Part I

Planet Earth
Part I
Planet Earth

Our planet Earth provides us with plenty of natural

resources.

Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

Chapter 2 The atmosphere
Chapter 3 The ocean
Chapter 4 Rocks and minerals
Chapter 1
Fundamentals of Chemistry
1.1 What is Chemistry about?
1.2 How is Chemistry related to daily life?
1.3 Observations, analyses and interpretations in Chemistry
1.4 Laboratory safety
1.5 Common apparatus in the chemistry laboratory

Learning goal
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

1.1 • recognize what matter is and what Chemistry is about

1.2 • understand the importance of Chemistry to daily life

1.3 • recognize the importance of making observations in studying Chemistry

• realize the necessary steps in drawing conclusions from experiments

1.4 • state the basic laboratory safety rules

• know what hazardous chemicals are

1.5 • recognize the use of common laboratory apparatus

• draw vertical section diagrams of common laboratory apparatus

Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated cities in the world. In recent years, light pollution
problems have aroused the government’s concern.

An urban scene of Hong Kong where light pollution problems are serious.

In 2010, some Taiwanese researchers had an idea of replacing streetlights with trees. They found
that placing gold nanoparticles within the tree leaves would cause the leaves to give off red light.
Hence, the road could be lightened without the need of electricity. Besides, the light given off is
softer and far less polluting than traditional light bulbs and even LEDs.

The study of new materials like gold nanoparticles is a branch in Chemistry. Chemistry plays an
important role in changing the world we live in.

What is Chemistry?
Chemistry is the study of substances, including their compositions, structures, properties and the changes among them.
Why is Chemistry important to us?
Many new substances can be made by applying the knowledge of Chemistry. Hence, Chemistry helps provide us with a good standard of living
What are the basic skills required for studying Chemistry? and is important for our survival.
We have to observe carefully and fully when doing experiment, report experimental results clearly and accurately, analyse the results, try
to interpret them and finally draw conclusions for the experiment.
After studying this chapter, you should be able to answer the above questions.

light pollution 光污染

nanoparticle 納米粒子
 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

1.1 What is Chemistry about?

PowerPoint
What is matter?
The world around us is made up of matter. Matter is anything that
occupies space and has mass. One particular type of matter is called
substance. Iron, water and air are examples of substances.

Note 1
Structures of substances will be
further discussed in chapter 9 of
Book 1.
What is Chemistry?
Chemistry is the study of substances, including their compositions,
structures, properties and the changes among them. Chemists always N1
ask questions about the substances they study.
For example, chemists would ask the following questions about water:

1. How do the hydrogen particle and oxygen particle combine to

give a water particle?
2. What are the structures of water at different states?
3. What are the properties of water?
4. Why does water have different properties when compared with
hydrogen and oxygen?
5. Can we change water into other substances?

Key point
Chemistry is the study of substances, including their compositions,
structures, properties and the changes among them.

XTRA
E Historical note
S

Chemistry and alchemy

The word chemistry comes from the word ‘alchemy’. During the Middle
Ages (about AD 500–1500), some people, known as alchemists, tried to
turn some cheap metals like iron or lead into gold. They tried to do that
by mixing and heating the metals with different substances together.

Although they did not succeed at last, the properties of many

substances became known during the process. Besides, various chemical
methods and laboratory techniques were developed. The efforts and
hard work of alchemists helped greatly in the development of Chemistry. Alchemists at work.

change 變化 property 性質 alchemist 煉金術士

Chemistry 化學 structure 結構 alchemy 煉金術
3 1

composition 成分 substance 物質
matter 物質
 I Planet Earth

1.2 How is Chemistry related to daily

PowerPoint life?
Many inventions in Chemistry were made, one after the other, starting in
th
the 20 century. These inventions play an essential role in many parts of
our daily life, for example, clothing, food, housing, transport and medical
care. See Figure 1.1.

Food
Clothing Food additives help improve the
Synthetic fibres are N2 taste, colour and freshness of food.
products of the
petrochemical industry.
They are very popular in
making clothes.
Note 2
Nylon and polyesters are
(a) Synthetic fibres are used
commonly used synthetic
in making clothes. (b) Food additives are commonly
fibres in textile.
used in food production.

