THE PHILIPPINE IN THE 19TH CENTURY AS RIZAL’S CONTEXT

III. Contents: Summary

The Social Structure

The Filipinos in the 19th century had suffered from feudalistic and master slave relationship by
the Spaniards. Their social structure is ranked into three groups.

HIGHEST CLASS

The people that belong in this class include the Spaniards, Peninsulares, and Friars. They
have the power and authority to rule over the Filipinos.

They can do whatever they want to because they have the power to control everyone
around them. They also have the power to control us in that situation. They are not
Filipinos because they are pure Spaniards.

Highest class is divided into three kinds;

Spanish officials
 Who governed the Philippines

Peninsulares
 Held the most important government jobs, and made up the smallest number of
the population and that is the Spaniards who were born in Spain. They use the
money as a weapon to obtain a position to the government

Friars
 Members of any certain religious orders of men, especially the four mendicant
orders which are the Augustinians, Jesuits, Dominicans, and Franciscans. They
are also traveling to preach, educate the people, and treat the sick.

MIDDLE CLASS

The people that belong in this class include natives and mestizos. They are mixed
indigenous Filipino and Spanish.

You will be classified as a middle class if you have money and property but it is not
considered as highest class.
 It is divided into two kinds;

Natives

 They are the pure Filipinos.

Mestizos
Are the Filipinos of mixed indigenous Filipino or European or Chineses ancestry.

Mestizos has three types; Mestizos de Sangley, Mestizos de Espanola, and Torna Atras.

 Mestizos de Sangley is a label that arose during Spanish colonization of the

Philippines. It is a person of mixed Chinese and Filipino ancestry. They are also
known as chino mestizos.
 Mestizos de Espanola is a person of mixed Spanish and Filipino ancestry.
 Torna Atras is a person of mixed Spanish, Filipino, and Chinese.

LOWEST CLASS

The people in this class are the pure Filipinos only and the economic group with the
least wealth and power in society. It is the lowest social rank or standing due to low
income and lack of skills or education.

Indios
 Are the poor people having pure blood Filipino which ruled by the Spaniards. The
indigenous people were referred to as Indios and negritos.

The Political System

The Spaniards ruled the Filipinos in the 19th century. The Filipinos became the Spaniard’s slave.
The Spaniards claimed their taxes and they worked under the power of the Spaniards.

Philippines Politics before Spanish Colonization

Before the conquest, the Filipinos had their own culture and their own government, the
barangay — headed by a native chieftain called "datu"

Central Government under Spain

The Spanish colonial government in the Philippines ran indirectly through the viceroy of
the Spain in Mexico.
The flow chart shows the government of the Philippines during Spanish conquest. On
the left side, the chart explained that Philippines ran indirectly of Spain through Viceroy
Mexico because Mexico is also under by the Spanish Colonization.

The right chart says that after the conquest of Spanish to Mexico, General Governor
became the mediator of the Philippines to the king of Spain Ferdinand VII.

The Governor General

• The king representative and the highest ranking official in the Philippines.
• Also is a Commander in Chief of the Colonial armed forces.

Powers
•Appoint
•Dismiss

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was the first one who handle the Governor General in the
Philippines and last one is Diego de los Rios.

Governor General and the other government officials had so much power that was
commonly abuse.

Residencia
• A special judicial court that investigates the performance of a governor general who is
about to replaced.

Vistador General
• The job of the Visitador General is to observe the conditions of the colony.
•Jose De Galviez was one of the Visitador General in the Philippines.

Royal Audencia
• Highest Court in the land during the Spanish Regine.

Local Government: Provincial

Alcadia (Alcalde Mayor)
Corrigimiento (Corregidor)

Duties of Alcadia:
 Represented as the Spanish-King and the Governor General
 Managed day-by-day operations
 Implented Laws and Supervised the collection of taxes.
Duty of Corregimiento:
 Also governed provinces except those who aren't under the Spanish control.

Local Goverment: City

Ayuntamiento

• large towns that became cities called ayuntamiento.

•center of trade and industry

City Council of Ayuntamiento called Cabildo:

These are the officials governing the city:

 Alcade (mayor)
 Regiodores (councilors)
 Alguacil Mayor (police chief)
 Escribando (secretary)

Local Goverment: Municipal City

Gobernadorcillos or Little mayor divided the towns into several towns or pueblos.

Gobernadorcillos had small salaries but they're exempted from paying taxes.
 Main duties of Gobernadorcillos:
• To ensure efficient governance
• A tax collector

4 Lieutenants aided by gobernadorcillos

• The Teniente Mayor (chief lieutenant)
• Teniente de policia (police leutenants
•TenienteSementeras ( lieutenant of the fields)
• TenienteGanados ( lieutant of the livestock)

Gobernadorcillos
•The best example was Emilio Aguinaldo

Cabeza de Barangay
Cabeza de barangay serves as Barrio Administration or Barangay Captian.

Responsibilies:

 Mainting the peace and order of the colony.

 He was the one who assigned to recruit men specially indios to participate in a public
service like force labor

The Educational System

Basic education was rendered by parochial schools, established primarily for religious
instructions. The first one was established in CEBU.

In 1582, Archbishop Domingo de Salazar ordered that every town must have one school for
boys and also, one for girls

The First Catholic School in Cebu City

On 1595, Spanish Jesuits founded the Colegio Del San Ildefonso in Cebu City, making it
the oldest school in the Philippines, but it was closed on 1769 due to the expulsion of
the Jesuits from our country and from all Spanish colonies due to a conflict with the King
of Spain. Consider as the oldest school in the country and in Asia.

The First College School for the Boys

In 1589, The Colegio de Manila, also known as the Colegio Máximo de San Ignacio, was
the first college school for the boys in the Spanish Colonial Period. It was established by
the Jesuits in Intramuros, Manila.
 And in 1621 it was named University of San Ignacio by Pope Gregory XV. Unfortunately,
this school was closed in 1768. At present, the Pamantasan Lungsod ng Maynila (PLM) is
situated of what used to be occupied by Universidad de San Ignacio.

The Oldest University in the Philippines

UST is a private, Roman Catholic research university located in Manila, and has the
distinction of being the oldest university in both the Philippines and Asia, having been
established in 1611.

In 1611 the COLEGIO DE NUESTRA SENORA DEL SANTISSISMO ROSARIO was

established by Fray Miguel Benavides. Later named Unibersidad De Santo Tomas in
1645 by Pope Innocent X. The first courses offered were canon law, theology,
philosophy, logic, grammar, the arts, and civil law. In 1871, degrees in Medicine and
Pharmacy were offered. One of its noted medical students was José Rizal.

The Colegio De San Juan De Letran

Letran College or simply Letran is private Roman Catholic Institution of learning located
in Intramuros, Manila Philippines. The college was founded in 1620. Colegio De San Juan
De Letran established to take care of orphaned spanish boys.

The girls also have given a special education.

Two kinds of school

 Colegio - regular school for girls

 Beaterio - combined school and nunnery

Royal College of Santa Potenciana

The oldest school for young girls, it was established by Philip II upon the urging of
Manila Bishop, Domingo de Salazar and other Franciscans.

The College of Isabel

The College of Isabel is now the oldest existing college for girls in the country. It was
built to care the Spanish orphaned girls. Eventually, it became an exclusive school for
the daughters of affluent Spaniards.

The Economic System

To solve the issue of governance, Legazpi converted the land of the Indios into the encomienda.

The word encomienda comes from the Spanish encomendar which means “to entrust”. The
encomienda is a grant of inhabitants living in particular conquered territory which spain gave to
Spanish colonizer as a reward for his services.

In 1570 the encomienda was introduced in the Philippines when Legaspi, in compliance with

the decree issued by King Philip II in 1558, distributed lands in Cebu to loyal Spanish subjects.
These men had helped conquer the Philippines.

The encomienda was not actually a land grant but was a favor from the kind under which the
Spaniard receiving his favor was given the right to collect tributes–or taxes–from the
inhabitants of the area assigned to him.

The man who received this favor was called an encomendero. The encomienda was, therefore,
a public office.

The three types of Encomienda

 Royal- the taxes will go to the king of Spain.

 Ecclesiastical- the taxes will go to the Church.
 Privado –the encomienda given to the friend of the king who had contribution
for the colonization.

They abolished the encomienda and convert the land into haciendas.

Hacienda owned by the friars and Spanish official

The Spanish friars belonging to different religious orders were the richest landlords, for
they owned the best haciendas (agricultural lands) in the Philippines. The rural folks,
who had been living in these haciendas and cultivating them generation after generation
became tenants.

The abuses of Guardia civil, Church Officials and political Leaders.

Guardia Civil (Constabulary) – the last hated symbol of Spanish tyranny which was
created by the Royal decree of February 12, 1852. It was amended by another royal
decree on March 24, 1888, for the purpose of maintaining internal peace and order in
the Philippines. It was patterned after the famous and well-disciplined Guardia civil in
Spain.

The Different Socio- Economic Policies Imposed by the Spaniards

 Reduccion
This policy was implemented so that the government and parish priest could easily
monitor the natives and for the easy conversion to Catholicism.
 Bandala
 The Bandala System was a system implemented by Spanish authorities in the
Philippines that required native Filipino farmers to sell their goods to the
government. The farmers were not in favor of this system and were not even offered
fair market prices for their crops

 POLO Y SERVICIO
Polo y servicio was a practice utilized by Spanish colonizers for over 250 years that
required the constrained labor of all Filipino males from 16 to 60 years old for 40-day
period. The laborers may well be put on any extend the Spanish needed, in spite of
unsafe or unfortunate conditions.

The Philippines acted as the epicenter of the Spanish Galleon exchange from Manila to
Acapulco, Mexico which was so affluent for Spain that it ignored to consider and create
the colony's neighborhood businesses. The Filipino individuals were horticultural based
and developed crops, not as it were for benefit, but moreover for their claim eat less.

 Taxation

During the 17th and 18th centuries, the Contador de Resultas served as the Chief Royal
Accountant whose functions were similar to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. He
was the Chief Arbitrator whose decisions on financial matter were final except when
revoked by the Council of Indies. During these times, taxes were collected from the
inhabitants varied from tribute or head tax of one gold maiz annually, tax on the value
of jewelry and gold trinkets, indirect taxes on tobacco, wine, cockpits, burlas, and
powder.

