT-2012-0723

Step 5: Ready to run your own scenario

This step converts a narrative description of an exposure scenario, source, pathway, receptor, into input values. D
and exposure factors are available depending on the type of inputs needed. The user’s guide may have suggestion
results and see if they “make sense”. Use a sensitivity analysis to see how stable the model results are with chang

Step 6: Optional - reproduce your calculations

While not feasible for highly complex model, reproducing model calculations by hand or using a spreadsheet is a go
understanding of the model and material in the user’s guide. In cases where it’s not possible to exercise the mode
validation process involves reproducing model results by hand. Note some models are very tedious to set up accur
demonstrating to your satisfaction that a newly-introduced model
h as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and can be
ssment Screening Tool Version 2.0 (E-FAST) (EPA, 2007). E-FAST
es in consumer products, called the Consumer Exposure Model or
ontrol Act.

me models. Assistance from IT might be needed. The E-FAST

reening-tools/e-fast-exposure-and-fate-assessment-screening-

it.

AST (CEM), there are worked out example scenarios with both
sment for trichloroethylene (EPA, 2014). The scenario used in this
ssing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/tsca-work-plan-
ent to the EPA’s risk assessment that can found on the TCE
2-0723

tor, into input values. Different databases of chemical properties

de may have suggestions for obtaining model inputs. Look at the
el results are with changing input values.

ing a spreadsheet is a good method for creating a deeper

ble to exercise the model with a worked-out example, the self-
y tedious to set up accurately in another calculation environment.
Term
Agent

Article

Assessment

Cradle-to-Grave
Dermal Absorption

Dose (Absorbed)

Dose
Effect

Exposed Population

Exposure

Exposure Assessment
Exposure Pathway
Exposure Route

Exposure Scenario
Hazard
Hazard Identification
Migration
Product
Source

Task-based Assessment

Conceptual models (First

principle)

Non-conceptual models

Empirical models

Control banding
Occupational exposure
banding (hazard banding)

Parametric statistical
tests

Non-parametric
statistical tests
Definition
A chemical, biological, or physical entity. Examples: chemical, biological, physical.

Article means a manufactured item: (i) which is formed to a specific shape or design during manufacture; (ii) which has end us
dependent in whole or in part upon its shape or design during end use; and (iii) which does not release, or otherwise result in
hazardous agent chemical under normal conditions of use.
The process of assembling information and subjecting it to detailed examination in order to understand its nature or implicatio
the exposure from the product); a synonym for this term is "analysis".

A cradle→to→grave assessment considers impacts at each stage of a product’s life cycle, from the time natural resources are
ground and processed through each subsequent stage of manufacturing, transportation, product use, recycling, and ultimately
The transfer of contaminant across the skin, and subsequent incorporation into the body.
Amount of a substance penetrating the exchange boundaries of an organism after contact; calculated from intake and absorpti
expressed as mg/kg-day.
The amount of agent that enters a target after crossing an exposure surface. If the exposure surface is an absorption barrier, t
absorbed dose/uptake dose (see uptake); otherwise it is an intake dose (see intake).
Change in the state or dynamics of a system caused by the action of an agent; specific to human health, an effect at an organ l

That group of exposure receptors (always humans) under the constraints of the exposure scenarios used within the exposure
Contact with, inhalation of, or ingestion of an agent which may occur during production, handling, manufacturing, storage, use
product containing that agent
Process to analyze basic characterizion information, resulting in a qualitative or quantitaitive estimate of the exposure to an ag
use conditions/exposure scenarios.
Path an agent takes from its source or release thru air, water or soil resulting in a route of exposure to a human
The way a human comes into contact with an agent (ingestion, inhalation, dermal contact, or injection).
A set of facts, assumptions, and inferences about how exposure takes place, such as task,frequency, duration, route of exposu
ventilation rates, that aids the exposure assessor in estimating exposure.
Inherent property of an agent having the potential to cause adverse effects in a human.
Identifying the hazards and assembling the associated qualitative or quantitative information to be used in a hazard assessme
Transfer of substances from food contact materials, articles or packaging into food products or food simulants.
Something manufactured or refined for distribution or use in commerce.
The origin of an agent for the purposes of an exposure assessment.
Assessment of an exposure profile defined by the manner of normal task performance that incorporates the hazard, exposure
conditions impacting the assessment.

