Instrumental Activities of Daily Living

Universal Design
Anthropometry
BP 344

Asst. Prof. Kim Gerald G. Medallon, MHPEd, OTRP

Department of Occupational Therapy
 Instrumental Activities of Daily Living

• Activities that support daily life

within the home and community that
often require more complex
interactions than those used in ADLs
• Generally optional in nature, may be
delegated to another
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
• Care for others, care of pets, child
rearing, communication management,
driving and community mobility,
financial management, health
management and maintenance, home
establishment and management, meal
preparation and cleanup, religious and
spiritual activities and expression,
safety and emergency maintenance,
shopping
 Parameters of IADL Performance

• Value
• Independence
• Safety
• Adequacy
• Difficulty, pain, fatigue and dyspnea,
duration, societal standards,
satisfaction, experience, resources,
aberrant activity behaviors
IADL and Performance Skills/Patterns
• Motor – use of ambulatory aids may limit ability to carry items
• Process – IADL tasks may often require modifications for safe and
effective completion
• Communication/Interaction – limitation in ROM and strength may
affect ability to use gestures in the community
• Habits – forgetting to close kitchen cabinets and drawers
• Routines – establishing a daily medication schedule
• Roles – preparing the evening meal
 IADL and Contexts

• Cultural – IADL may be limited to certain times of the day

• Physical – home environments may now need modifications
• Social – mobility deficits limiting social contexts
• Personal – impaired self-image, confidence
• Spiritual – inability to participate in spiritual services
• Temporal – modifications in daily routine tasks
• Virtual - inability to access internet can limit online shopping
 IADL and Social Participation

• Feelings of loss of dignity and self-

worth among clients
• Deficits may affect family and other
interpersonal relationships
 Supporting IADL Participation

• Remediation Approach
• Practicing each skill until mastery has
been achieved
• Consider client’s readiness to learn,
functional goals, prognosis,
estimated length of OT session,
amount of assistance upon discharge
 Supporting IADL Participation

• Changing Task to Achieve Independence

• To maintain hip precautions, laundry baskets placed on higher
surfaces
• Regularly used kitchen items are placed at more safe levels of reach
• Participate in home shopping and delivery services
 Supporting IADL Participation

• Changing the Tools to Achieve Independence

• Pulling the duffle bag containing clothes instead of a laundry
basket
• Walker baskets or pushcarts to transport items
• Special grips for pens to list down items to be shopped
 Accessible Environment

• Represents the minimum legal

requirement so a person with
disability can use the environment

• Example: entrance to a building

 Assistive Technology / Device

• Multidisciplinary intervention that helps

people develop compensatory
techniques to engage in activities that
are important to them
• Device – any item, piece of equipment or
product system, modified or customized,
that increases, maintains, or improves
functional capacities of PWD
 Assistive Technology Device

• Examples:
• Sock aid
• Reacher
• Large keyboard
• Large trackball
 Universal Design
• Productsand environment are to be
made usable by all people, to the
greatest extent possible, without the
need for adaptation or specialized
design
• “Design for everyone” fostering an
inclusive society
• Basedon anthropometrics, cognitive
ergonomics, and inclusion for everyone
 Universal Design

• Seamless use of the environment by

all people regardless of diversity or
disability
• Targets all ages, sizes, and abilities
• Culture that is welcoming to all
participants
Universal Design
Universal Design
 Principles of Universal Design

• Equitable use
• Flexibility in use
• Simple and intuitive use
• Perceptible information
 Principles of Universal Design

• Tolerance for error

• Low physical effort
• Size and space for approach and use
 Examples

• Curb cuts
• Closed-captioned television
• Accessible restrooms
• Adjustable desks
• Motion sensor door openers
• International symbols
 Anthropometry

• Measurements that are used to

completely describe human form
• Dimension
• Mass
• Human strength and motion
 Static Anthropometry

• Influenced by gender, ethnicity, aging, and occupational

difference
• Presence of disability is often overlooked in workstation design
 Standing Posture