Cedula
Male and female 18 years old and above will pay every year for the cedula. Sanctorum-
tax for the church. Donativo de Zambuanga- a tax specifically used for the conquest of
Jolo. Tribute-it may is paid in cash or in kind.

 The tribute (buwis) or tribute

Miguel Lopez de Legaspi was first to orders the payment of tribute. His successors
followed this practice. NThe tribute or buwis was collected from the natives both in cash
(gold or money) and in kind (e.g. rice, cloth, chicken, coconut oil, abaca, etc.)The king of
Spain preferred the payment of gold, but the natives paid largely in kind.

 Galleon Trade

This trading policy changed the system of free trading in the Philippines where in other
nationalities like the Chinese are free to exchanged their good with the Filipinos who
had extra goods. The Manila Galleons (Spanish: Galeón de Manila; Filipino: Galyon ng
Maynila) were Spanish trading ships which for two and a half centuries linked
the Philippines with Mexico across the Pacific Ocean, making one or two round-trip
 voyages per year between the ports of Acapulco and Manila, which were both part
of New Spain.

The name of the galleon changed to reflect the city that the ship sailed from. The
term Manila Galleons is also used to refer to the trade route itself between Acapulco
and Manila, which lasted from 1565 to 1815.

Boletas The ticket for the Galleon Trade.

IV. Conclusions

-The social structure during 19th century in Rizal's Context was feudalistic as a
consequence of the encomienda system imposed by the colonizers. Social ranking was
created in our society.
-High positions in government were opened only to the pure blooded Spaniards. Middle
class and lower class were considered inferior by the upper classes and unworthy of
education.
-The Philippine context in Spain and Philippines in Rizal’s time had became prominent
and filled with a lot of inappropriate works
-We conclude that being colonized by a cruel government of Spanish in the Philippines
we're being a torture for our generation. We gather the conclusion by how we realized
and getting to know how governor general was very exclusive as being the center of
Spanish government during the colonization in the Philippines.
-Filipinos being under by the Spanish government for over 10 decades. In 19th century,
Spanish king Ferdinand VII sent a governor general to handle the imposed ruling in the
Philippines who named Miguel Lopez de legazpi
-1863 was there public education in the Philippines, and even then the church
controlled the curriculum. Less than one-fifth of those who went to school could read
and write Spanish, and far fewer could speak it properly. The limited higher education in
the colony was entirely under clerical direction, but by the 1880s many sons of the
wealthy were sent to Europe to study.
-The growth of commercial agriculture resulted in the appearance of a new class.
Alongside the landholdings of the church and the rice estates of the pre-Spanish nobility
there arose haciendas of coffee, hemp, and sugar, often the property of enterprising
Chinese-Filipino mestizos..
V. Summary

The late 18th century, political and economic changes in Europe were finally beginning
to affect Spain and, thus, the Philippines. Important as a stimulus to trade was the
gradual elimination of the monopoly enjoyed by the galleon to Acapulco. Spanish
education played a major role in that transformation. The oldest universities, colleges,
vocational schools and the first modern public education system in Asia were created
 during the colonial period. Some of the families that gained prominence in the 19th
century have continued to play an important role in Philippine economics and politics.

RIZAL’S LIFE: FAMILY, CHILDHOOD AND EARLY EDUCATION, HIGHER EDUCATION.

I. CONTENTS: SUMMARY

RIZAL: Family, Early Childhood and Education.

The Mercado - Rizal Family

The Rizals is considered one of the biggest families during their time. Domingo Lam-co, the
family's paternal ascendant was a full-blooded Chinese who came to the Philippines from
Amoy, China in the closing years of the 17th century and married a Chinese half-breed by the
name of Ines de la Rosa. Researchers revealed that the Mercado-Rizal family had also traces of
Japanese, Spanish, Malay and Even Negrito blood aside from Chinese. Jose Rizal came from a
13-member family consisting of his parents, Francisco Mercado II and Teodora Alonso
Realonda, and nine sisters and one brother.

 FRANCISCO MERCADO (1818-1898)Father of Jose Rizal who was the youngest of

13 offsprings of Juan and Cirila Mercado. Born in Biñan, Laguna on April 18, 1818;
studied in San Jose College, Manila; and died in Manila.
 TEODORA ALONSO (1827-1913)Mother of Jose Rizal who was the second child of
Lorenzo Alonso and Brijida de Quintos. She studied at the Colegio de Santa Rosa.
She was a business-minded woman, courteous, religious, hard- working and well-
read. She was born in Santa Cruz, Manila on November 14, 1827 and died in 1913
in Manila.
 SATURNINA RIZAL (1850-1913)Eldest child of the Rizal-Alonzo marriage. Married
Manuel Timoteo Hidalgo of Tanauan, Batangas.
 PACIANO RIZAL (1851-1930)Only brother of Jose Rizal and the second child.
Studied at San Jose College in Manila; became a farmer and later a general of the
Philippine Revolution.
 NARCISA RIZAL (1852-1939) The third child. married Antonio Lopez at Morong,
Rizal; a teacher and musician.
 OLYMPIA RIZAL (1855-1887)The fourth child. Married Silvestre Ubaldo; died in
1887 from childbirth.
 LUCIA RIZAL (1857-1919)The fifth child. Married Matriano Herbosa.
 MARIA RIZAL (1859-1945)The sixth child. Married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan,
Laguna.
 JOSE RIZAL (1861-1896)The second son and the seventh child. He was executed
by the Spaniards on December 30,1896.CONCEPCION RIZAL (1862- 1865)The eight
child. Died at the age of three.
 JOSEFA RIZAL (1865-1945)The ninth child. An epileptic, died a spinster.
 TRINIDAD RIZAL (1868-1951)The tenth child. Died a spinster and the last of the
family to die.
 SOLEDAD RIZAL (1870-1929)The youngest child married Pantaleon Quintero
RIZAL’S EDUCATION

Jose Rizal’s first teacher was his mother, who had taught him how to read and pray
and who had encouraged him to write poetry. Later, private tutors taught the young Rizal
Spanish and Latin, before he was sent to a private school in Biñan.

When he was 11 years old, Rizal entered the Ateneo Municipal de Manila. He
earned excellent marks in subjects like philosophy, physics, chemistry, and natural
history. At this school, he read novels; wrote prize-winning poetry (and even a
melodrama—“Junto al Pasig”); and practiced drawing, painting, and clay modeling, all of
which remained lifelong interests for him.

Rizal eventually earned a land surveyor’s and assessor’s degree from the Ateneo
Municipal while taking up Philosophy and Letters at the University of Santo Tomas. Upon
learning that his mother was going blind, Rizal opted to study ophthalmology at the UST
Faculty of Medicine and Surgery. He, however, was not able to complete the course
because “he became politically isolated by adversaries among the faculty and clergy who
demanded that he assimilate to their system.”

Without the knowledge of his parents, Rizal traveled to Europe in May 1882.
According to his biographer, Austin Craig, Rizal, “in order to obtain a better education,
had had to leave his country stealthily like a fugitive from justice, and his family, to save
themselves from persecution, were compelled to profess ignorance of his plans and
movements. His name was entered in Santo Tomas at the opening of the new term, with
the fees paid, and Paciano had gone to Manila pretending to be looking for this brother
whom he had assisted out of the country.”

Rizal earned a Licentiate in Medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid, where

he also took courses in philosophy and literature. It was in Madrid that he conceived of
writing Noli Me Tangere. He also attended the University of Paris and, in 1887, completed
his eye specialization course at the University of Heidelberg. It was also in that year that
Rizal’s first novel was published (in Berlin).

Rizal is said to have had the ability to master various skills, subjects, and languages.
Our national hero was also a doctor, farmer, naturalist (he discovered the Draco rizali, a
small lizard; Apogania rizali, a beetle; and the Rhacophorus rizali, a frog), writer, visual
artist, athlete (martial arts, fencing, and pistol shooting), musician, and social scientist.
CONTENTS: DETAILS

José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda

Doctor – completed his medical course in Spain and was conferred the degree of
Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad Central de Madrid.

Jose – was chosen by his mother who was a devotee of the Christian Saint Joseph (San
Jose).

Protacio – from Gervacio P. which come from a Christian calendar.

Mercado – adopted in 1731 by Domingo Lamco (the paternal great – great grandfather
of Jose Rizal) which the Spanish term “Mercado” means market in English.

Rizal – from the word “Ricial” in Spanish means field where wheat are cut while still
green and sprouts again.

Alonzo – old surname of his mother.

Y – and

Realonda – it was used by Dona Teodora from the surname of her godmother based
on the culture by that time.

June 19, 1861 – moonlit of Wednesday between eleven and

midnight Jose Rizal was born in the lakeshore
town of Calamba, Laguna.

Birthdate: June 19, 1861

Birth Place: Calamba, Laguna
Baptismal date: June 22, 1861
Death Anniversary: December 30, 1869
Who is Dr. Jose Rizal?
• Philippine Hero
• A linguist, he knows about 22 languages, Traveler
• A talented, brilliant and genius man of honor
• An Ophthalmologist
• A poet, a novelist, philosopher and a historian
• He is also a Farmer-Business man
• Sculptor : “The Triumph of Science over Death”
• Cartographer
• Bibliophile
• Sportsman: Fencing, Archery & Chess

The Family Tree

Who is Domingo Lam-co?
• Rizal Family’s Paternal Ascendant
• A full-blood Chinese from Amoy, China
• Came to the Philippines and married a Half-
Chinese lady named Ines de la Rosa in late 16th
century
• He took the last name Mercado in early 17th
century

Francisco Mercado Rizal

• Jose’s Father
• “A model of Fathers”
• Studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of
San Jose
 Teodora Alonso Realonda
• Jose’s Mother
• “A loving and prudent mother”
• Studied at the College of Santa Rosa

SIBLINGS OF RIZAL

SATURNINA RIZAL (1850-1913)

 Eldest child of the Rizal-Alonzo marriage. Married Manuel Timoteo Hidalgo of
Tanauan,Batangas.
 She had five children.
 It was Doña Saturnina who published Pascual Poblete’s translation in Tagalog
language of the Noli Me Tangere in 1909.