Housing Transport
Building houses requires cement, steel, glass, Modern transport like cars, aeroplanes and
plastics, paints, etc. All of them come from the ships requires fuels that come from the N3
chemical industry. petroleum industry.

(c) Many different construction materials (d) The fuel used by an aeroplane comes
are needed for building houses. from the refining of petroleum.

Medical care Note 3

The common fuels for modern transport include
Humans fight diseases
petrol, kerosene, diesel oil and fuel oil. They are
with drugs. Drugs are obtained from refining of petroleum.
chemical products. N4
Note 4
The active ingredient of aspirin is acetylsalicylic
acid, which has the formula of C9H8O4.

(e) Drugs for fighting diseases are

chemical products. Figure 1.1 Chemistry is closely
related to daily life.

cement 水泥 petrochemical industry 石油化學工業

1 4 chemical industry 化學工業 petroleum industry 石油工業
essential 必不可少的 steel 鋼
food additive 食品添加劑 synthetic fibre 合成纖維
 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

We can see that Chemistry helps provide us with a good standard of

living. Chemistry is not just a subject studied in school, but is also closely
related to other branches of science, technology and society.

Class practice 1.1 N5

The photograph below shows some items commonly found in the kitchen.
Which one(s) do you think is/are related to Chemistry? Circle them out.
Note 5
1. Fertilizers provide important nutrients to A1.1 2
enhance plant and fruit growth. 1
Insecticides help reduce the amount of
plants destroyed by pests.
2. Window frames are made of anodized
aluminium.
3. Tap water is sterilized by chlorine. 6
4. Detergents improve the cleansing ability 4
3
of water.
5. The outer layer of plastic gloves in the 5
picture is made of latex.
6. Town gas is produced from naphtha,
which comes from the petrochemical
7 11
industry. 1
7. Preservatives increase the shelf life of 8
instant cup noodles. 10
8. Baking powder is used in making bread.
9. Food container in the picture is made of 9
polypropene.
10. Food wrap is made of low-density
polyethene.
11. The bowl and dish in the picture are made
of ceramic and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2).
12. etc.

1.3 Observations, analyses and

PowerPoint interpretations in Chemistry
Observations in Chemistry
Since Chemistry is a science based on experiments, observations are very
Learning tip
important. Observations in Chemistry involve the uses of our senses:
Tasting with the
tongue is also one
• Seeing with eyes
way of observation,
but it is NOT allowed • Feeling with hands
in the laboratory.
• Smelling with nose

• Hearing with ears

observation 觀察
5 1
 I Planet Earth Note 6
Observations:
1. There is a flame with the shape of a water drop.
To be a good observer, we must be patient. We must try to notice
even small details or changes in an experiment.
2. The flame is hot.
3. The flame gives out light (i.e. a luminous flame).
Consider a burning candle (Figure 1.2). Write down as many
observations as you can make within five minutes.
4. The colour of the main part of the flame is yellow.
5. The flame is less bright at the lower part, i.e. near the wick. This part of the flame is less luminous.
Compare your observations with those of your classmates. Did you
make the same observations? How many different observations did the
whole class make? Check your observations against those suggested by
Figure 1.2 How many your teacher.
things can you notice about 6. The lowest part of the flame has a blue rim.
a burning candle? N6 7. The flame is wavy even when there is no wind.
8. The tip of the flame is often irregular in shape (not having a smooth, sharp tip).
9. There is a stream of black smoke rising from the tip of the flame.
10. The wick turns black.

H20 Example 1.1 11.

12.
The tip of the wick occasionally gives a red glow.
The wick slowly shortens.
13. The wax directly under the flame melts to a liquid.
Making observations
14. The wax is consumed during the burning of the candle.
3
Add an effervescent vitamin C tablet to a glass containing 200 cm of water (Figure 1.3). Record your
15. If listened very carefully, the hot molten wax right below the flame may give a faint hissing sound.
observations.
16. Some of the molten wax may flow down along the shank of the candle.
17. The molten wax flowing down the shank of the candle soon becomes viscous and then solidifies again.
18. etc.
Solution
(1) There is effervescence — colourless gas
bubbles evolve from the tablet. (sight) N7
(2) The tablet gradually becomes smaller in size
and eventually dissolves completely to form a
colourless solution. (sight) N8
(3) The glass becomes cold. (touching)
(4) A pleasant smell is detected. (smelling)
(5) A hissing sound is heard. (hearing)

Figure 1.3 Adding a vitamin C tablet to water.