Models accounting for and based on the physical realities such as the conservation of mass and energy. Note: The "truthfulne
is self-evident. Accurate input and alignment between model assumptions (i.e., ‘perfect mixing’) with the actual scenario will
exposure estimates. These models are also referred to as mathematical or analytical models.
Models that are not based on the principles of mass or energy balance or any other physical laws. The relationship of model p
reality is unclear and models are typically unvalidated.

Models that are based on observation, experiment, or sampling data. The user must observe a corresspondence between the
scenario being modeled. IH monitoring data often form the backbone of these models.

A qualitative risk management process where the assessment of toxicity and a few simple exposure factors lead to an exposur
(See Occupational exposure banding)
Occupational exposure banding, or hazard banding, is a process that assigns chemicals into specific hazard categories, or 'haza
their toxicological profiles, which are often limited. This process is often used when there is no available OEL for a chemical. T
be ordered by severity, and then associated with an exposure concentration range, with the upper end of the range representi
allowable exposure concentration.

Statistical tests are said to be parametric if an underlying statistical distribution, described by appropriate parameters, is based
computations involving these parameters. In other words, these tests assume that something is known about the population
population distribution that the data came from. The assumption that exposure data is log-normal allows use of parametric te
decisions about those exposure data.

Statistical methods that do not assume a particular statistical distribution for the statisic of interest (e.g., distribuion-free meth
are often used when data have a ranking, but no numerical value. These tests do not have the power of parametric tests, and
a larger sample size.
 Name of Model Link to Model Model Sponsor
CB Nanotool 2.0 https://controlbanding.llnl.gov/download David M. Zalk, PhD, CIH - Deputy Team Leader at
the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
(LLNL)
Samuel Y. Paik, PhD, CIH - technical lead for the
Industrial Hygiene Group within the Worker
Safety and Health Functional Area at the
Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL)

Precautionary Matrix for Synthetic Web-based version: Precautionary Matrix: Federal Office of Public
Nanomaterials https://www.bag.admin.ch/bag/en/home/gesund-leben/umwelt-und- Health, Switzerland
gesundheit/chemikalien/nanotechnologie/sicherer-umgang-mit-nanomaterialien/vorsorgeraster-
nanomaterialien-webanwendung.html

Downloadable version:
https://www.bag.admin.ch/bag/en/home/gesund-leben/umwelt-und-
gesundheit/chemikalien/nanotechnologie/sicherer-umgang-mit-nanomaterialien/vorsorgeraster-
nanomaterialien-downloadversion.html
Stoffenmanager Nano - module 1.0 Web-based tool:https://nano.stoffenmanager.nl/ Stoffenmanager Nano: Cosanta B.V.

NanoSafer http://www.nanosafer.org/ NanoSafer: National Research Center for the

Working Environment, Denmark and the Danish
Nanosafety Center

IH-MOD https://www.aiha.org/get-involved/VolunteerGroups/Pages/Exposure-Assessment-Strategies-Committee.aspxAIHA's Exposure Assessment Strategies

Committee (EASC)
ECETOC Targeted Risk Assessment http://www.ecetoc.org/tools/targeted-risk-assessment-tra/ European Center for Ecotoxicology and
(TRA) v3.1 - Integrated Tool Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC)

ECETOC Targeted Risk Assessment http://www.ecetoc.org/tools/targeted-risk-assessment-tra/ European Center for Ecotoxicology and
(TRA) v3.1 - Standalone Consumer Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC)
Tool
IH SKINPERM https://www.aiha.org/get-involved/VolunteerGroups/Pages/Exposure-Assessment-Strategies-Committee.aspxAIHA's Exposure Assessment Strategies
Committee (EASC) and the Dermal Project Team
(DPT) in collaboration with Wil ten Berge

The Advanced REACH Tool https://www.advancedreachtool.com/ The ART project is jointly funded by HSE (UK
Health and Safety Executive), the Dutch
Government, the AFSSET, the CEFIC LRI, Shell,
Eurometaux, the BOHS and GSK.