PACIANO RIZAL (1851-1930)

 Only brother of Jose Rizal and the second child. Studied at San Jose College in
Manila; became a farmer and later a general of the Philippine Revolution.
  He became as a second father to Jose Rizal. Studied at San José College in Manila.
It was his idea to send Jose to continue his studies in Spain. After his younger
brother´ excecution, he joined the Philippine revolution and became a combat
General. After the Revolution, he retired to his farm in Los Boños where he lived as
a gentleman farmer and died on April 13, 1930, an old bachelor aged
79. he had two children by his mistress (Severina Decena).

NARCISA RIZAL (1852-1939)

 The third child. married Antonio Lopez at Morong, Rizal; a teacher and musician.
 Narcisa was very close to Rizal and could recite all of Rizal’s poems from memory.

OLYMPIA RIZAL (1855-1887)

 The fourth child. Married Silvestre Ubaldo who was a telegraph operator
from Manila; died in 1887 from childbirth.
 LUCIA RIZAL (1857-1919)
 The fifth child. Married Matriano Herbosa.
 He was the nephew of Father Casanas. Herbosa died of cholera in 1889 and
was denied a Christian burial because Dr. Rizal was his brother-in- law.
 One important fact to know is that Lucia’s daughter, Delfina, was the first
wife of Gen. Salvador Natividad and Delfina helped Marcela Agoncillo to
make the first Philippine flag in Hong Kong.

MARIA RIZAL (1859-1945)

The sixth child. Married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna.

JOSE RIZAL (1861-1896)

 The second son and the seventh child.
 The greatest Filipino hero and a tremendous genius. His nickbname was
Pepe. During his excile in Dapitan he lived together with Josephine Bracken,
an Irisch girl from Hong-Kong. They had a son with her but their baby son
died a few hours after birth. Rizal named him Francisco after his father and
buried him in Dapitan. José was executed by the Spaniards on December
30,1896.

CONCEPCION RIZAL (1862-1865)

 The eight children. Died at the age of three.
 Her pet name was Concha. As an older brother, Jose, who was four at that time (in
1865), grieved so bitterly. He recalled having cried so hard for the first time due to
love and sorrow for their loss. According to him, “Till then I had shed tears only for
my own faults which my loving, prudent mother well knew how to correct.”

 JOSEFA RIZAL (1865-1945)

 The ninth child. An epileptic, died as spinster. She died at the age of 80.
 Her nickname is Panggoy.

TRINIDAD RIZAL (1868-1951)

 The tenth child. Died a spinster and the last of the family to die.
 They gave her the pet name Trining. Like her sister Josefa, she never got
 married and also died an old maid at the age of 83.

SOLEDAD RIZAL (1870-1929)

 The youngest child married Pantaleon Quintero.
 Choleng was her pet name. She later got married to Pantaleon Quintero, a native
from Calamba, Laguna.
Childhood of Rizal
Jose Rizal, just like Filipino boys, had many beautiful memories of childhood. He
has a happy home, filled with parental affection, impregnated with family joys, and
sanctified by prayers. In the midst of such peaceful, refined, God-loving family, he spent
the early years of his childhood.
The first memory of Rizal, in his infancy, was his happy days in the family garden.
Because he was frail, sickly, and undersized child, he was given the most tender care by
his parents. His father built a nipa cottage in the garden for him to play in the daytime.
Another childhood memory was the daily Angelus prayer. By nightfall, Rizal
related, his mother gathered all the children at the house to pray the Angelus. With
nostalgic feeling, he also remembered the happy moonlit nights at the azotea after the
rosary. The Yaya related stories to Rizal children many stories about fairies; tales of buried
treasure and trees with blooming diamonds, and other fabulous stories. Sometimes, when
he did not like to take his supper, the Yaya would threaten him that the aswang, the nuno,
the tikbalang, or a terrible bearded Bombay would come to take him away if he would not
eat his supper.
Another memory of his infancy was the nocturnal walk in the town, especially
when there was a moon.
Recounting this childhood experience, Rizal wrote: “Thus my heart fed on sombre
and melancholy thoughts so that even still a child, I already wandered on wings of fantasy
in the high regions of the unknown.
The childhood of Jose Rizal can be characterized by his desire to learn, even
frequenting the church nearby his home to watch and observe people but not to be
religiously inclined.
Jose Rizal was not a physically blessed or strong. However, he had a strong will
guided and taught by his mother, his first teacher. He learned almost without the use of
books. His mother was the one who laid the foundation of his great knowledge achieved
in such a short time. His brilliance was also the character of the young Jose Rizal.
Jose Rizal also owned a pony and used it to have long rides into the surrounding
country which was rich in scenery. He also took long walks together with his big black dog
named Usman. He also loved to play with the doves in his neighborhood. He learned
about the myths and legends in Laguna after sleeping through the nut in a little straw hut
used by Laguna farmers during the harvest season. Rizal was also good in hand tricks
which he perfected to amaze the simple folk and performed magic lantern exhibitions.
Even in his childhood, Rizal already knew how to respect the rights of others and
requested his elders to reason with him rather than get mad at him for small offenses. He
became a welcome companion for adults even at his young age since he respected their
moods and was never a hindrance to their activities.

RIZAL’S EARLY EDUCATION

Early Education in Calamba and Biñan

Rizal had his early education in Calamba and Biñan. It was a typical schooling that a
son of an ilustrado family received during his time, characterized by the four R’s- reading,
writing, arithmetic, and religion. Instruction was rigid and strict. Knowledge was forced
into the minds of the pupils by means of the tedious memory method aided by the
teacher’s whip. Despite the defects of the Spanish system of elementary education, Rizal
was able to acquire the necessary instruction preparatory for college work in Manila. It
may be said that Rizal, who was born a physical weakling, rose to become an intellectual
giant not because of, but rather in spite of, the outmoded and backward system of
instruction obtaining in the Philippines during the last decades of Spanish regime.
The Hero’s First Teacher
The first teacher of Rizal was his mother, who was a remarkable woman of good character and
fine culture. On her lap, he learned at the age of three the alphabet and the prayers. "My
mother," wrote Rizal in his student memoirs, "taught me how to read and to say haltingly the
humble prayers which I raised fervently to God."
As tutor, Doña Teodora was patient, conscientious, and understanding. It was she
who first discovered that her son had a talent for poetry. Accordingly, she encouraged him
to write poems. To lighten the monotony of memorizing the ABC’s and to stimulate her
son’s imagination, she related many stories.
As Jose grew older, his parents employed private tutors to give him lessons at
home. The first was Maestro Celestino and the second, Maestro Lucas Padua. Later, an old
man named Leon Monroy, a former classmate of Rizal’s father, became the boy’s tutor.
This old teacher lived at the Rizal home and instructed Jose in Spanish and Latin.
Unfortunately, he did not lived long. He died five months later.
After a Monroy’s death, the hero’s parents decided to send their gifted son to a
private school in Biñan.

Jose Goes to Biñan

One Sunday afternoon in June , 1869, Jose, after kissing the hands of his parents
and a tearful parting from his sister, left Calamba for Biñan. He was accompanied by
Paciano , who acted as his second father. The two brothers rode in a carromata, reaching
their destination after one and one-half hours’ drive. They proceeded to their aunt’s
house, where Jose was to lodge. It was almost night when they arrived, and the moon was
about to rise.
That same night, Jose, with his cousin named Leandro, went sightseeing in the
town. Instead of enjoying the sights, Jose became depressed because of homesickness. "In
the moonlight," he recounted, "I remembered my home town, my idolized mother, and
my solicitous sisters. Ah, how sweet to me was Calamba, my own town, in spite of the fact
that was not as wealthy as Biñan."
Best Student in School
In academic studies, Jose beat all Biñan boys. He surpassed them all in Spanish,
Latin, and other subjects.
Some of his older classmates were jealous of his intellectual superiority. They
wickedly squealed to the teacher whenever Jose had a fight outside the school, and even
told lies to discredit him before the teacher’s eyes. Consequently the teacher had to
punish Jose.
Early Schooling in Biñan
Jose had a very vivid imagination and a very keen sense of observation. At the age
of seven he traveled with his father for the first time to Manila and thence to Antipolo to
fulfill the promise of a pilgrimage made by his mother at the time of his birth. They
embarked in a casco, a very ponderous vessel commonly used in the Philippines. It was the
first trip on the lake that Jose could recollect. As darkness fell he spent the hours by the
katig, admiring the grandeur of the water and the stillness of the night, although he was
seized with a superstitious fear when he saw a water snake entwine itself around the
bamboo beams of the katig. With what joy did he see the sun at the daybreak as its
luminous rays shone upon the glistening surface of the wide lake, producing a brilliant
effect! With what joy did he talk to his father, for he had not uttered a word during the
night!
When they proceeded to Antipolo, he experienced the sweetest emotions upon
seeing the gay banks of the Pasig and the towns of Cainta and Taytay. In Antipolo he
prayed, kneeling before the image of the Virgin of Peace and Good Voyage, of whom he
would later sing in elegant verses. Then he saw Manila, the great metropolis , with its
Chinese sores and European bazaars. And visited his elder sister, Saturnina, in Santa Ana,
who was a boarding student in the Concordia College.
When he was nine years old, his father sent him to Biñan to continue studying
Latin, because his first teacher had died. His brother Paciano took him to Biñan one
Sunday, and Jose bade his parents and sisters good-bye with tears in his eyes. Oh, how it
saddened him to leave for the first time and live far from his home and his family! But he
felt ashamed to cry and had to conceal his tears and sentiments. "O Shame," he explained,
"how many beautiful and pathetic scenes the world would witness without thee!”
They arrived at Biñan in the evening. His brother took him to the house of his aunt
where he was to stay, and left him after introducing him to the teacher. At night, in
company with his aunt’s grandson named Leandro, Jose took a walk around the town in
the light of the moon. To him the town looked extensive and rich but sad and ugly.
His teacher in Biñan was a severe disciplinarian. His name was Justiniano Aquino
Cruz. "He was a tall man, lean and long-necked, with a sharp nose and a body slightly bent
forward. He used to wear a sinamay shirt woven by the deft hands of Batangas women. He
knew by memory the grammars of Nebrija and Gainza. To this add a severity which, in my
judgement I have made of him, which is all I remember."
The boy Jose distinguished himself in class, and succeeded in surpassing many of
his older classmates. Some of these were so wicked that, even without reason, they
accused him before the teacher, for which, in spite of his progress, he received many
whippings and strokes from the ferule. Rare was the day when he was not stretched on
the bench for a whipping or punished with five or six blows on the open palm. Jose’s
reaction to all these punishments was one of intense resentment in order to learn and
thus carry out his father’s will.
Jose spent his leisure hours with Justiniano’s father-in-law, a master painter. From
him he took his first two sons, two nephews, and a grandson. His way life was methodical
and well regulated. He heard mass at four if there was one that early, or studied his lesson
at that hour and went to mass afterwards. Returning home, he might look in the orchard
for a mambolo fruit to eat, then he took his breakfast, consisting generally of a plate of
rice and two dried sardines.
After that he would go to class, from which he was dismissed at ten, then home
again. He ate with his aunt and then began at ten, then home again. He ate with his aunt
and then began to study. At half past two he returned to class and left at five. He might
play for a short time with some cousins before returning home. He studied his lessons,
drew for a while, and then prayed and if there was a moon, his friends would invite him to
play in the street in company with other boys.
Whenever he remembered his town, he thought with tears in his eyes of his
beloved father, his idolized mother, and his solicitous sisters. Ah, how sweet was his town
even though not so opulent as Biñan! He grew sad and thoughtful.
While he was studying in Biñan, he returned to his hometown now and then. How
long the road seemed to him in going and how short in coming! When from afar he
descried the roof of his house, secret joy filled his breast.