Note 7
Some students have the misconception that they need not mention the colour of a substance if it is colourless or white.
Another misconception is that when no observable change is noticed, ‘no reaction’ is written as answer. However, ‘no observable change’ does
NOT mean ‘no reaction’.

Experiment 1.1 Experiment Workbook 1

PowerPoint Experiment Recording the observations of chemical reactions

Video In this experiment, you are going to record the observations of some chemical
reactions.

Note 8
This question asks for observations. Thus, it is wrong to write ‘Carbon dioxide evolves from the tablet.’. Further test is needed to identify the gas
evolved.

effervescence 泡騰/起泡 evolve 釋出

1 6 vitamin C 丙種維生素 hissing sound「嘶嘶」聲
patient 有耐性的
 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

Analyses and interpretations in Chemistry

During an experiment, other than making observations, we should also
record the experimental results carefully and fully. Then we should
analyse the experimental results and try to interpret (explain) them.
Finally, we should draw conclusions for the experiment.

For all experiments we will do, we should try our best to:

Key point
(1) observe and record the experimental results carefully and fully.
(2) analyse the experimental results and interpret them.
(3) draw conclusions for the experiment.

1.4 Laboratory safety

PowerPoint
In this course, we often do experiments in the laboratory. To avoid
accidents, always remember: ‘Laboratory safety is of first importance
in any experimental work.’ (Figure 1.4).

Figure 1.4 Posters on laboratory safety.

laboratory safety 實驗室安全 analyse 分析

interpret 詮釋
7 1
 I Planet Earth Note 9
For example, never heat strongly when only gentle heating is required; never use concentrated acid/alkali when only a dilute
one is needed; never use excessive amounts of chemicals; never do any experiment not allowed/instructed by teachers.

Learning tip Basic laboratory safety rules

For more details on the
safety precautions in We must follow all the basic laboratory safety rules when doing
Note 10
the Chemistry experiments. In case students are working in groups, it is a good practice to appoint a group leader, by
laboratory, refer to the
rotation each time. He/she is the only person allowed to get and return apparatus and
‘Laboratory Handbook’.
chemicals. In so doing, ‘movement’ in the laboratory can be minimized.
A1.2
Laboratory Safety Rules
• Student A should not run in the
laboratory as she may knock on the (1) Do not work in the laboratory unless your teacher is present.
other students who are doing
experiments and cause accidents. (2) Follow strictly the instructions given by your teacher. N9
Besides, she should wear safety (3) Never run around or play in the laboratory. Do not leave your bench
spectacles.
• Student B should not smell the gas unless it is necessary. N10
directly as the gas may be poisonous. (4) Do not touch any chemicals with bare hands.
• Student C should wear safety
spectacles when doing experiment as (5) Dispose of solid waste (e.g. broken glass, filter paper, copper turnings,
the chemical may spill into her eyes. In etc.) in the waste bin, never in the sink.
addition, the flammable chemical should
not be placed near the flame as it (6) Clean up all the spillage (on the floor or bench) at once. Clean up the
catches fire easily. bench after experiment.
• Student E should not throw rubbish into
the sink as the solid waste may block (7) Report all accidents and breakages to your teacher at once.
the drain of the sink. In addition, he
(8) In case any chemical gets into eyes, flush the eyes with running water
should wear safety spectacles.
• Student F should not touch the hot immediately for at least three minutes.
beaker with bare hands as she would
(9) For chemical burns on skin, place the affected area under slowly running
get heat burns. Note 11
• Student G should not eat in the water until the pain fades. N11
Remind students that the only reliable
laboratory as the food and drinks may
(10) Take all necessary safety precautions. immediate treatment for all chemical burns
be contaminated with chemicals. is washing with a lot of water.
Besides, he should wear safety
spectacles.
Class practice 1.2
Study the following picture. Some of the students in the laboratory have improper actions against the laboratory
safety rules. Point them out and explain your answers.

