Lab Manual CT - 2140608

LAB MANUAL
OF
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
(3150610)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
G H PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
VALLABH VIDHYANAGAR – 388 120

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. / Miss _____________________________
having enrollment no. ________________ of B.E. Semester 5th of
CIVIL (Third Year) branch has satisfactory completed the laboratory
work in “Concrete Technology (3150610)”.
Date: ________________
Place: Bakrol, V. V. Nagar
(Lab In charge) (Head of Department)

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
INDEX
Sr. Page Marks

Date Title Sign
No. No. (Out of 10)
1 Standard Consistency of Cement
2 Initial & Final Setting Time of Cement

Determination of Specific Gravity of
3
Aggregates
4 Soundness of Cement
Fineness Modulus (Determination Of
5 Particle Size Distribution) of Fine and
Coarse Aggregate
6 Workability of Concrete
Compressive Strength of Cement
7
Mortar Cubes
8 Compressive Strength of Concrete
Compressive Strength of Accelerated
9
Cured Concrete
10 Non Destructive Testing on Concrete
11 Tutorial : 01
VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
PRACTICAL: 1
STANDARD CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT
AIM: To determine the standard consistency of cement.
APPARATUS: Vicat apparatus with plunger and mould, Weighing balance, Non-porous plate,
Tray, Stopwatch, Trowel, Enamel trough and Spatula
THEORY:
The amount of mixing water affects significantly the strength and consistency of cement paste
as well as that of mortar. For finding initial setting time, final setting time, soundness of cement
and strength parameter result of standard consistency of cement test has to be used. It is
performed by vicat Apparatus. The standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that
consistency which will permit the vicat plunger to penetrate to a point 5 to 7 mm from the
bottom of the vicat mould. For finding out initial setting time, final setting time, soundness of
cement and compressive strength of cement, it is necessary to fix the quantity of water to be
mixed in cement in each case. Percentage of water in the cement paste for the standard
consistency will vary from cement to cement and batch to batch for same cement.
Gauging Time:
It is the time counted from the time of adding water to the dry cement until commencing to fill
the mould of Vicat’s apparatus in this test.
PROCEDURE:
1. Weigh about 400 gm. of cement accurately and placed it in enamel trough.
2. To start with add about 25% of potable water and mix it by means of spatula. Care
should be taken that the gauging time is not less than three minutes and not more than 5
minutes.
3. Apply thin layer of oil to inner surface of mould. Fill the Vicat mould with this paste,
the mould resting on non-porous plate.
4. Make the surface of cement paste in level with the top of mould with the trowel. The
mould should be slightly shaken to expel the air.
5. Place the mould together with the non-porous plate under the rod bearing the plunger so
that it touches the surface of the test block.
6. Release the plunger quickly, allowing it to sink into the cement paste When the
penetration of plunger becomes stable in the mould, note down readings of
penetration of the plunger in the pasteIf the penetration of plunger in the paste is less
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VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
than the 33 to 35 mm from the top of the mould, prepare the trial paste with
increasing percentage of water and repeat the above mentioned procedure until the
plunger penetrate to a depth of 33 to 35 mm from the top or 5 to 7 mm from the
bottom of mould.
7. Room temperature at the time of testing shall be 27±20c
OBSERVATIONS:
 Type and brand of cement = _______________
 Grade of cement = ___________________
Weight of Weight of Gauging Time

Penetration Consistency of
Sr. cement water (Minutes)
from cement in % by
No taken in gms taken in gms
top (mm) weight b/a * 100
(a) (b)
RESULT:
The standard consistency of cement sample is found to be ______________
CONCLUSION:
Questions:
1. What is the normal consistency of cement?

2. How does fineness of cement affects the normal consistency of cement?
3. What is the effect of the normal consistency of cement on all other physical tests?