A good and Middle-Class Family

The Rizal family belonged to the principalia, a town aristocracy in Spanish
Philippines. It was one of the distinguished families in Calamba. -They rented farms from
the Dominican Order and harvested rice, corn and sugarcane.-They raised pigs, chickens
and turkeys. -Doña Teodora managed a general goods store and operated a small flour-
mill and a home-made ham press.-Rizal’s parents were able to build a large stone house
and buy another one.-They owned a carriage and a private library.
Home Life of the Rizals
The Rizal family had a simple, contented, and happy life. Don Francisco and Doña
Teodora loved their children but they never spoiled them. They were strict parents and
they trained their children to love God. -Whenever the children get into mischief, they
were given a sound spanking. Evidently, they believed in the maxim: “Spare the rod and
spoil the child.”-Life was not all prayers and church services for the Rizal
children. They were given time to play in the azotea or in the garden. The older ones
were allowed to play with the children of other families.

LIFE AND STUDIES AT ATENEO

The Jesuits were considered the best educators of Spain, and perhaps of Europe,
and so, when they were permitted to return to the Philippines, although their power to
administer parishes was restricted except in the remote regions of Mindanao, the
privilege of founding colleges, they had to apply to the City of Manila for subsidies. That is
why the college which began to function in the year 1865, was called the Ateneo
Municipal.
To enter the Ateneo a candidate was subjected to an entrance examination on
Christian doctrine, reading, writing, grammar, and elementary arithmetic. Jose did not
take his entrance examinations Jose did not remain in Manila but returned first to his
town to celebrate the fiesta of its patron saint; it was then that his father changed his
mind and decided to send him to the Ateneo instead.
Since Mercado, the first surname of the family, had come under suspicion of the
authorities because it was the name used by Paciano when he was studying and working
with Father Burgos, in whose house he lived, Jose adopted the second surname, Rizal.
Paciano who accompanied Jose, found him a house in Walled City, but Intramuros
looked gloomy to Jose, and he later found lodging outside, in the house of a spinster
situated on Calle Carballo, district of Santa Cruz. As if chance would furnish him data for
his future campaigns, he became acquainted in that house with various mestizos,
begotten by friars.
The Jesuitical system of instruction was considered more advanced than that of
other colleges in that epoch. Its discipline was rigid and its methods less mechanical. It
introduced physical culture as part of its program as well as the cultivation of the arts,
such as music, drawing, and painting. It also establishes vocational courses in agriculture,
commerce, and mechanics as a religious institute, its principal purpose was to mold the
character and the will of the boys to comply more easily with the percepts of the Church.
The students heard mass before the beginning of the class, which was opened and closed
with prayers.
In the first two terms the classes were divided into groups of interns and externs:
the first constituted the Roman Empire and the second, the Carthaginian Empire. In each
empire there were five dignitaries: Emperor, Tribune, Decurion, Centurion, and Standard-
Bearer. These dignities were won by means of individual competitions in
which it was necessary to catch one’s adversary in error three times. The empires
considered themselves in perpetual warfare, and when an individual of one empire was
caught in error by one belonging to the enemy empire, a point was counted in favor of the
latter. At the end of each week or two, the points in favor of each were added and the
empire, which obtained more point, was declared winner.
There was a fraternity of Mary and Saint Louis Gonzaga, to which only those who
distinguished themselves in the class for their piety and diligence could belong. This
fraternity met on Sundays and after mass held public programs in which poems were
recited or debates were held. With all these inducements it was only natural that should
be a spirit of emulation, a striving to surpass ones colleagues found in the Ateneo.
The first professor Jose had was Fr. Jose Bech, whom he describes as a man of high
stature; lean body, bent forward; quick gait; ascetic physiognomy, severe and inspired;
small, sunken eyes; sharp Grecian nose; thin lips forming an arch with its sides directed
toward the chin." He was somewhat of a lunatic and of an uneven humor; sometimes he
was hard and little tolerant and at other times he was gay and playful as a child. Among
Jose’s classmates were Peninsulares and sons of Peninsulares; Francisco G. Oliva, very
talented but not very studious; Joaquin Garrido, endowed with a poor memory but with
much talent and industry; and Gonzalo Marzano, who occupied the throne of Emperor.
From the first days Jose learned to systematize his work; he fixed a program of
what he had to do in the twenty-four hours of the day and did not in the least deviate
from it. Thus he disciplined his will and subjected it to the commands of his reason.
As a newcomer, Jose was at first put at the tail of the class, but he was soon
promoted and kept on being promoted so that at the end of one month he had attained
to the rank of Emperor. At the end of the term he obtained marks of excellent in all the
subjects and in the examinations. He had reason to feel proud of his advancement; and so
when he went home on vacation that year, he ran alone to see his mother in the prison
and tell her the happy news.
He must have uttered this exclamation on learning from his mother that they had
played her a mean trick. The judge, who was a blind partisan of the friars having been a
domestic of theirs, told her that if she confessed her culpability he would release her at
once. With the desire to see her children again, she pleaded guilty; but the judge, instead
of releasing her, convicted her. In a few months the judge asked her forgiveness for what
he had done because according to him his conscience hurt him, but the case had no
remedy because it was already on appeal.
The second year, Jose had the same professor as in the previous year; but instead
of lodging outside the City, he resided at No. 6 Calle Magallanes. At the end of
the term he obtained a medal, and upon returning to his town, he again visited his
mother in jail alone. This was three months before her release.
The rejoicing that her release produced in his spirit had much influence on the
result of his studies in the third year, for he began to win prizes in the quarterly
examinations.
About that time he devoted himself to reading novels, and one of those he
enjoyed most was Dumas’ (father) The Count of Monte Cristo. The sufferings of the hero
of the twelve years. He also asked his father to buy him a copy of The Universal History by
Cesar Cantanu, and according to himself he profited much from its perusal.
The family, who saw in Jose great aptitude for study, decided to place him as intern
or boarding student in the college the following year. In the corner of the dormitory facing
the sea and the pier Jose passed his two years of internship.
In the fourth year of his course he had Fr. Francisco Sanchez as professor. Jose
describes him as a model of rectitude, a solicitude, and love for the student, and his
studied mathematics, rhetoric, and Greek, and he must have progressed much, for at the
end of the year he-obtained five medals, which pleased him immensely because with
them I could repay my father somewhat for his sacrifices.
His aptitude for poetry revealed itself early, and from that time on he did not cease
to cultivate it.
An incident which demonstrates Jose’s independence of character took place at
this time. Fr. Leoncio Lopez, parish priest of the town, who was a great friend of his father,
also liked Jose as a little friend. He was cultured but at the same time timid and tender.
One day Jose’s mother showed Father Lopez a poem of his young friend and that the
latter must have copied it from a book. Jose, who heard this, answered the priest violently,
for which his mother reprehended him. Afterward Father Lopez came to know from the
Jesuits themselves that Jose was a pupil who excelled in poetry; and, in spite of his age,
made a trip to Manila expressly to apologize to Jose. That gesture of Father Lopez’ won
him Jose’s esteem and they became good friends again, lending each other the books they
had.
In the fifth years Jose had other professors: Frs. Vilaclara and Mineves. He studied
philosophy, physics, chemistry, and natural history, but his devotion to poetry was such
that his professor in philosophy advised him once to leave it, which made him cry. But in
his rest hours he continued cultivating the Muses under the direction of his old professor,
Father Sanchez. Jose had then written a short story (leyenda), which was only slightly
corrected by his professor, and a dialogue, which was enacted at the end of the course,
alluding to the collegians’ farewell. However, philosophy, just and serve, inquiring into the
wherefores of things, interested him as much as poetry; physics,
drawing back the veil that divine drama of nature was enacted, natural history seemed to
him somewhat uninteresting although he much liked the shells and sometimes imagined
seeing a goddess in each shell he was on the shelf.
Jose was considered small of stature and he tried to correct this defect by applying
himself regularly to gymnastics in the college. He also engaged in other physical exercises,
such as fencing. After his baccalaureate, he surprised his family with his skill in handling
the sword when he gave an exhibition bout with the best swordsman of the town.
He also devoted time to painting and sculpture. In drawing and painting he was
under the guidance and direction of the Ateneo professor, the Peninsula Don Augustin
Saez, who honored him with his affection and consideration because of his progress. In
sculpture his instructor was a Filipino, Romualdo de Jesus, who felt proud in the last years
of his life of having had such an excellent pupil.

Medical Studies at the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882)

April 1877,The age of Rizal in only 16yrs old when he enrolled to UST taking course
Philosophy and Letters, While taking his course he took up vocational and He excelled to
all subject at the age of 17 he is underage but still issued him on November 25, 1881

First love
When Rizal taking medicine course at UST he experience first love. He doubted for his
feeling because he think the possible consequences and he think that he never sacrificed
his studies.
One day Rizal met young girl in Trozo, Manila the name of the girl is Segunda Katigbak
and the age of girl is on 14 yrs old, He fell in love to the girl but the girl was engage to
Manuel Luz.
Rizal Student As a Medicine
when Rizal turned in calamba in 1878 for Christmas vacation her Mom's eyes suffering
defect could hardly recognize him. Rizal thought that only cataract is the illness of his
mother but suddenly he know that medicine cant cure his mother and Rizal thought she
might go blind. Rizal start school year 1878-1879 he registered college of medicine at the
UST but this is not wholehearted studies. He did not lose contract with jesuits and the
people is multi talented and smart.