• Person stands erect and looks

straight ahead with his/her arms in a
relaxed posture on the sides
 Seated Posture
• Person sits erect and looks straight
ahead
• Seat is adjusted so that the person’s
thighs are parallel to the floor and
the knees bent at 90 degrees with
feet flat on the floor
• Upper arm is relaxed
• Forearm is parallel to the floor
 Uses of Anthropometric Data
• Reach
• Vertical (seated: 48.6” in men,
44.6”in women; standing: 89 – 94.2”
in men, 71.2 – 75.4” in women)
• Horizontal (normal: 17” in men, 13”
in women; extended: 25” in men, 21”
in women)
• Visual (10 – 15 degrees below the
horizontal; reading distance: 15.8 –
27.6” from the eye)
 Uses of Anthropometric Data
• Clearance – free space to allow passage of person or body
segment
• Height: 77 inches
• Width: 1 person – 25.5”
• Width: 2 persons – 53.1”
• 1 person on wheelchair – 36”
• 1 person on wheelchair to rotate – 60”
 Uses of Anthropometric Data

• Precision – one should see clearly

one’s work, ability to hold the work
close to the body, 2 – 4 inches above
elbow height
• Strength – influenced by posture, 6-
16 inches lower than the elbow
 General Applications for Workers

• Position should be changed frequently

• Forward inclination of the head is avoided
• Upper arms are kept next to the body
• Raising arms overhead is avoided
• Body parts should be aligned
 General Applications for Workers

• Neutral postures should be maintained

• Back support should be provided
• Body parts are placed in the positions of greatest strength
 Inclusive

• Full access
• Equal opportunities and participation
for all
Examples
 Role of Occupational Therapy
• Experts in the transactional
relationship of the person,
task, and environment
• Identifying strategies that
enable individuals to maximize
their ability to participate in
daily tasks/activities
• Partnering with agencies
 Batas Pambansa 344

• Promotes the realization of the

rights of disabled persons to
participate fully in the social life and
the development of societies in
which they live
• Enjoyment of the opportunities
available to other citizens
 Ramps

• Changes in level shall require a

ramp
• Minimum clear width of 1.20 m
• Gradient not steeper than 1:12
• Intermediate handles
• Maximum length of 6.00 m
 Handrails and Grab Bars

• Required for accessible

ramps; installed at both
sides of ramps and stairs
• 38mm (minimum) to 45 mm
(maximum) in diameter
• Stair handrails shall be
continuous
 Parking

• 1 – 25 parking slots = 1
• 26 – 50 parking slots = 2
• 51 – 75 parking slots = 3
• 76 – 100 parking slots = 4
• 501 – 1000 = 2%
• 1001 – over = 20 + 1 for each 100
 Parking

• Nearest to main entrances

• Never located at ramped or
sloping areas
• PWD should be on board
• Minimum width of 3.70 m and
length of 5.00 m
 Signages

• International symbol of access

• Kept simple and easy to understand,
contrasting colors
• Signs (graphics, text, Braille)
installed at a maximum height of
1.50 m
 Stairs

• Uniform risers of 150 mm (maximum)

and treads of 300 mm (minimum)
• Slanted nosings are preferred
Sidewalks and Walkways / Corridors

• Minimum width of 1.20 m allowing

for both a wheelchair user and a non-
PWD to pass
• Turnabout spaces (1500 mm x 1500
mm) – for wheelchairs to turn around
or for every dead end corridor
 Accessible Entrances

• Shall be accessible from arrival and departure points to the

interior lobby
• Provided with large overhanging roof
 Doors

• Minimum clear width of 900 mm

• Operable by a pressure of force not more than 1.0 kg
• Minimum clear level space of 1500 mm x 1500 mm before and
extending beyond a door
• 900 mm is preferred for the height of lever type locksets
• Vertical pull handles > horizontal pull bars
• Secondary peephole at a height of 1.1 m
 Switches

• Positioned within 920 mm to 1.20

m above the floor
• Located no further than 200 mm
from the latch side of the door
 Toilets and Baths
• Minimum of 1 on each floor level where
the total number of water closets is 20
and 2 where the total number of water
closets exceeds 20
• Minimum area of 1.70 m x 1.80 m
• Toilet height set at 450 mm
• Urinals shall be wall-hung type,
maximum height of lip should be 480
mm
• Doors are to open outwards
 Elevators

• Located not more than 30 m from the entrance

• 1400 mm in depth and 1200 mm in width
• Shall be provided with Braille
• Thank you for listening!