It brings together leading scientists from six

major research organizations across Europe: TNO
and the IRAS at the University of Utrecht in the
Netherlands, BAUA in Germany, NFA/NRCWE in
Denmark and IOM and HSL in the UK.
ConsExpo Web 1.0.2 https://www.rivm.nl/en/Topics/C/ConsExpo National Institute for Public Health and the
Environment

E-FAST (Exposure and Fate https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/e-fast-exposure-and-fate-assessment-screening-tool-version-2014 USEPA - Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
Assessment Tool) - CEM 2014 version
1.2
E-FAST (Exposure and Fate https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/approaches-estimate-consumer-exposure-under-tsca#consumer USEPA - Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
Assessment Tool) CEM - Consumer
Exposure Model (Access version 2.0)
 Model Principle Model Platform Output type Statistical Treatment of Output Target Population to be Assessed
Conceptual (First Principle) Access Qualitative/banding Qualitative Workers

Conceptual (First Principle) Web-based and downloadable Qualitative/banding Qualtitative Workers and consumers
application
Non-conceptual Web-based Qualitative/banding Qualitative Workers

Control Banding Approaches for

Nano Materials

Non-conceptual Web-based Qualitative/banding Qualtitative Workers

Conceptual (First Principle) Excel Quantitative Probabilistic/stochastic Workers and consumers

Conceptual (First Principle) Excel Quantitative Point Estimate/Deterministic Workers

Empirical Excel Quantitative Point Estimate/Deterministic Consumers

Conceptual (First Principle) Excel Quantitative Point Estimate/Deterministic Workers and consumers

Dermal Absorption of Chemicals

Non-conceptual Web-based Quantitative Probabilistic and deterministic Workers

Conceptual (First Principle) Web-based Quantitative Point Estimate/Deterministic Consumers

Conceptual (First Principle) Downloadable application Quantitative Point Estimate/Deterministic Consumers

Conceptual (First
Click through forPrinciple)
Glossary Access Quantitative Point Estimate/Deterministic Consumers
 Exposure Routes Physical Form Physical Form Details Weaknesses (negatives) and Limitations
Dermal and inhalation Engineered nano materials The rating scale is based on professional judgment.

Dermal and inhalation Engineered nano materials Data will expire in 20 minutes after last page view, so must
save work periodically.
Inhalation Engineered nano materials Includes agglomerates and aggregates ENP cannot be water soluble
The size of the primary particle is smaller
than 100 nm and / or the specific surface
area of a nanopowder is larger than 60
m2/g;

Inhalation Engineered nano materials Software is in English, but support documents are in Danish

Inhalation Vapor Estimating some inputs may be difficult for novice users.
Dermal and inhalation Vapor and particulates Use sufficiently conservative Tier-1 assumptions to provide
confidence that the methodology does not wrongly dismiss
risks that may later associated with concerns.

Does not predict exposure to gases. Does not account for

quantity.

Dermal and inhalation Vapor and particulates Use sufficiently conservative Tier-1 assumptions to provide
confidence that the methodology does not wrongly dismiss
risks that may later associated with concerns.
Dermal Liquid, vapor, and solids Model is accessible to EASC volunteer group (members only)

Evaporation rates and conditions can effect the accuracy of

the assessment

Some chemicals do not fit models due to their

characteristics

Users will need a basic understanding of chemicals

Interpretation of results can be difficult.

The lack of OELs for skin exposure means that there is rarely
a limit to use in risk assessment.

Pure substances or aqueous mixtures only, unless the water

solubility of the substance in the non-aqueous mixture is
known.