Leonor Rivera
During the year 1879 the galant love Rizal visited many ladies in manila society without
seriously committing himself to anyone. He liked good conversation and talks about culture,
language poetry and other. But he never entered into significant compromises.

Victims of Spanish Brutality

when Rizal was as freshmen medical student at the UST he experienced his first taste of
Spanish brutality.

To the filipino Youth (1879)

The liceo Artistico-Literario (Artistic-literacy lyceum) of Manila a society of literary men
and artists held literacy contest.
Rizal submitted his poems and the board of judges was impressed.He won the first
prize.A la Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino youth)

The Council of the Gods (1880)

The following year Artistic-Literacy Lyceum opened another literacy contest.
Rizal awarded again the first prize because his work has a literary superiority among the
others.

Other Literary Works

Junto al Pasig (Beside the Pasig) December 8, 1880
A filipinas (1880) same year sonnet
Al M.R.P (1881)
Rizal's Visit to Pakil and Pagsanjan
Summer month May 1881 when he was stiil a medical student at the UST Rizal went on a
pilgrimage to the town of Pakil,Famouse shrine of Birhen Maria de los Dolores.

Years later Rizal mentioned the turumba in Chapter VI of Noli me tangere and
Pagsanjan Falls in his travel diary (United States——Saturday,May 12, 1888)
Champion of Filipino Students
Rizal was the champion of the filipino students in their frequent fights against the
arrogant spanish students.
His scholastic records in the UST (1879-82)
Unhappy Days at the UST
Rizal,ateneo boy wonder found atmosphere at the UST suffocating to this sensitive
spirit.

In his novel El filibusterismo he described how the filipino students were humiliated and
insulted by their Dominican Professors and how backward the method of instruction was
especially in the teaching of natural sciences.

Because of unfriendly attitude of his professors,Rizal the brilliant graduate at the ateneo
failed to win high scholastic honors.

Decision to study Abroad

after finishing the fourth year of his medical course Rizal decided to study in Spain. He could
no longer endure the rampant bigotry, discrimination and hostility in the UST.

III. CONCLUSIONS

The childhood of Rizal’s molded him as a strong person and intelligent. While
Rizal’s start growing up his parents trained him well and also his brother Paciano
taught him. One time his mother scolded him with slipper because of what happened
to her sister Josefa. In this part we see that Rizal’s also a normal child that can commit
mistakes. “Surely a man owes everything to his mother, next to God.” This quotation
shows that Rizal really loves his mother and he is also a religious type of person. His
mother taught him to read a Spanish bible and how to pray the angelus. Rizal has a
frail body and that’s the reason why his parents give extra care for him then later on
his uncle Jose help Rizal to develop his frail body. And when the time Rizal needs to go
to Biñan to have his formal education with Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz. The son of
Maestro Justiniano, Pedro and Rizal had a fight but in the end, Rizal wins against
Pedro. His uncle Gregorio Alberto influenced Rizal’s to be a bibliophile. The life of our
national hero, Jose Rizal shows that even you’re a simple person you can be a hero by
doing remarkable things and patriotism. We the Pilipino need to love our country and
respect each other.

IV. SUMMARY

The Rizals is considered one of the biggest families during their time. Domingo
Lam-co, the family's paternal ascendant was a full-blooded Chinese who came to the
Philippines from Amoy, China in the closing years of the 17th century and married a
Chinese half-breed by the name of Ines de la Rosa. Researchers revealed that the
Mercado-Rizal family had also traces of Japanese, Spanish, Malay and Even Negrito blood
aside from Chinese. Jose Rizal came from a 13-member family consisting of his parents,
Francisco Mercado II and Teodora Alonso Realonda, and nine sisters and one brother.

Jose Rizal’s first teacher was his mother, who had taught him how to read and pray
and who had encouraged him to write poetry. Later, private tutors taught the young Rizal
Spanish and Latin, before he was sent to a private school in Biñan.

When he was 11 years old, Rizal entered the Ateneo Municipal de Manila. He
earned excellent marks in subjects like philosophy, physics, chemistry, and natural
history. At this school, he read novels; wrote prize-winning poetry (and even a
melodrama—“Junto al Pasig”); and practiced drawing, painting, and clay modeling, all of
which remained lifelong interests for him.

Rizal eventually earned a land surveyor’s and assessor’s degree from the Ateneo
Municipal while taking up Philosophy and Letters at the University of Santo Tomas. Upon
learning that his mother was going blind, Rizal opted to study ophthalmology at the UST
Faculty of Medicine and Surgery. He, however, was not able to complete the course
because “he became politically isolated by adversaries among the faculty and clergy who
demanded that he assimilate to their system.”

Without the knowledge of his parents, Rizal traveled to Europe in May 1882.
According to his biographer, Austin Craig, Rizal, “in order to obtain a better education,
had had to leave his country stealthily like a fugitive from justice, and his family, to save
themselves from persecution, were compelled to profess ignorance of his plans and
movements. His name was entered in Santo Tomas at the opening of the new term, with
the fees paid, and Paciano had gone to Manila pretending to be looking for this brother
whom he had assisted out of the country.”

Rizal earned a Licentiate in Medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid, where

he also took courses in philosophy and literature. It was in Madrid that he conceived of
writing Noli Me Tangere. He also attended the University of Paris and, in 1887, completed
his eye specialization course at the University of Heidelberg. It was also in that year that
Rizal’s first novel was published (in Berlin).

Rizal is said to have had the ability to master various skills, subjects, and languages.
Our national hero was also a doctor, farmer, naturalist (he discovered the Draco rizali, a
small lizard; Apogania rizali, a beetle; and the Rhacophorus rizali, a frog), writer, visual
artist, athlete (martial arts, fencing, and pistol shooting), musician, and social scientist.
 RIZAL’LIFE: HIGHER EDUCATION AND LIFE ABROAD

I. CONTENTS: SUMMARY
Nearly 16 years old Rizal take Philosophy and Letters in University of Santo Thomas in
April 1887.
After he finishing the first year in Philosophy and Letters he transferred in Medical
course, his studies continued in University of Santo Thomas until he was unhappy to
Dominican institution for the racial prejudice against Filipino students.
After finishing his 4th year in studying in University of Santo Thomas he decided to
continue his studies in Spain.
He was also in a secret mission to observe the system and culture of Europe to prepare
himself for liberating his oppressed people from the Spanish tyranny.
Rizal departure for Spain was kept secret to avoid detection by the Spanish authorities
and the friars. May 3, 1882 Rizal departed on board the Spanish streamer Salvadora
bound for Singapore using the name of his cousin from Binan, Jose Mercado. Rizal
stayed at Singapore in 2 days which at that time was a colony of England. Rizal left in
Singapore of May 11, 1882. He arrived in Ceylon in May 17, 1882 and arrived in
Colombo in following day. June11,1882 he reached the Naples an Italian City, Jose Rizal
docked at the French harbor of Marceilles on the evening of June 12, and stayed for 2
and a half days.
May 15,1882 Rizal left Marceilles by train for the last lap of his trip to Spain.
Rizal finally reached Barcelona, Rizal left Barcelona in following days and established
himself in Madrid the capital of Spain.
Rizal enrolled in University of Central De Madrid in two courses Medicine and
Philosophy and Letters. He spending is time in reading and writing, attending the
reunion of Filipino students and practicing fencing and shooting at the gymnasium.
Rizal economized on his living expenses and with the money he saved he purchased
books from second hand bookstore.
Rizal went to Paris and Germany for his specialization in ophthalmology, Rizal stayed in
Paris in 4 month and worked as an apprentice of Dr. Wrecker, after this Rizal left Paris
and go in Germany he arrived in Heidelberg a historic city in Germany famous for its old
university and romantic surroundings on February 3, 1886. He goes to Leipzig on August
14, 1886, to earn money he worked and left in Leipzig to set a course in Dresden on
October 29, 1886, he stayed only in 2 days in the city. November 1, he just left by train
reaching Berlin in evening.
He had at some point live in poverty, because he was not able to receive money from
his brother.
Noli Me Tangere is Rizal first Novel was published with the help of Maximo Viola who
gave him necessary funds.
After the publication of Noli Me tangere, Rizal planned to visit the important places in
Europe, he received his money worth of 1000 pesos from Paciano he immediately paid
viola the sum of 300 pesos for his kind loan. May 11, 1887 Rizal and Viola left Berlin and
spent time in different places together, and June 23, they parted ways, Viola decided to
 go back in Barcelona while Rizal continued his tour to Italy, he visited Turin, Milan,
Venice and Florence.
June 27, 1887, he reached Rome after a week of staying he prepared to go back in the
Philippines.

III. CONTENTS: DETAILS

RIZAL’LIFE: HIGHER EDUCATION AND LIFE ABROAD

 Higher Education in Ateneo

Since Mercado, the first surname of the family, had come under suspicion of the
authorities because it was the name used by Paciano when he was studying and working
with Father Burgos, in whose house he lived, Jose adopted the second surname, Rizal.
The Jesuitical system of instruction was considered more advanced than that of other
colleges in that epoch. Its discipline was rigid and its methods less mechanical. It
introduced physical culture as part of its program as well as the cultivation of the arts,
such as music, drawing, and painting. It also establishes vocational courses in
agriculture, commerce, and mechanics as a religious institute, its principal purpose was
to mold the character and the will of the boys to comply more easily with the percepts
of the Church. In the first two terms the classes were divided into groups of interns and
externs: the first constituted the Roman Empire and the second, the Carthaginian
Empire. In each empire there were five dignitaries: Emperor, Tribune, Decurion,
Centurion, and Standard-Bearer.
The first professor Jose had was Fr. Jose Bech, whom he describes as a man of high
stature; lean body, bent forward; quick gait; ascetic physiognomy, severe and inspired;
small, sunken eyes; sharp Grecian nose; thin lips forming an arch with its sides directed
toward the chin." He was somewhat of a lunatic and of an uneven humor; sometimes he
was hard and little tolerant and at other times he was gay and playful as a child. The
second year, Jose had the same professor as in the previous year; but instead of lodging
outside the City, he resided at No. 6 Calle Magallanes. At the end of the term he
obtained a medal, and upon returning to his town, he again visited his mother in jail
alone. This was three months before her release. The rejoicing that her release
produced in his spirit had much influence on the result of his studies in the third year,
for he began to win prizes in the quarterly examinations. About that timed he devoted
himself to reading novels, and one of those he enjoyed most was Dumas’ (father) The
Count of Monte Cristo. The sufferings of the hero of the twelve years. He also asked his
father to buy him a copy of The Universal History by Cesar Cantanu. In the fourth year of
his course he had Fr. Francisco Sanchez as professor. Jose describes him as a model of
rectitude, a solicitude, and love for the student, and his studied mathematics, rhetoric,
and Greek, and he must have progressed much, for at the end of the year he-obtained
five medals, which pleased him immensely because with them I could repay my father
somewhat for his sacrifices. After the four years in Ateneo he graduated with highest
honor.