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
PRACTICAL: 2
INITIAL & FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT
AIM: Determination of initial and final setting time for ordinary Portland cement.
APPARATUS: Vicat apparatus with Initial and Final set needles, Mould, Weighing balance,
Non-porous plate, Tray, Stopwatch, Trowel, Enamel trough and Spatula, etc.
THEORY:
When water is mixed with the cement to form the paste, reaction starts. The finely ground
cement is extremely sensitive to water. Out of three main compounds, C3A reacts quickly with
water to produce jelly-like compound which starts solidifying. This action of changing from a
fluid state to a solid state is called “setting”
During the next stage of hydration, cement paste starts hardening owing to the reaction C 3S
and C2S and hence paste gain the strength. In first few minutes, the setting action is more
predominant and after some time hardening action becomes rapid.
In actual practice, such solidifying action or loss of plasticity is required to be delayed because
some time is needed for mixing, transporting and placing the concrete into its final position
before it looses its plasticity. The time interval for which the cement products remain in plastic
condition is known as the setting time. It is not possible to exactly locate the initial and final
setting time. The Indian standards have selected two arbitrary points which relate strength to
time from adding water.
Initial Setting time is defined as the period elapsing between the time when the water is first
added to the cement and the time at which the needle of 1 mm square section fails to pierce the
test block to a depth of 5 mm from the bottom of the mould. 30 minutes is the minimum initial
setting time specified by ISI for ordinary, rapid hardening cement and other cements and 60
minutes for low heat cement.
The final setting time is defined as the period elapsed between the time when the water is
added to the cement, and the time when the paste has completely lost its plasticity (the needle
of 1 mm square with 5 mm dia makes an impression on the test block) and has attained
sufficient firmness to resist certain pressure. This time should not be more than 10 hours. The
term setting is used to describe the stiffness of the cement paste.

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
PROCEDURE:
1. Weight about 400 gms of neat cement

2. Prepare a neat cement paste by adding 0.85 times the percentage of water required for
standard consistency. The stop-watch shall start at this step.
3. The paste is filled in Vicat’s mould and levelled smoothly at top. The mould is then
placed below the Vicat’s needle.
4. Allow a needle of 1mm diameter and 50mm length to fall freely and penetrate into the
test block. Note the penetration of the needle. After every 10 minutes until the depth of
penetration is 5mm. The elapsed time from mixing the water with dry cement till the
penetration upto 5 mm is called initial setting time.
5. Replace the needle with another angular one (Final setting needle) of 1mm diameter,
and penetrate into the sample after every 15 minutes till only the needle makes an
impression on the paste, while the circular cutting edge of the attachment fails to do so.
In other words the paste has attained such hardness that the centre needle does not
pierce through the paste more than 0.5mm.
OBSERVATION:
1. Water required for standard constancy of cement P = _______________%

2. Water to be mixed with the cement for the setting time test = ____________ml
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Time at which
needle makes
Quantity of Quantity of Time at which Time at which 5 mm
Sr. Initial setting an impression Final Setting
cement water water is first penetration readings
No time but attachment time
(gm) (ml) added (T1) are taken (T2)
fails to make
(T3)
RESULTS:
Here performing this experiment we obtain
Initial setting time = ____________

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
Final setting time = ____________
CONCLUSION:
Questions:
1. Differentiate between initial and final setting time of cement?
2. Differentiate between ‘setting’ and ‘hardening’?
3. Justify “Low heat cement has more initial setting time as compared to other ‘Portland
cements”.

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
PRACTICAL: 3
DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF AGGREGATES
AIM: To Determine the specific gravity of fine and coarse aggregates.
APPARATUS: Weight balance, pycnometer having watertight fitting, tray etc.
THEORY:
IS: 2386-Part III mentions two types of specific gravities: 1. specific gravity 2. Apparent
specific gravity
Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of the aggregate (maintained for 24 hours at
temperature 100o to 110o c) to the weight of equal volume of water displaced by saturated
surface dry aggregate. Apparent specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of the dried
aggregate to the weight of equal volume of water displaced by the dry aggregate. The
specific gravity of an aggregate is generally required for calculating void content in
aggregate. If the aggregate is dry, it absorbs water which does not take place in reaction.
Thus workability is reduced and w/c ratio is also changed. The specific gravity also gives
information on the quality and properties of aggregate. The specific gravity of an aggregate
is considered to be a measure of strength of quality of the material. Majority of aggregates
have the values between 2.6 to 2.9. Value less than 2.6 not means that aggregate is of lower
quality. No minimum limit has been specified. In certain construction like gravity dam,
weight of the concrete is very important and therefore minimum limit is specified.
PROCEDURE:
1. Take two kg of sample and screened on a 10 mm sieve, thoroughly washed to remove fine
particles of dust, drained and then placed in the wire basket immersed in distilled water
and allow remaining immersed at a temperature of 220 to 320c for 24 hours.
2. Remove the air entrapped or bubbles by rapid rotation of bucket either in clockwise or
anticlockwise direction.
3. Fill the pycnometer bottle by adding water, aggregate and then weighed. (A)
4. The bottle is emptied and the aggregate is allowed to drain out. Refill the bottle with
distilled water and then weighed( B)
5. The aggregate is placed on a dry cloth and gently surface dried. Take the weight of the
dried aggregate (C).