C D
B

E F

safety precaution 安全措施 burn 灼傷

1 8 spillage 濺出/溢出
 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

Hazardous chemicals CE2005(II)18

Note 12 Hazardous chemicals are substances which may cause injury to people or N12
Some household substances may
have potential risks. Take the
damage to property. Chemicals can be classified according to their
example of bleaching solution. It hazardous nature. A bottle containing a hazardous chemical should display
liberates toxic chlorine gas when
mixed with acidic substances.
the appropriate hazard warning label(s). Figure 1.5 shows some common
hazard warning labels.

CORROSIVE TOXIC EXPLOSIVE

募壤ㆶ 㢘㵡 䎕䉇ㆶ

FLAMMABLE OXIDIZING HARMFUL IRRITANT

㞢䍒 ␸䍒 㢘ⵂ ⏉䅏ㆶ

Figure 1.5 Some examples of common hazard warning labels.

Figure 1.6 A hazard warning label
(corrosive) is shown on a bottle of
concentrated hydrochloric acid.

1.5 Common apparatus in the chemistry

PowerPoint laboratory
Common laboratory apparatus
We use many different pieces of apparatus when doing experiments in the
laboratory. Figures 1.7–1.13 show some common laboratory apparatus.

(b) (d)
(a)
(a) (c)
(b)
(d)

(e)
(c)
(h)

(g) (h) (f)

(e) (f) (g)

Figure 1.7 Figure 1.8

(a) Test tube rack (e) Test tube holder (a) Measuring cylinder (e) Wash bottle
(b) Rubber stopper (f) Test tube brush (b) Beaker (f) Watch glass
(c) Test tube (g) Dropping bottle (c) Dropper (g) Thermometer
(d) Boiling tube (h) Reagent bottle (d) Filter funnel (h) Glass rod

dropping bottle 滴瓶 laboratory apparatus 實驗室儀器 damage 破壞 nature 性質

filter funnel 漏斗 measuring cylinder 量筒 injury 傷害 property 財產
9 1

hazard warning label 危險警告標籤 reagent bottle 試劑瓶

hazardous chemical 危險化學品
 I Planet Earth

(a)
(b)

(c) (d) (c)

(b) (e)
(a)
(d)

(f)
(g)

(h)

Figure 1.9 Figure 1.10

(a) Stand and clamp (c) Flat-bottomed flask (a) Crucible (with lid) (e) Evaporating dish
(b) Round-bottomed flask (d) Conical flask (b) Pipe-clay triangle (f) Heat-resistant mat
(c) Tripod (g) Crucible tongs
(d) Bunsen burner (h) Wire gauze

(a)
(a)
(b)

(b) (c) (d)

(c)

Figure 1.11 Figure 1.12 Figure 1.13 Safety spectacles

(a) Desiccator (c) Mortar (a) Weighing bottle
(b) Gas jar (d) Pestle (b) Electronic balance
(c) Spatula

Some chemistry experiments can be done on a reduced scale. These

experiments are microscale experiments in which microscale apparatus
are used. See Figure 1.14. One major advantage of microscale experiments
DSE2015(IB)9(a)
is to save the amounts of chemicals used. N13
Note 13
Some advantages of microscale experiments:
1. The amounts of chemicals used and hence
the costs for chemicals can be reduced. 8-well reaction strip
2. Reduce chemical waste.
3. Experiments can be completed in a shorter microsyringe
period of time. micro-tip plastic
4. Reduce the space for storing the apparatus. pipette
5. Minimize any chemical hazards.

Figure 1.14 Microscale apparatus

8-well reaction strip 八孔井穴條 heat-resistant mat 耐熱墊 mortar 研缽 tripod 三腳架
1 10 conical flask 錐形瓶 microscale experiment 微型實驗 pestle 研棒 weighing bottle 稱量瓶
crucible tongs 坩堝鉗 microsyringe 微量調節注射器 pipe-clay triangle 管土三角 wire gauze 鐵絲網
desiccator 乾燥器 micro-tip plastic pipette 微端塑膠移液管 spatula 刮勺
 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

Vertical section diagrams of common laboratory

apparatus
For convenience, we usually use simple diagrams to represent laboratory
apparatus and experimental set-ups in chemistry experiments. These
diagrams must be clear and easy to understand.

We can draw vertical section diagrams to represent laboratory

apparatus. The vertical section diagrams in fact represent the side-on
view of the apparatus. Some examples are shown in Table 1.1.