 Higher Education In UST

After completing his Bachelor of Arts (high school diploma equivalent), Rizal’s higher
education was spent most in UST. Both Paciano and Don Francisco wanted Rizal to enter
a university but Dona Teodora opposed the idea because the Spaniards might cut-off his
head. In April, when Rizal was nearly 16 years old, he enrolled at UST. He took
Philosophy and Letters because his father liked it, and he was uncertain as to what
course he would pursue. Having received Father Pablo Ramon’s (Rector of Ateneo)
advice to study medicine, he took up medical course enrolling simultaneously in pre-
medical course and regular medical course. While at UST, he also studied at Ateneo
taking up vocational course leading to the Title Perito Agrimensor (expert surveyor). He
excelled in all subjects in surveying course and obtained gold medals in Agriculture and
Topography. He passed the final examination in the surveying course and granted the
title as Surveyor in November 25, 1885. While at Ateneo pursuing the surveying course,
he became active in extracurricular activities. He was elected President of the Academy
of Spanish Literature and Secretary of the Academy of Spanish Literature. He was also
the secretary of the Marian Congregation.

While at UST, Rizal fell in love with three women. During his first year, he fell in love with
a woman simply called “Miss L”, a woman with a fair, seductive and attractive eye. The
romance died like a natural death because of two reasons: the sweet memory of
Segunda Katigbak (Rizal’s firs sweetheart) was still fresh in his memory, and Rizal’s
father did not like the family of “Miss L”. The identity of “Miss L” is lost in history. During
his sophomore year, he courted Leonor Valenzuela (Orang), a tall girl with regal bearing.
He sent her love notes in invisible ink (combination of salt and water). During his junior
year, Rizal had a romance with Leonor Rivera of Camiling, Tarlac, a frail pretty girl and a
student of La Concordia College. Both Rizal and Leonor were engaged. Rizal used a sign
name “Taimis” to camouflage their relationship from their parents. During his college
days in UST and Ateneo, Rizal was involved in brawls and Spanish brutality. During his
summer vacation in 1878, while walking on a dimly street not knowing the figure close
to him, he did not greet and say “Good Evening”. The vague figure turned out to be a
lieutenant of Guardia Civil and struck Rizal’s back with his sword. In another student
brawls near Escolta in Manila, Rizal was wounded on the head. His Filipino friends
brought him bleeding and covered with dust to his boarding house “Casa Tomasina”.
Rizal studied at UST from 1878 to 1882. Unlike in Ateneo, Rizal was unhappy in UST and
his grades at UST College of Medicine was not as impressive as what he got in Ateneo
Philosophy and Letters due to the hostility of the Dominican professors to him, backward
method of instruction (subjects were taught without laboratory experiments laboratory
apparatuses were just kept inside showcases for display purposes), and racial
discrimination against Filipino students. After completing the fourth-year term in
medicine, Rizal decided to study in Spain because he could no longer endure the
discrimination and oppression at UST and because in Spain, the professors were more
liberal than those in UST.

 DECISION TO STUDY ABROAD

After finishing the fourth year of his medicine course, Rizal decided to Study in Spain
where he finish his medical study. His decision to study was not approved by his parents
and his lover Leonor Rivera, also the Spanish authorities has no idea that he continued
his studies in Spain.

Rizal has a secret mission why he went to Spain, he wants to study the culture,
language, tradition and the law of the other country belong to the Spain. He used the
name of his cousin from Binan it its Jose Mercado. When he in ship Salvador he only one
the Pilipino passenger. From Singapore to Colombo he transferred to another ship, the
Djemnah it is French steamer in this ship he was with Mr. and Mrs. Salazar and Mr.
Vicente which left Singapore on May 11.
May 17, the Djemnah reach Point Galle, a seacost town in Soother Cylon, that we called
now Sri Lanka. The first trip of Jose Rizal in Suez Cana is the Indian Ocean to Cope of
Guardafui Africa a “inhospitable land but famous”. The next stop over is Aden, Rizal was
found this hotter than Manila and it remember him the Calamba and also his family. In
the evening of June 12, he reached the Marseilles and he visited the famous Chateau
where was Dantes hero of the “The Count of Monte Cristo” was imprisoned.
 Life in Barcelona

Rizal had a bad impression of Barcelona ugly, dirty little inns, inhospitable people
because he happened to stay upon his arrival in a stingy hotel, Rizal was welcomed by
the Filipinos in Barcelona, some were his classmates in Ateneo. While in Barcelona Rizal
received two bad news, first was the cholera outbreak that ravaged Manila and the
provinces, the second was the chatty letter of Chenggoy recounting the unhappiness of
Leonor Rivera, who was getting thinner due to the absence of a loved one.

 Life in Madrid
Rizal enrolled in the Universidad Central de Madrid in Medicine and Philosophy and
Letters. He also studied painting and sculpture in the Academy of Fine Arts of San
Fernando, took tutoring lessons in French and English and practiced fencing and
shooting in the Hall of Arms of Sanz Carbonell. Rizal lived frugally, rigidly budgeting his
money wisely. At other times, he visited his Filipino friends, fraternized with other
students, and visited the home of Don Pablo Ortega y Rey, where he became attracted
to Consuelo’s beauty and charm.

 Visit in Paris

November, 1885 – Rizal went to Paris and lived there for four months where he worked
as an assistant to Dr. Louis de Wecket, a leading French ophthalmologist. Outside
working hours, he visited his friends and even went to Juan Luna’s studio to help by
posing as a model in several paintings.

 Rizal’s Financial Worries

After Rizal's departure for Spain, things turned from bad to worse in Calamba, Laguna
because the harvest of rice and sugarcane failed on account of drought and locusts.
Due to hard times in Calamba, Laguna, the monthly allowances of Rizal in Madrid were
late in arrival and there were times when they never arrived, causing much suffering to
him.

 Rizal involve in Student Demonstration

In 1884 the serene city of Madrid exploded in bloody riots by the students of Central
University. Rizal and other Filipino student participated together with Cuban, Mexican,
Peruvian, and Spanish student in the tumult. This student demonstration was caused
by the address of Dr. Miguel Morayta, professor of history at the opening ceremony of
the academic year on November 20, in which he proclaimed “the freedom of science
and the teacher”. Such a liberal view was condemned by the catholic bishops of Spain
who promptly excommunicated Dr. Morayta and those who applauded his speech.

 Studies completed in Spain

Rizal as conferred the Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad Central de Madrid. In

the next academic year (1884-1885), he passed all the subjects leading to the degree of
Doctor of Medicine, however, he was not conferred with the degree for failure to
present a thesis required for graduation and pay corresponding fee, nevertheless by
obtaining the degree of Licentiate in Medicine, he became a full-pledge physician and
qualified to practice Medicine.

 First Letter to Blumentritt

Rizal wrote his first letter in German to Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt, an Austrian
ethnologist interested in the Philippine languages, who was at that time the Director of
Ateneo of Lemeritz, Austria.

 Fifth Centenary of Heidelberg University

August 8 was celebrated the fifth centenary Heidelberg and Rizal described the event in
his diary.

 In Leizpig and Dresden

July 3, 1886 Rizal wrote his first letter in German to Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt, an
Austrian ethnologist interested in the Philippine languages, who was at that time the
Director of Ateneo. In August 9, 1886 Rizal left Heidelberg and boarded a train, and
visited other cities of Germany. Rizal arrived at Leipzig, on August 14, 1886 attended
some lectures at the University of Leipzig in history and psychology, and befriended Prof.
Friedrich Ratzel (famous German historian) and Dr. Hans Meyer (German
anthropologist). Rizal arrived on October 29, 1886 at Dresden, Germany and met Dr.
Adolf Meyer, Director of Anthropological and Ethnological Museum. Upon the
recommendation of Dr. Jagor and Meyer, he became member of the Anthropological
Society, Ethnological Society and Geographical Society in Berlin.

 Paris to Berlin

Rizal left Dresden by train and reached Berlin where Rizal met for the first time Dr.
Feodor Jagor a famous German scientist-traveler and author of Travels in the Philippines.
Rizal became impressed in Berlin because of its scientific atmosphere and absence of
racial race.

 Darkest Winter
 During winter in 1886 in Berlin, he lived in poverty because he was flat broke, he had to
eat only one meal a day consisted of bread, water, and cheap vegetable soup, washed
his clothes, resulting to his health’s break down. Rizal went to Berlin for five reasons: to
increase his knowledge in ophthalmology, to broaden his studies of sciences and
languages, to observe political and economic conditions of Germany, to associate with
famous German scientist and scholars, and to publish his novel, Noli Me Tangere.

IV. CONLUSIONS

Rizal's studying in Ateneo Municipal was helped him to master and proven to himself
that he can graduate despite of challenges. Through the help of professors and by
reading a lot of books he became expertise in using different language, proper accent,
and enlightened his mind in country's situation. As a matter of fact, all his achievement
was dedicated to his parents, especially to his mother Doña Teodora. It's all because he
was dedicated person with passion and good son with a dream.
Rizal's studying in Ateneo Municipal was helped him to master and proven to himself that he
can graduate despite of challenges. Through the help of professors and by reading a lot of
books he became expertise in using different language, proper accent, and enlightened his
mind in country's situation. As a matter of fact, all his achievement was dedicated to his
parents, especially to his mother Doña Teodora. It's all because he was dedicated person with
passion and good son with a dreams.
1
During the life of Rizal in Ateneo I must say that there's a lot of challenges, but then he
coped up with it and still he just focused on what he wanted to do and don't let other
people decide to what your heart wanted to do. For my realizations I just realize that
Rizal is also like us a Teenager who struggle and still fighting for what we really wanted to
be and for the sale of our country.
Rizal when to Spain not only to pursue his study but also, has a mission to observe the
system and culture of Europe to prepare himself for liberating his oppressed people
from the Spanish tyranny. While in the journey he saw a lot of beautiful places.
He learned a lot in different country in Europe, and also it gave him a lot of experience
that help him wiser and life, he is independent even in a young age, he met also a lot of
people who influence him.
Being independent is not easy he experienced a real struggle in his life and hid family is
not in his side, that’s why he learned to be strong and wiser in term of life.

