1.

What is the difference between clipping and back-formation, blend and clipping,
phrase and compounding, inflection and derivation, conversion and stress shift,
affixes and combining form. Clarify.

 clipping and back-formation

Clipping is different from back-formation– back-formation may change the part of
speech or the word's meaning, whereas clipping creates shortened words from
longer words, but does not change the part of speech or the meaning of the word.
+ The process that creates a new word by shortening a polysyllabic word. clipping
is normally used due to high ficquency of occurence in communication
EX: = Final clipping exam, info, demo,….
Initial clipping : phone,…
Initial final clipping: flu(influenza )
+A word formed by removing or changing the begining or end of a word that
already exists . Back formation is a process where by a word whose form is similar
to that of a derived form undergoes a process of deaffixation.
EX : donation(n) – donate, embody(v) – body(n), embrave(v)-brave(adj),…
 blend and clipping
+ The process that creates a new word by shortening a polysyllabic word. clipping
is normally used due to high ficquency of occurence in communication
EX: = Final clipping exam, info, demo,….
Initial clipping : phone,…
Initial final clipping: flu(influenza )
+blends are words that are from created from parts of two already existing lexical
items
EX : Brunch from breakfast and luch
Selectric from select and electric
Dancercise from dance and exercise
 phrase and compounding
COMPOUNDING (ghép):
The process of combining two or more words (free morphemes) to create a new
word (commonly a noun, verb, or adjective).
2.1 Ghép danh từ :
N+N motorcycle,printer cartridge,
N+V rainfall,haircut ,
N+Adv passer-by,
V+N driving licence,swimming pool,
V+Adv take-off,drawback,
 Adj +N greenhouse,solfware,
Adj + V dry-cleaning.
Adv + N bystander,
Adv +V output,overthrow.
2.2 Ghép tính từ
Adj/Adv/N + V-ing: Good –looking,far-reaching,long-lasting,never-ending,
N+ V-ed: Shop-soiled,
N+Adj trouble-free,lead-free,word-famous,
Adj+N deep- see,full-length.
Number + N Two-door,forty-mile.
2.3 Ghép động từ
Pre +V : Overrate,underline,outurn.
Avd + V :Downsize,upgrade
Adj + V :Whitewash,blacklist
N + V : brow beat,sidestep,manhandle.
PHRASE. A word or group of words that functions as a single unit in the syntax
of a sentence, usually consisting of a head, or central word, and elaborating
words. it can be 2 or more words. for example "garden of roses"(a garden of roses)
"devil may can" (an idiom meaning, having no caution, a risky attitude, careless
pff the danger )or even a complete sentence.
EX (n) the tidy mouse
(v) was talking
(A) very high
A beautiful view
 inflection and derivationSự khác nhau : inflection và derivation
Inflection : : different in grammar (time, singular) and meaning zero

change

Ex: play ->played. Do not change the word type Ex: play (verb)-> played (verb).

Derivation : creates words with different meanings, making word changes of type Ex: teach (verb)
->teacher (,Noun).

 conversion and stress shift

CONVERSION: a type of word formation. The creation of words by changing the
word-class, without affix addition (zero-derivation)
2.1 Total conversion (hai từ không thay đổi về trọng âm )
N -> V limit -> limit (V)
 A -> V Calm (A) -> Caim (V)
V -> N Catch(N) -> Catch
Phrase ->N Shut down (V)-> Shut down
2.2 Partial conversion
A -> N Wealthy (A) -> Wealthy .
Closed class -> N Must (aux) -> must .
STRESS SHIFT inventing a new word by shifting the place of stress shift
Ex: PREsent(N) -> preSENT(V)
EXport -> exPORT (V)
Record ->reCORD (V).
 affixes and combining form
Affixes
An affix is a bound morpheme that attaches to a root or stem to form a new
word, or a variant form of the same word.
EX Prefixes de-rail, ex-tend, in-capable,re-read
Suffixes happy-ness,like-ly,educa-tion
COMBINING FORM is a form of a word that only appears as part of another
word.
For example, -wise in clockwise is an adverb combining form; -like in birdlike is
an adjective combining form; -graph in photograph is a noun combining form; and
-lyze in electrolyze is a verb combining form.
A combining form can also differ from an affixes in its being divived from an
independent word.
For example, para- is a combining form in the word paratrooper because in that
word it represents the word parachute. Para- is a prefix, however, in the words
paranormal and paramedic.
4. Black Friday is an event that takes place after Thanksgiving holiday (last of
November 11). On Black Friday, users massively go shopping to prepare for
Christmas and New Year, then boosting the retail sales of retailers. black Friday in
the past, when this was recorded in the financial records, one-comon accounting
practices amounts Black Friday, would you redink shows poritive amounts. Black
Friday, under theory, is the beginning off the period when retailers would no
longer be “in the red”, instead talking in the year's profits.
We win as one: in the competition, there will be winners and losers. Someone will
take pride in their role models but someone else will have many different factors
that can,t have it. However, we have bried our best to overcome challenges and
ourselves to win ourselves
Moreover, reports make us closer and more close-knit.