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
6. The aggregate is placed in the oven in a tray at a temperature of 1000c to 1100c for 24
hours. It is then cooled in airtight container and weighed. (D)
7. Determine the specific gravity and water absorption value.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr.
Particulars I II
No.
1 Weight of sample taken in grams
Weight of saturated and surface dry aggregate (C) in
2
grams
3 Weight of container + aggregate + water (A) in grams
4 Weight of container + water (B) in grams
5 Weight of oven dry sample (D) in grams
6 Specific Gravity = D/[C-(A-B)]
7 Apparent Specific gravity = D/[D-(A-B)]
Water absorption percentage dry weight
8
= [(C-D)]/D*100
RESULTS:
Average Specific gravity of course aggregate = ___________
CONCLUSION:
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VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
PRACTICAL: 04
SOUNDNESS OF CEMENT
AIM: To determine the soundness of cement for a given sample
APPARATUS: Le-Chatelier apparatus, Glass sheet, Trowel, Stop watch, Measuring
cylinder, Enamel tray, Thermometer
THEORY:
It is essential that cement concrete does not undergo large change in volume after it has
hardened. This is ensured by limiting the quantities of free lime (CaO) and magnesia (MgO)
in cement. During manufacture of cement, free lime is produces. Free lime reacts with water
and increase in volume considerably. Magnesia also has the same effect but rate of reaction
is slow. Larger percentage of free lime and magnesia, if present tends to increase the volume
of the hardened concrete thus causing disintegration. The cement is therefore, said to be
unsound when the % of free lime and magnesia is more than the specified by Bureau of
Indian Standard.
PROCEDURE:
1. Place the mould on the glass sheet and fill it with cement paste formed by cement
with 0.78P
2. Cover the mould with another piece of glass sheet
3. Place a small weight on covering glass sheet and immediately submerge the whole
assembly in water at temperature of 270 to 320 C and keep for 24 hours.
4. Measure the distance separating the indicating points to an accuracy of a mm after 24
hours
5. Submerge the mould again in water at a temperature prescribed above
6. Bring the water to boiling with the mould kept submerged in 25 to 30 minutes and
keep it boiling for three hours.
7. Remove the mould from the water, allow it to cool and measure the distance between
the indicator points.
8. The difference between these two measurements represent the expansion of the
cement

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr. Before Aeration
Particulers
No 1 II III
1 Weight of the cement sample (C) in grams
Water required for standard consistency
2
(P)
3 Water added to the sample (0.78P x C)
Time at which the sample is put in water
4
at 270 C to 320 C
Time at which water is brought to the
5
boiling point
Distance between two pointer ends before
6
heating (D1) mm
Distance between the pointer ends after
7
heating (D2) mm
8 Difference (D2-D1)
CONCLUSION:
Questions:
1. Define soundness of cement?
2. How does the unsound cement affect the volumetric stability of cement?
3. Why heating is carried out in determining the soundness of cement?

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
PRACTICAL: 5
FINENESS MODULUS (DETERMINATION OF PARTICLE SIZE

DISTRIBUTION) OF FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATE
AIM: To determine the particle size distribution of the fine and coarse aggregates with the
help of sieve analysis.
APPARATUS: A set of IS sieves-80 mm, 63 mm, 40 mm, , 20 mm, 16 mm, 12.5 mm, 10
mm, 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600μ, 300 μ, 150 μ and 75 μ. Balance with an accuracy
to measure 0.1 percent of the weight of the test sample.
MATERIALS: Fine and coarse aggregates
THEORITICAL BACKGROUND:
Aggregate can be classified into single size aggregate, graded aggregate and all in aggregate.
In single size aggregate, particles belong to one or two consecutive sieves while graded
aggregate contains all sizes of particles in suitable proportions. All in aggregate consists of
combination of both fine and coarse aggregate in suitable proportions.
Fine aggregate is the aggregate passing through 4.75mm (4800 microns) sieve and used in
mortars. Coarse aggregate is the aggregate which retained on 4.75 mm sieve and generally of
broken stone. Fineness modulus is only a numerical index of fineness, giving some idea
about, the mean size of the particles in the entire body of concrete. Determination of fineness
modulus is considered as a method of standardization of grading of aggregates i.e. the main
object of finding fineness modulus is to grade the given aggregate for the most economical
mix and workability with minimum quantity of cement. It is obtained by sieving known
weight of given aggregate in a set of standard sieves and by adding the percent weight of
material retained on all the sieves and dividing the total percentage by 100. By passing the
sample downward through a series of standard sieves, each of decreasing size openings, the
aggregates are separated into several groups, each of which contains aggregates in a
particular size range.
PROCEDURE:
Coarse aggregate:
1. Take 5Kgs of dry coarse aggregate (nominal size 20mm) from the sample by quartering.