Beaker

Test
tube

Conical
flask

Filter
funnel

Table 1.1 Vertical section

diagrams of some common
laboratory apparatus.

vertical section diagram 縱切面圖

11 1
 I Planet Earth

Skill corner 1.1

Drawing vertical section diagrams of common laboratory apparatus
When we draw the vertical section diagram of a piece of laboratory apparatus, we should:
1. Find out the vertical section of the apparatus. Try to imagine as if a plane cut through the apparatus
into two halves from top to bottom.
For example, we can draw the vertical section diagram of a measuring cylinder as shown below:

2. Note the following points:

• Draw the diagram with simple lines.
• Draw straight lines with a ruler.
• Do not shade the diagram.
• Do not add graduation marks, if any, on the side of the apparatus.

Class practice 1.3

For each of the following laboratory apparatus, write its name and draw a vertical section diagram that
represents it. A1.3

Name and vertical Name and vertical

Apparatus Apparatus
section diagram section diagram

Test tube Conical flask

(a) (b)

(Cont’d)

graduation 刻度
1 12 shade 把…塗暗
 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

Name and vertical Name and vertical

Apparatus Apparatus
section diagram section diagram

Glass rod Dropper

(c) (d)

Tripod Wire gauze

(e) (f)

Evaporating dish Watch glass

(g) (h)

13 1
 I Planet Earth

Key terms
PowerPoint

English term Chinese translation Page

1. Chemistry 化學 3

2. hazard warning label 危險警告標籤 9

3. hazardous chemical 危險化學品 9

4. laboratory apparatus 實驗室儀器 9

5. laboratory safety 實驗室安全 7

6. matter/substance 物質 3

7. microscale experiment 微型實驗 10

8. observation 觀察 5

9. safety precaution 安全措施 8

Progress check
PowerPoint

Can you answer the following questions? Put a ‘✓’ in the box if you can. Otherwise, review the relevant
part on the page as shown.

Page
1. What is matter? 3

2. What is Chemistry? 3

3. How is Chemistry related to daily life? 4

4. How can we make observations during an experiment? 5

5. What are the necessary steps for drawing conclusions from experiments? 7

6. What are the basic laboratory safety rules when doing experiments? 8

7. What are hazardous chemicals? 9

8. How can we draw vertical section diagrams of common laboratory apparatus? 11

1 14
 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

Summary
PowerPoint

1.1 What is Chemistry about?

1. Chemistry is the study of substances, including their compositions, structures, properties and
the changes among them.

1.2 How is Chemistry related to daily life?

2. Chemistry plays an essential role in clothing, food, housing, transport and medical care.

1.3 Observations, analyses and interpretations in Chemistry

3. Observations in Chemistry involve four senses:

• Seeing with eyes
• Feeling with hands
• Smelling with nose
• Hearing with ears

4. For all experiments we do, we should try our best to:

(1) observe and record the experimental results carefully and fully.
(2) report the experimental results clearly and accurately.
(3) analyse the results and interpret them. Then draw conclusions for the experiment.

1.4 Laboratory safety

5. Laboratory safety is of first importance in any experimental work. Refer to p.8 for basic
laboratory safety rules.

6. Hazardous chemicals are substances which may cause injury to people or damage to property.

7. Hazard warning labels are displayed on bottles containing hazardous chemicals. These
chemicals must be handled with great care.

1.5 Common apparatus in the chemistry laboratory

8. Some common laboratory apparatus are shown in Figures 1.7–1.13 on p.9–10.

9. For convenience, vertical section diagrams are usually drawn to represent laboratory apparatus
and experimental set-ups.

15 1
 I Planet Earth

Concept map
PowerPoint

Complete the following concept map.

Science

Importance to daily life:

a branch of
• clothing
• food
CHEMISTRY
• housing
• transport
• medical care
study of substances

Compositions Structures Properties Changes

studied by

Experiments

make need the need to

and record use of consider

Observations Laboratory Laboratory safety

apparatus

(Hints: compositions, experiments, observations, properties, science, structures)