IV. SUMMARY
 A life of Rizal in aspects of educational attainment and life in abroad states the
challenges and victory that he has in his journey. The story of Rizal written in the book
expresses how tragic Rizal's life is, in fulfilling his goal. A book will eliminate his
endeavor and those persons who helped him to become success and during our hero’s
time, traveling is very limited to the lay Filipino, since it was expensive. And during that
time, there were no airships that would hastily bring people to a certain place as we
have today. The major transportation means were streamers, horse-power, trains, and
foot. Rizal was not merely a sightseer but a traveler who studies the culture of the
places he visits. He is also traveling to acquire more knowledge, most of which are
sciences and literature.
RIZAL FIRST HOME COMING 1887-1888

I. CONTENTS: SUMMARY

- As early as 1884, Rizal wanted to go back to the Philippines for some reasons. After 5 years
in Europe he decided to go home but he was warned to not return in the Philippines,hence,
He was determined to go home because of his certain reasons.
- When Rizal arrived in Calamba, rumors spread about his identity. His brother didn't leave
him more than that,he protect Rizal to his enemy.   In Calamba Rizal established a medical
clinic. His mother was his first patient. While Rizal was in Calamba,  he tried to visit Leonor
in Tarlac but his parents forbade him to go because Leonor's mother did not like him to be a
son - in - law. Then, Olimpia Mercado died because of child birth.
- One day, a Governor wrote a request letter for Rizal inviting him to come in Malacanang
for a matter, they have a discourse about it. After that Rizal visited the Jesuits. For the
safeness of Rizal the governor assigned a person to look after him.
- The release of Noli gain a lot of attackers specially the senators of Spain but because of the
good intention of this novel a lot of people also did their part to defend it. The Noli affect
people’s behavior and action specifically the Governor after he read it.
- The first attack of Noli in the Philippines came from anonymous, signed by a friar. Labeled
Rizal as an ungrateful man.The battle over the Noli took the form of a virulent war of words.
Father Font printed his report and distributed copies of it in order to discredit the
controversial novel. Another Augustinian, Fr. Jose Rodriguez, Prior of Guadalupe, published
series of eight pamphlets under the general heading Cuestiones de Sumo Interes (Questions
of Supreme Interest) to blast Noli and othe anti-Spanish writings.
Copies of these anti-Rizal pamphlets written by Fray Rodriguez were sold daily in the
churches after Mass. Many Filipinos were forced to buy them in order not to displease the
friars, but they did not believe what their author said with hysterical fervor.
 - Agrarian matters reflected some of Rizal's selected works. He has been aware about the
worsening of the land issues in their native land. Tenants asked Rizal to conduct an
investigation regarding the controversial lands of Dominican Friars with the relation to the
conflict that pitted the tenants. All of the findings, he conducted was formally submitted to
their colonial government to confirm and be an evidence against the powerful friars. Those
findings caused financial hardships to the tenants, and worsened the sum of other factors
like poor harvests.
As Rizal submitted the evidence against friars after the publication of his first novel, their
hatred to him become the problem because of his involvement in the investigation on land
issues in their native land.
Friars are one of the most powerful and influencial because of their spiritual function that
people believed and feared. Also, their knowledge on the native language. As Rizal's
exposure to the deplorable condition angered the friars. They want to eliminate Rizal and to
deport him, due to it and some threats all of them advised Rizal to leave the country for his
own sake.  Because of them having a power, abuses among the Filipinos took place.
- His presence in Calamba was jeopardizing the safety and happiness of his family and
friends. He could not fight better his enemies and serve his country’s cause with greater
efficacy by writing in foreign countries.
The poem Himno Al Trabajo was written by Jose Rizal at the request of his friends from Lipa,
Batangas who wanted a hymn during the elevation of the then, municipality of Lipa to a city
in January 1888 through the Becerra Law. The hymn is praise to the zeal and industry of the
Lipeños. Himno Al Trabaho states that the Lipeños will always be willing to work hard for
the country.
On February 3, 1888 Rizal left his country with a heavy heart.  But this is for his own good
and the safety of his family and friends.

V. CONTENTS: DETAILS

All the alluring beauties of foreign countries and all the beautiful memories of his sojourn in
alien lands could neither make Rizal for his father land nor turn his back to his own nationality,
he remained at heart a true Filipino with an unquenchable love for the Philippines and an
unshakable determination to die in the land of his birth.

RIZAL’S PLANS OF COMING BACK HOME

As early as 1884, Rizal wanted to go back to the Philippines for the following reasons:

 Financial difficulties in Calamba

 Dissatisfaction with his studies in Madrid
 Desire to prove that there is no reason to fear going home.
  His belief that the Spanish regime will not punish the innocent.

DECISION TO RETURN HOME

 After five years of his memorable sojourn in Europe, Rizal returned to the Philippines.
 However, Rizal was warned by the following not to return to the Philippines because his
Noli Me Tangere angered the friars:

 Paciano Mercado – Rizal’s adviser and only brother.

 Silvestre Ubaldo – Rizal’s brother in law; husband ofOlimpia.
 Jose Ma. Cecilio (Chenggoy) – one of Rizal’s closestfriends.

Rizal was determined to come back to the Philippines for the following reasons:

 To operate his mother’s eyes

 To serve his people who had long been oppressedby Spanish tyrants.
 To find out for himself how the Noli Me Tangereand his other writings were affecting
Filipinos andSpaniards.
 To inquire why Leonor Rivera remained silent.

RIZAL ARRIVES IN MANILA

 Rizal left Rome by train to Marseilles, a Frenchport and boarded Djemnah, the same
steamerthat brought him to Europe five years ago.
 There were 50 passengers: 4 Englishmen, 2 Germans, 3 Chinese, 2 Japanese, 40
Frenchmen,and 1 Filipino (Rizal)
 When the ship reached Aden, the weatherbecame rough and some of Rizal’s book got
wet.
 In Saigon (Ho Chi Minh), Vietnam – he transferredto another steamer, Haiphong, that
brought himto Manila.

HAPPY HOMECOMING

 When Rizal arrived in Calamba, rumors spread that he was a:

 German spy
 An agent of Otto Von Bismarck – the liberator of Germany.
 A Protestant
 A Mason
 A soul halfway to damnation
 Paciano – did not leave him during the first days after arrival to protect him from any
enemy assault.
 Don Francisco – did not permit him to go out alone
IN CALAMBA

 Rizal established a medical clinic.

 Doña Teodora – was Rizal’s first patient
 Rizal treated her eyes but could not perform any surgical operation because her
cataracts were not yet ripe.
 He painted several beautiful landscapes in Calamba.
 He translated German poems of Von Wildernath in Tagalog.

 Doctor Uliman – Rizal was called this name because he came from Germany.

 He earned P900 in a few months and P5,000 before he left the Philippines.

 Gymnasium – was opened by Rizal for the young people

 He introduced European sports fencing and shooting to discourage them from

cockfighting and gambling.

SAD MOMENTS WHILE RIZAL WAS IN CALAMBA

 Leonor Rivera – Rizal tried to visit her in Tarlac but his parents forbade him to go
because Leonor’s mother did not like him for a son-in- law.

 Olimpia Mercado-Ubaldo – died because of child birth.

STORM OVER THE NOLI ME TANGERE

 As Rizal was peacefully living in Calamba, his enemies plotted his doom.
 Governor General Emilio Terrero – wrote to Rizal requesting to come to Malacañang
Palace.
 Somebody had whispered to his ear that the Noli contains subversive ideas. – Rizal
explained to him that he merely exposed the truth, but did not advocate subversive
ideas.
 He was pleased by Rizal’s explanation and curious about the book, he asked for a copy
of the novel.
 Rizal had no copy that time but promised to send one for him.

RIZAL VISITED THE JESUITS

 Rizal visited the Jesuit fathers to ask for their feedback on the novel.
 He was gladly welcomed by the following friars:
 Fr. Francisco de Fr. Federico Faura Fr. Jose Bech
Paula Sanchez

Governor-General Emilio Terrero

 A liberal minded Spaniard who knew that Rizal’s life was in jeopardy because the friars
were powerful.
 Because of this he gave Rizal a bodyguard to protect him.

JOSE TAVIEL DE ANDRADE

 A young Spanish lieutenant who came from a noble family

 He was cultured and knew painting
 He could speak French, English and Spanish.
 They became good friends.

ATTACKERS OF THE NOLI

Archbishop Pedro Payo

 A Dominican
 Archbishop of Manila
 Sent a copy of the Noli to Fr. Gregorio Echevarria, Rector of the University of Santo
Tomas to examine the novel.

UST AND RIZAL

 The committee that examined the Noli Me Tangere were composed of Dominican
professors.
 The report of the faculty members from UST about the Noli states that the novel was:
 Heretical, impious and scandalous in the religious orders, and anti-patriotic, subversive
of public order, injurious to the government of Spain and its function in the Philippine
Islands in the political order.
 Governor-General Terrero – was not satisfied with the report so he sent the novel to the
Permanent Commission of Censorship which was composed of priests and lawyers.

Fr. Salvador Font – Augustinian friar curate of Tondo was the head of the commission. – The
group found that the novel contain subversive ideas against the Church and Spain and
recommended that the importation, reproduction and circulation of the pernicious book in the
islands be absolutely prohibited.

 The newspaper published Font’s written report

 The banning of the Noli Me Tangere served to make it popular
 The masses supported the book.

Fr. Jose Rodriguez

Augustinian Prior of Guadalupe

 Published a series of eight pamphlets under the heading Questions of Supreme Interest
to blast the Noli and other anti-Spanish writing.
 Copies of anti-Rizal pamphlets were sold after mass
 Many Filipinos were forced to buy them in order not to displease the friars.