Molecular weight between 18 and 584

Log Kow between -3.7 and 5.49

Inhalation Vapor and particulates Cannot assess fumes, fibers, gases and dust from hot
metallurgical processes.

Not intended for consumer exposures.

Can only be used for inhalation exposures.

Dermal, inhalation, and oral
Dermal and inhalation
Vapor and particulates This model gives one the ability to assess The model asks for a lot of data inputs that may not be
solids, liquids or gasses. In addition, it gives readily available.
you the ability to assess mixtures (which is
typical for consumer products. All parameters must be known - model does not work if data
is missing.
The model does not handle nano particles.
Vapor and particulates Exposure to semi-volatile Organic Relatively lengthy list of inputs, though default values are
compounds (SVOCs) available if using one of the existing scenarios.
Dermal, inhalation, and oral Vapor and particulates Exposure to semi-volatile Organic Requires a relatively lengthy list of data inputs, though many
compounds (SVOCs) of the values needed can be estimated within the model or
using EpiSuite.

Requires Microsoft Access to run.

Relatively steep learning curve though there are multiple

examples of use to follow.
 Examples of Model Input Parameters
Exposure Route Details (including default scenarios) Model Output Strengths (Positives)
Surface reactivity - qualitative Generates an overall Risk Level 1-4, and Created so that a non-expert can use
Particle Shape associated recommended engineering it. Was tested against 5 operations
Particle diameter controls. Indicates whether the current that are running with controls
Solubility engineering controls (as entered by the user) established by experienced
CMR - Yes/No need to be upgraded. professionals, and the model
Dermal toxicity - Yes/No recommendations matched actual
Toxicity of parent material in mg/m3 (OEL) practice very closely.
CMR and dermal tox of parent - Yes/No
Amount used
Dustiness
Number of employees exposed
Frequency of operation
Duration of operation

