Theoretical Computer Science Cheat Sheet

Calculus Cont. Finite Calculus

√
dx dx x2 ± a2 Difference, shift operators:
Z Z
1 a
62. √ = a arccos |x| , a > 0, 63. √ =∓ ,
x x2 − a2 x2 x2 ± a2 a2 x ∆f (x) = f (x + 1) − f (x),
√
x dx x2 ± a2 (x2 + a2 )3/2 E f (x) = f (x + 1).
Z p Z
64. √ = x2 ± a2 , 65. dx = ∓ ,
x2 ± a2 x4  3a2 x3 Fundamental Theorem:
  √
 2ax + b − b2 − 4ac  X
1 f (x) = ∆F (x) ⇔ f (x)δx = F (x) + C.
√ ln  √  , if b2 > 4ac,

  

dx
Z  2
b − 4ac 2
2ax + b + b − 4ac  b b−1
=

66. X X
ax2 + bx + c  2 2ax + b f (x)δx = f (i).
√ arctan √ if b2 < 4ac,

 , a i=a
4ac − b2 4ac − b2
Differences:

1  √ p 
∆(cu) = c∆u, ∆(u + v) = ∆u + ∆v,
√ ln 2ax + b + 2 a ax2 + bx + c , if a > 0,
  

dx a
Z 
67. √ = ∆(uv) = u∆v + E v∆u,
ax2 + bx + c  1 −2ax − b
√
 arcsin √ , if a < 0, ∆(xn ) = nxn−1 ,
−a b2 − 4ac
∆(Hx ) = x−1 , ∆(2x ) = 2x ,
2ax + b p 2 4ax − b2 dx
Z p Z
x x
ax2 + bx + c dx = √ ∆(cx ) = (c − 1)cx ,



68. ax + bx + c + , ∆ m = m−1 .
4a 8a 2
ax + bx + c
Sums:
√
x dx ax2
+ bx + c b dx
Z Z P P
cu δx = c u δx,
69. √ = − √ ,
2
ax + bx + c a 2a 2
ax + bx + c P P P
(u + v) δx = u δx + v δx,
  √ √ 
−1  2 c ax2 + bx + c + bx + 2c  P P
u∆v δx = uv − E v∆u δx,
 √c ln   , if c > 0,



dx x
Z
 n+1
√ = x δx = xm+1 ,
P n P −1
70. x δx = Hx ,
2
x ax + bx + c   1 bx + 2c
 √ arcsin √
 , if c < 0, P x c x P x

x


−c |x| b2 − 4ac c δx = c−1 , m δx = m+1 .
Z p Falling Factorial Powers:
71. x3 x2 + a2 dx = ( 13 x2 − 15
2 2
a )(x2 + a2 )3/2 ,
xn = x(x − 1) · · · (x − n + 1), n > 0,
0
x = 1,
Z Z
72. xn sin(ax) dx = − a1 xn cos(ax) + n
a xn−1 cos(ax) dx,
1
xn = , n < 0,
Z Z (x + 1) · · · (x + |n|)
n 1 n n n−1
73. x cos(ax) dx = ax sin(ax) − x sin(ax) dx,
a xn+m = xm (x − m)n .
Z
xn eax
Z Rising Factorial Powers:
74. xn eax dx = − n
xn−1 eax dx,
a a xn = x(x + 1) · · · (x + n − 1), n > 0,
 
ln(ax) 1
Z
75. xn ln(ax) dx = xn+1 − , x0 = 1,
n+1 (n + 1)2 1
n+1 xn = , n < 0,
x m
Z Z
(x − 1) · · · (x − |n|)
76. xn (ln ax)m dx = (ln ax)m − xn (ln ax)m−1 dx.
n+1 n+1 xn+m = xm (x + m)n .
Conversion:
x1 = x1 = x1 xn = (−1)n (−x)n = (x − n + 1)n
x2 = x2 + x1 = x2 − x1 = 1/(x + 1)−n ,
x3 = x3 + 3x2 + x1 = x3 − 3x2 + x1 xn = (−1)n (−x)n = (x + n − 1)n
x4 = x + 6x3 + 7x2 + x1
4
= x − 6x3 + 7x2 − x1
4
= 1/(x − 1)−n ,
x5 = x5 + 15x4 + 25x3 + 10x2 + x1 = x5 − 15x4 + 25x3 − 10x2 + x1 Xn  
n k X n
n  
xn = x = (−1)n−k xk ,
k k
x1 = x1 x1 = x1 k=1 k=1
n  
x2 = x + x1
2
x2 = x − x1
2 X n
xn = (−1)n−k xk ,
x3 = x3 + 3x2 + 2x1 x3 = x3 − 3x2 + 2x1 k
k=1
n  
x4 = x4 + 6x3 + 11x2 + 6x1 x4 = x4 − 6x3 + 11x2 − 6x1 n
X n k
x = x .
x5 = x5 + 10x4 + 35x3 + 50x2 + 24x1 x5 = x5 − 10x4 + 35x3 − 50x2 + 24x1 k
k=1