Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Oxidation of Iron, Silicon and Manganese: Today's Topics
Oxidation of Iron, Silicon and Manganese: Today's Topics
AkMB Rashid
Professor, Department of MME
BUET, Dhaka
Today’s Topics
Oxidation of iron
Oxidation and reduction of silicon
Oxidation and reduction of manganese
Oxidation of Iron
• Increase in T increases oxygen dissolved in molten iron [O] in contact with pure FeO.
Control of temperature is important to limit the dissolution of oxygen in molten iron
4/21
In steelmaking, FeO is present along with CaO, MgO, SiO2, MnO
activity of FeO is influenced by other solute oxides
In CaO-SiO2-FeO system
• as CaO/SiO2 ratio increases, aFeO increases
• physically it means that CaO replaces FeO from FeO.SiO2.
2
5x10−4
𝑆𝑖 x 𝑂 = ≅ 10−8
4.74x104
Assuming [O] = 0.08% at turndown, [Si] at equilibrium = 1.6x10–6 % (extremely low !!)
virtually all Si present in iron should get oxidised and goes to slag
in primary steelmaking
8/21
Effect of Temperature
9/21
In basic slags,
• silica formed reacts with basic oxides
• activity of SiO2 in basic slags is negligibly low
• the reaction of silicon oxidation occurs practically to the end
In acid slags
• slags are saturated with silica,
• activity of silica in acid slags is close to unity, 𝑎𝑆𝑖𝑂2 = 1.
10/21
Reduction of silica
If there is no intensive supply of oxidants (oxygen, air, iron ore) to a melt under an acid
slag, Si reduction takes place:
(SiO2) + 2[Mn] = 2(MnO) + [Si]; DG° = 32,200 – 132.80T
(SiO2) + 2[C] = 2{CO} + [Si]; DG° = 611,302 – 336.47T
• These reactions occur with heat absorption.
• Si reduction is favoured by a high temperature.
The process of Si reduction is influenced by
the compositions of the metal and slag.
(SiO2) + 2[Fe] = 2(FeO) + [Si]
2
𝑎𝐹𝑒𝑂 x 𝑎𝑆𝑖 • SiO2 reduction increases for slags with low aFeO.
𝐾=
𝑎𝑆𝑖𝑂2 • C, Mn lower [O] (thus lower aFeO) in slag and
favours SiO2 reduction
𝐾 (For SiO2
𝑎𝑆𝑖 = 2 saturated • In basic slag, CaO breaks iron silicates, frees
Equilibrium curves of reaction 𝑎𝐹𝑒𝑂 slag) FeO, and favours SiO2 reduction
SiO2 + 2C = Si + 2CO in iron-carbon melts
11/21
𝑎𝑆𝑖𝑂2
[Si]1wt% + 2[O]1wt% = (SiO2) 𝑂 =
𝐾 x 𝑆𝑖
• Blast furnace iron usually contains between 0.5 and 2.5 wt% Mn.
• Manganese is soluble in iron in any proportions,
[Mn] = [Mn]1wt%
and forms almost ideal solutions in iron.
DG° = – 9.11T
• In pure Fe-Mn alloys, the activity of Mn varies
almost precisely by Raoult's law.
In acid steelmaking,
• the slag is basically a FeO-MnO-SiO2 ternary system.
• In these liquid slags, the maximum solubility of silica is ~ 50 wt% at 1600 °C
and the activity coefficient of MnO has a constant value of 0.22 - 30 mol%.
17/21
18/21
Effect of slag composition
𝑎𝑀𝑛𝑂 1 𝑎𝑀𝑛𝑂
𝐾= 𝑀𝑛 = x
𝑎𝐹𝑒𝑂 x 𝑀𝑛 𝐾 𝑎𝐹𝑒𝑂
In acid slag
• aMnO decreases due to silicate slag formation and, thus,
Mn oxidation proceeds more deeply
• in a Bessemer converter, for instance, manganese is
oxidized practically to its traces in the metal