1 16
 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

Chapter exercise
Fill in the blanks Section 1.4
7. If your finger is accidentally cut by a broken test
Section 1.1
tube in the laboratory, you should
1. The world around us is made up of
matter (1) report to the teacher at once.
, which is anything that
space mass (2) clean up the broken glass pieces with a towel.
occupies and has .
Then dispose of the glass pieces in a rubbish
substances bin.
2. Chemistry is the study of ,
compositions (3) clean the wound with water and then apply a
including their , structures,
changes dressing to it. 7. Broken glass pieces should be cleaned
properties and the among them.
up with a broom and the glass pieces
A. (1) only
Section 1.3 should be disposed of in a waste bin
B. (2) only which is used for collecting broken
3. Observations in Chemistry include: C. (1) and (3) only glass.
C
• seeing with eyes; D. (2) and (3) only
feeling
• with hands;
8. Which of the following hazard warning labels
smelling
• with nose; should be shown on a gas jar containing
hearing
• with ears. hydrogen?
A. Corrosive
Section 1.4
B. Explosive
4. To do experiments safely in the laboratory, we
laboratory safety rules C. Flammable
should follow all the . 8. Hydrogen is flammable. C
D. Toxic

9. Which of the following hazard warning labels

Multiple-choice questions
should be shown on the reagent bottle containing
Section 1.2 concentrated hydrochloric acid?
5. Which of the following statements about A. C.
Chemistry are correct?
(1) Chemistry is the study of various substances.
(2) Chemistry is a branch of science.
(3) Chemistry helps provide us with a good B. D.
standard of living.
A. (1) and (2) only D
B. (1) and (3) only 9. Concentrated hydrochloric acid is corrosive.
C. (2) and (3) only 10. Which of the following are the advantages of
D microscale experiments?
D. (1), (2) and (3)
5. Refer to p.3 to 5 of chapter 1 for details. (1) The result of an experiment can be obtained
Section 1.3
in a shorter time.
6. What will be observed if a spoonful of sugar is (2) A smaller amount of chemicals can be used.
added to a glass of water and then the mixture is (3) A smaller amount of wastes would be
stirred? produced.
A. The water becomes white. A. (1) and (2) only
B. Colourless gas bubbles evolve from the B. (1) and (3) only
surface of sugar. C. (2) and (3) only
C. The sugar dissolves. D. (1), (2) and (3) D
C
D. The glass becomes cold.

17 1
 I Planet Earth

Structured questions
Section 1.4
11. Cathy heated a test tube containing ethanol in the laboratory as shown below.

11. Any FIVE:
She did not stopper the reagent bottles
after taking the chemicals out from them.
She did not tie up her long hair.
She did not wear safety spectacles (and
laboratory coat).
She should NOT have heated the ethanol
directly as ethanol is flammable.
She should not have pointed the test tube
to herself.
She should not have placed the bottle of
ethanol near the Bunsen flame as ethanol
is flammable.
12. (a)
IRRITANT
⏉䅏ㆶ
(b) Wear safety spectacles.
Avoid contact with the eyes and skin. When
accidentally spilt into the eyes or onto the
ethanol skin, wash the affected area with a lot of
water.
(c) Colourless gas bubbles evolve from the
egg shell pieces.
The egg shell pieces dissolve in the acid.

Cathy made FIVE mistakes when conducting the experiment. List them out.

12. Peter wants to find the amount of calcium in an egg shell. In the experiment, the egg shell is first ground
into smaller pieces by using a mortar and a pestle. Then, a known amount of dilute hydrochloric acid is
added to the egg shell. Dilute hydrochloric acid is irritant and should be handled with care.
(a) Draw the hazard warning label that should be shown on a bottle of dilute hydrochloric acid.
(b) Suggest TWO safety precautions when handling dilute hydrochloric acid in the laboratory.
(c) State TWO observations when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to the egg shell pieces.

Section 1.5
13. Below are some pieces of apparatus commonly used in the laboratory.

A. B. C. D.

E. F. G. H.

13. (a) A. Beaker E. Tripod

B. Test tube/boiling tube F. Heat-resistant mat
C. Bunsen burner G. Test tube holder
(a) Name the pieces of apparatus A to H. D. Wire gauze H. Spatula

(b) Which piece(s) of apparatus would you use for each of the following purposes?
(i) Transferring a small amount of solid sodium chloride from the reagent bottle to a test tube.
3
(ii) Studying the reaction between a few cm of dilute hydrochloric acid and an iron nail.
3
(iii) Heating a few cm of water. (b) (i) H
3 (ii) B
(iv) Boiling 200 cm of water. (iii) B, C, F, G
(iv) A, C, D, E, F
1 18