Particle size Generates a classification category, A or B, Inputting data is relatively easy and
Type of nano material which establishes the precautionary need. are well explained. The outputs are
Redox Category A suggests the need for further very descriptive and provide good
Catalytic activity action is low. Category B suggests that nano- information.
Reactivity specific action is needed.
Stability of the material
Carrier model (gas, liquid, solid)
Amount handled by worker
Consumer
Product characteristics (name, supplier, SDS
and PIS dates, appearance, nano name,
concentration, fibrous or not, num of exposed
employees, usage volume, dates employees
work with product)
Handling/Process info (task duration and
frequency, proximity to breathing zone)
Work zone (size, ventilation, housekeeping
frequency, maintenance inspections)
Local control measures
Material name, main substance, information
on size/shape/etc. of the particle, solubility,
respirable dustiness index, hazard
classification
Exposure limits
Handling/process info: Process name, energy
level, time to perform the operation, number
of times performed/day, size of room, etc.
Room volume; air flow; worker's time in NF or Generates modeled concentrations in air
FF zones; number, duration and magnitude of compared with OELs (TLV, REL).
emission events
Generates a table of hazard and exposure
classes along with a risk score. Unique scores
are calculated for time weighted and task
weighted assessments.
Generates a report showing the control band
and protection factor.
Inputs are easy to select and
determine. Can determine the
impact on the exposure and risk class
of changing various control
measures.
Is flexible in that you can combine
different materials (with their
characteristics and hazards) along
with different processes to
determine the level of protection
needed.
Built from a standard modeling
approach (2-zone inhalation
exposure model published in AIHA's
modeling guide); probabilistic model;
assesses long-term and acute
exposures
Dermal estimate is based on external
exposure
Dermal estimate is based on external
exposure
Molecular weight, vapor pressure, DNEL
(dermal) reference value, process category,
task duration, concentration band, PPE
Molecular weight and vapor pressure for
inhalation exposure.
Substance/product Category and sub-
category.
DNEL reference values for inhalation, dermal,
and oral.
Weight fraction (optional).
Skin contact area (optional).
Amount used (optional).
Oral transfer factor (optional).
Dermal transfer factor (optional).
Generates airborne concentrations and
external dermal exposure, along with a risk
characterization ratio
Generates airborne concentrations and
external dermal exposure, along with a risk
characterization ratio
Customized to assessments
conducted for REACH.
Customized to assessments
conducted for REACH. Can handle a
variety of consumer products or
articles such as spray products,
coating, paints, adhesives, sealants,
wood, paper, and more as listed in
the drop down menu.
Dermal estimate is based on absorbed dose Chemical name
Dermal scenario (Splash, deposition over
time, dermal uptake from vapor, aqueous
mixture)
Deposition dose (for deposition over time
scenario)
Affected skin area (cm2)
Thickness of stagnant air
Timing parameters (observation time)
Airborne concentration (for vapor deposition
scenario)
Chemical name, CAS, (for liquids: vapor
pressure in Pa, mole fraction of substance (or
wt. percent), activity coefficient, liquid
temperature), (for solids: wt. percent,
dustiness) amount used, room size,
ventilation, separation, surface
contamination(housekeeping)
NF/FF sources.
Up to 4 activities. Assign duration to each
activity. Duration must total 480 minutes.
Allows for no exposure time period.
Generates a report providing total deposition
(mg), fraction absorbed (%), and amount
absorbed (mg), as well as a graph that displays
the fraction absorbed, the fraction that
volatizes to air, and the fraction in the stratum
corneum.
Generates an exposure estimate in mg/m3
and confidence interval (full shift or long term)
for the selected percentile and level of
confidence. Report can be downloaded in pdf understand the inputs. You can do a
or excel.
Includes a built-in database that
allows user to select from a list of
chemicals. Published article indicated
good reliability and accuracy. The
model is easy to use, easy to read
and comprehend reports, includes
the ability to add chemicals and
create a User's Database.
On-screen guidance is very helpful to
Bayesian update of the predictions
using analogous data from the
exposure data library or by uploading
your own analogous data. The model
has helpful guidance on creating the
data format to upload. I found this
model reasonably easy to use.
Considered a higher-tier model.
Data from 117 exposure scenarios
from workplaces can be used to
generate a Bayesian analysis.
Some of the data is from exposure
measurements.
Yields 8 hr. TWA and longer-term
estimates
Dermal estimate is based on absorbed dose This model has numerous parameters that can Generates estimates of exposure dose to the Allows for the saving of data and
be entered. substance in question. Provides graphs scenarios.
showing exposure over time based on data
This model also uses fact sheets provided by provided. Model will calculate sensitivity Provides fact sheets which can
ConsExpo - these are premade scenarios analysis if further data is known and provided. prepopulate data for specific
around consumer use scenarios. These safe a scenarios. This helps in assessment
great deal of time and can provide a good Both long- and short-term exposure estimates process.
assessment when one is working with are provided.
unknowns or is new to performing Considered a higher-tier model
assessments.

Default scenario, physical/chemical properties, Generates a formatted report with chronic Relatively easy to use; requires
use metrics, averaging time, room volume, (LADD, LADC), acute (ADR), and peak limited data inputs and the option to
receptor activities, weight fraction concentration estimates. use default values from selected
scenario.
Cas estimate dermal exposure from direct Numerous. Source concentrations; building The output agregates total indoor dose by There are built-in examples (EPA
contact as well as gas-to-skin contact characteristics, receptor activities; chemical pathway (inhalation, oral, dermal, etc.) and TSCA risk assessments) to improve
characteristics (solubility, diffusion receptor (child, adult, passerby, etc). understanding of this model.
Can estimate exposure via the oral route by coefficients; organic carbon partition Generates a table of exposure estimates and Considers essentially all major routes
hand-to-mouth contact, previously inhaled coefficients; Henry's law coefficient, etc. concentrations. of exposure
particles, and mouthing Model can incorporate different
environments indoor (residence,
office, school, or automobile) and
outdoor
EPA-backed
Comprehensive approach to
exposure modelling
Model can estimate unmeasured or
unknown values to enable the CEM
to run.
 Input