NOLI ME TANGERE IN SPAIN

• The novel was fiercely attacked in the session hall of the Senate of the Spanish Cortes.
Senators:
– General Jose de Salamanca
– General Luis de Pando
– Sr. Fernando Vida
Vicente Barantes – Spanish academician of Madrid who formerly occupied high government
position in the Philippines bitterly criticized the novel in an article published in the Madrid
newspaper, La España Moderna.

DEFENDERS OF THE NOLI ME TANGERE

 Propagandists such as Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano Lopez-Jaena, Antonio Ma. Regidor,
Mariano Ponce rushed to uphold the truths of the Noli.
 Father Francisco de Paul Sanchez – Rizal’s favorite teacher in Ateneo defended and
praised the novel in public.
 Don Segismundo Moret – former Minister of the Crown.
 Prof. Miguel Morayta- historian and stateman
 Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt – Rizal’s best friend
 Rev. Fr. Vicente Garcia – a Filipino Catholic priest-scholar, a theologian of the Manila
Cathedral and a Tagalog translator of the famous Imitation of Christ by Thomas Kempis
– Under the pen name Justo Desiderio Magalang he wrote a defense of the novel
published in Singapore.
 Rizal cried because of his gratitude to his defenders especially to Fr. Garcia who
defended him unexpectedly.
 He attacked Barantes by exposing his ignorance of Philippine affairs and mental
dishonesty which is unworthy of an academician.
 Because of the interest of both enemies and protectors of the Noli the price of the book
increased from five pesetas per copy to 50 pesetas per copy.

AGRARIAN Problem in Calamba

 Influenced by the novel, Governor-General Emilio Terrero ordered a government

investigation of the friar estates to remedy whatever inequities might have been
present in connection with land taxes and with tenant relations.
 One of the friar estates affected was the Calamba hacienda by the Dominican order
since 1883.
 Upon hearing about the investigation, the people of Calamba asked helped from Rizal to
gather facts and list the grievances so that the government might institute certain
agrarian reforms.

FINDINGS SUBMITTED BY RIZAL

 The hacienda of the Dominican Order comprised not only the lands
around Calamba, but the whole town of Calamba.
 The profits of the Dominican Order continually increased because of the arbitrary
increase of the rentals paid by the tenants.
 The hacienda owner never contributed a single centavo for the celebration of the town
fiesta, for the education of the children, and for the improvement of agriculture.
 Tenants who spent much labor in clearing the lands were dispossessed of the said lands
for flimsy reasons
 High rates of interest were arbitrarily charged the tenants for delayed payment of
rentals
 When the rentals could not be paid, the hacienda management confiscated the work
animals, tools, and farm implements of the tenants.

FRIARS REACTION
  Rizal’s exposure to the deplorable condition angered the friars.
 The friars exerted pressure to Malacañang to eliminate Rizal.
 They asked Gov. Gen. Terrero to deport Rizal but the latter refused for there is lack
of charges against Rizal in court.
 Anonymous threats in Rizal’s life alarmed his parents, siblings, Andrade his
bodyguard, friends, and even Terrero, thus they all advised him to leave the country.

RIZAL’S REASONS FOR LEAVING THE PHILIPPINES

 His presence in Calamba was jeopardizing the safety and happiness of his family and
friends.
 He could not fight better his enemies and serve his country’s cause with greater
efficacy by writing in foreign countries.

HIMNO AL TRABAJO

 A poem for Lipa – shortly before Rizal left in 1888, he was asked by a friend to write
a poem in commemoration of the town’s cityhood.
 Himno Al Trabajo (Hymn To Labor) – title of the poem dedicated to the industrious
people of Lipa
 Himno Al Trabajo
English Version
[Chorus]
For our country in war
For our country in peace
The Filipino will be ready,
While he lives and when he dies.
MEN:
As soon as the East is tinted with light
Forth to the fields to plow the loam!
Since it is work that sustains the man,
The motherland, family and the home.
Hard though the soil may prove to be,
Implacable the sun above,
For motherland, our wives and babes,
'Twill be easy with our love.
WIVES:
Courageously set out to work;
Your home is safe with a faithful wife
Implanting in her children, love
For wisdom, land, and virtuous life.
When nightfall brings us to our rest,
May smiling fortune guard our door;
But if cruel fate should harm her man,
The wife would toil on as before.
GIRLS:
Hail! Hail! Give praise to work!
The country's vigor and her wealth;
For work lift up your brow serene
It is your blood, your life, your health.
If any youth protests his love
His work shall prove if he be good.
That man alone who strives and toils
Can find the way to feed his brood.
BOYS:
Teach us then the hardest tasks
For down Thy trails we turn our feet
That when our country calls tomorrow
Thy purposes we may complete,
And may our elders say, who see us,
See! How worthy of their sires!
No incense can exalt our dead ones
Like a brave son who aspires!
 FAREWELL PHILIPPINES

 On February 3, 1888 Rizal left his country with a heavy heart.

 But this is for his own good and the safety of his family and friends.

“I shall return,but I shall find myself isolated; because those who smiled at me before
will reserve their rejoicings for another happier being.
And in the meantime I run after a vain idea, perhaps a false illusion.”
-Jose Rizal

VI. CONCLUSIONS

A true Filipino is what Rizal known for because all of the experiences he had, like travel
to different foreign countries, studied abroad, and be friend with other great western
people, he still couldn't forget his native land. All of his experiences can't turn his back
to his own nationality. Being determined and responsible is necessary for him in order
to serve his country.
-There is chaos among friars because of Noli, Rizal had been warned not to come back
but being a persistent one he still returned home.
-For some weeks that he stayed in his native land, he still left it because of dangers
against him; attackers are everywhere so he thought he could fight better if he is out of
the country.
By all counts and with proven information. It is no wonder that with all of these
happenings, Rizal's life was on the road of becoming hero. He is one of the strongest
heroes to fight Spaniards knowing the fact he would die and also considered to be brave
enough and full of determination to save his country and fellowmen.

VII. SUMMARY

Rizal’s plans of coming back home, As early as 1884, Rizal wanted to go back to the Philippines
for the following reasons, Like Financial difficulties in Calamba Dissatisfaction with his studies in
Madrid Desire to prove that there is no reason to fear going home. His belief that the Spanish
regime will not punish the innocent. Decision to return home, After five years of his memorable
sojourn in Europe, Rizal returned to the Philippines. However, Rizal was warned by the
following not to return to the Philippines because his Noli Me Tangere angered the friars. Rizal
was determined to come back to the Philippines for the following reasons To operate his
mother’s eyes, To serve his people who had long been oppressed by Spanish tyrants. To find
out for himself how the Noli Me Tangere and his other writings were affecting Filipinos and
Spaniards. And last inquire why Leonor Rivera remained silent. Rizal arrives in Manila, Rizal left
Rome by train to Marseilles, a Frenchport and boarded Djemnah, the same steamer that
brought him to Europe five years ago. There were 50 passengers: 4 Englishmen, 2 Germans, 3
Chinese, 2 Japanese,    40 Frenchmen,and 1 Filipino (Rizal). Happy Homecoming of Jose Rizal,
When Rizal arrived in Calamba, rumors spread that he was a, German spy, An agent of Otto Von
Bismarck  the liberator of Germany, A Protestant, Mason ,soul halfway to damnation.  In
Calamba Rizal established a medical clinic. Doña Teodora  was Rizal’s first patient. Rizal treated
her eyes but could not perform any surgical operation because her cataracts were not yet ripe.
He painted several beautiful landscapes in Calamba.  He translated German poems of Von
Wildernath in Tagalog. Sad moments while Rizal was in Calamba, Leonor Rivera – Rizal tried to
visit her in Tarlac but his parents forbade him to go because Leonor’s mother did not like him
for a son-in- law. Olimpia Mercado-Ubaldo – died because of child birth. Storm over the Noli
Me Tangere, As Rizal was peacefully living in Calamba, his enemies plotted his doom.   Governor
General Emilio Terrero – wrote to Rizal requesting to come to Malacañang Palace.   Somebody
had whispered to his ear that the Noli contains subversive ideas. – Rizal explained to him that
he merely exposed the truth, but did not advocate subversive ideas. Rizal visited the Jesuits 
Rizal visited the Jesuit fathers to ask for their feedback on the novel. They are Fr. Francisco de
Paula Sanchez, Fr. Federico Faura, Fr. Jose Bech.  Attackers of the Noli  Archbishop Pedro Payo, 
A Dominican  Archbishop of Manila  Sent a copy of the Noli to Fr. Gregorio Echevarria, Rector of
the University of Santo Tomas to examine the novel. UST and Rizal, Propagandists such as
Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano Lopez-Jaena, Antonio Ma. Regidor, Mariano Ponce rushed to
uphold the truths of the Noli. Father Francisco de Paul Sanchez – Rizal’s favorite teacher in
Ateneo defended and praised the novel in public.  Don Segismundo Moret – former Minister of
the Crown.  Prof. Miguel Morayta- historian and stateman. Agrarian Problem in Calamba,
Influenced by the novel, Governor-General Emilio Terrero ordered a government investigation
of the friar estates to remedy whatever inequities might have been present in connection with
land taxes and with tenant relations. One of the friar estates affected was the Calamba
hacienda by the Dominican order since 1883. Noli Me Tangere in Spain, The novel was fiercely
attacked in the session hall of the Senate of the Spanish Cortes.  Senators are General Jose de
Salamanca , General Luis de Pando and last Sr. Fernando Vida .  Vicente Barantes,  Spanish
academician of Madrid who formerly occupied high government position in the Philippines  
bitterly criticized the novel in an article    published in the Madrid newspaper, La España
Moderna. Rizal’s reasons for leaving the Philippines. His presence in Calamba was jeopardizing
the safety and happiness of his family and friends. He could not fight better his enemies and
serve his country’s cause with greater efficacy by writing in foreign countries. Himno Al
Trabajo,  A poem for Lipa – shortly before Rizal left in 1888, he was asked by a friend to write a
poem in commemoration of the town’s cityhood. Himno Al Trabajo (Hymn To Labor) – title of
the poem dedicated to the industrious people of Lipa. Farewell Philippines,  On February
3, 1888 Rizal left his country with a heavy heart. But this is for his own good and the safety of
his family and friends.