Garage size

Small bathroom
Ventilation rate for commercial buildings
Ventilation rate for industrial buildings

Hospital room square footage

Dental room square footage

Residential Air Exchange Rates

Typical residential room size - bedroom

Typical car size in the US
Hand and palm surface area

Surface area of both hands - 50% percentile

Surface area of both arms - 50th percentile

Mean body weight, males and females, ages
18-65
Mean body weight, males and females, ages 7-
16

Palmar surface area (one palm)

Total surface area of body (50th percentile)

Volatility bands
Respiration rates
Arm length for near field calculation
 Value

24X24X9 - 145 m3 - 2 1/2 car garage

12X20X8 - 55 m3 - 1 car garage

11 m3
See link for list of commercial buildings
6-10 ACH

250 ft2
10'5" X 11'9" in square footage
8' ceiling yields 28m3
.45 - 50th percentile, all regions
.18 - 10th percentile, all regions

27m3
3.4 m3
1% and .5% of total body surface area
.087 m2 - female
.107 m2 - male
.237 m2 - female
.316 m2 - male
75.61 kg
18 kg Standard deviation
47.8 kg
18.4 standard deviation
175 cm2 - male (150cm2 from Jenn's slides)
144 cm2 - female
2.07 m2 - male
1.82 m2 - female

<500 Pa - Minimal
500-1000 Pa - Low
1,000 - 10,000 Pa - Medium
>10,000 Pa - High
 Reference

http://www.americangaragebuilders.com/whatSize.asp
Exposure Factors Handbook, 2011. Chapter 19 Table 19-11. Assumes a
bathroom with 8ft ceilings, and 4'x12' dimensions
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/air-change-rate-room-d_867.html
Reference?

2006 Guidelines for Design and Construction of Health Care Facilities, obtained
from http://www.healthcaredesignmagazine.com/article/increasing-patient-
satisfaction-decreasing-patient-room-size

https://www.dentaleconomics.com/articles/print/volume-100/issue-2/columns/office-design/how-large-is-an-ideal-operatory

Exposure Factors Handbook, 2011. Chapter 19 Table 19-24.

Exposure Factors Handbook, 2011. Chapter 19 Table 19-11. Assumes a
bathroom with 8ft ceilings, and 10'x12' dimensions

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23448271
Table 7-13 EPA Exposure Factors Handbook
Table 7-12 EPA Exposure Factors Handbook
Table 7-13 EPA Exposure Factors Handbook
Table 7-12 EPA Exposure Factors Handbook

Table 8-25 EPA Exposure Factors Handbook, 2011

Table 8-25 EPA Exposure Factors Handbook, 2011

Table 7-12 EPA Exposure Factors Handbook, 2011

Table 7-13 EPA Exposure Factors Handbook, 2011

http://www.ecetoc.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/ECETOC-TR-093.pdfECETOC TRA TR 93 2004

Additional references: EPA Exposure Factors Handbook, 2011 Chapter 6 page
34/1436
Assessors Target Population Exposure Route Agent Concentration Capabilities
Stephen

Tom Workers Oral Single agent

Mike Consumers Dermal Mixture - concentration categories
Josie General population Inhalation Mixture - concentration not bound
Jon H Children Dermal and inhalation
John L Workers and consumDermal, inhalation, and oral
Hon
Pat
Carrie
Group
Denese
Model Platform Model Estimate Physical Form
Qualitative

Web-based Probabilistic/stochastic Vapor

Excel Point Estimate/Deterministic Particulates
Access Stochastic and deterministic Vapor and particulates
Downloadable application Engineered nano materials
Web-based and downloadable application Solids
Liquid and vapor
Liquid, vapor, and solids
 Model Principle Output type
Non-conceptual Quantitative

Conceptual (First Principle) Qualitative/banding

Empirical
Hybrid
nano materials

r, and solids