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
2. Carry out sieving by hand, shake each sieve in order 75mm ,40mm, 20mm, 10mm,
and No's 480, 240, 120, 60, 30, & 15 over a clean dry tray for a period of not less than 2
minutes.
3. The shaking is done with a varied motion backward and forward, left to right,
circular, clockwise and anticlockwise and with frequent jarring.
4. So that material is kept moving over the sieve surface in frequently changing directions.
5. Find the weight retained on each sieve taken in order
Fine aggregate:
1. Take 1 Kg of sand from sample by quartering in clean dry plate.
2. Arrange the sieves in order of No. 480, 240, 120, 60, 30 and 15 keeping sieve 480 at
top And 15 at bottom.
3. Fix them in the sieve shaking machine with the pan at the bottom and cover at the top.
4. Keep the sand in the top sieve no 480, carry out the sieving in the set of sieves
and Arranged before for not less than 10 minutes.
5. Find the weight retained in each sieve.

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
OBSERVATIONS TABLE:
Fine Aggregate: Weight of Fine Aggregates taken = ____________ Kg
% Cumulative
Sr. Weight of aggregate Average % Weight
Sieve Size Sum Weight % Weight
No. retained Sum Passing
Retained Retained
I II III
1 10mm
2 4.75mm
3 2.36mm
4 1.18mm
5 600mm
6 300mic
7 150mic
8 75mic
9 Pan
Conclusion:
1. Zone:
2. % passing 75mic sieve
3. Fineness Modulus of the Aggregate: sum of cumulative percentage/100
4. Nature of Grading:
Continuous
Sizes in excess or missing
Coarse grading/ finer grading

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
Coarse Aggregates: Weight of Coarse Aggregates taken = _____________Kg
% Cumulative
Sr. Weight of aggregate Average % Weight
Sieve Size Sum Weight % Weight
No. retained Sum Passing
Retained Retained
I II III
1 20mm
2 12mm
3 10mm
4 4.75mm
5 2.36mm
6 Pan
CONCLUSION:
1. Size: Single size / graded…………………..mm
2. Fineness Modulus of the Aggregate: sum of cumulative percentage/100
3. Nature of Grading:
4. Continuous
Sizes in excess or missing
Coarse grading/ finer grading
Whether in grading
5. Shape:
RESULT:
The results should be calculated and reported as:
(i) The fineness modulus of given fine aggregate: ____________
(ii) The fineness modulus of given coarse aggregate: _____________
Questions:
1. When do you call aggregate as graded aggregate?
2. Why should aggregate be dried before sieving?
3. How do you define fine aggregate and coarse aggregate?
4. How does the aggregate with one size of particles in excess of other sizes affect the
workability?

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
PRACTICAL: 6
WORKABIITY OF CONCRETE
THEORY:
Workability is defined as the property of concrete which determine the amount of useful
internal work necessary to produce full compaction. It can also be define as the ease with
which concrete can be compacted 100 percent with regard to mode of compaction and of
deposition. A workable concrete produce dense concrete with high strength and durability.
For full compaction, concrete mix possesses three properties: Mobility, cohesiveness during
movement of mix and the absence of hardness. Water is the most important single factor
which affects the mobility but more addition of water increase the w/c ratio which decrease
the strength of the concrete. The factors affecting workability is w/c ratio, mix proportion,
size, shape, texture and grading of aggregates and use of admixture. Requirement of degree
of workability depends upon the size of sections and compaction methods as shown in table
1. Table:1
Sr. Degree Slump Vee bee Compression
Placing condition
No. of workability (mm) Time (sec) factor
Sections subjected to prolong

1 vibration accompanied by Extremely Low 0 Above 20 Below 0.7
pressure
Small sections subjected to Above 10 to Above 0.7 to 0.8

2 Very Low 0.25
intensive vibrations 20 to 0.85
Lightly reinforced section
Above Above 0.85 to
3 without vibration or heavy Medium 0 to 5
50 to 100 0.95
reinforced with vibration
Heavily reinforced section Above
4 High 0 Above 0.95
not suitable for vibration 100
(A) SLUMP TEST
AIM: To measure the workability of concrete by slump test.
APPARATUS:
Slump cone 100 mm diameter at top and 200 mm diameter at bottom and 300 mm height,
Tamping rod 16 mm and 0.6 m long with round end, Trowels, Steel scale, Measuring
cylinder, Stop watch, Balance scoop, Balance, Metal tray.

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
THEORY:
The slump test is very simple often used on construction sites to keep change on day to day
or hour to hour variations in the materials. Fresh concrete is filled in conical mould in four
layers with standard compaction. Then mould is lifted up immediately. The subsidence is
measured as slump in mm, as shown in fig. Slump test is not suitable for aggregate size more
than 40 mm and concrete with, very low and extremely low workability
PROCEDURE:
1. Oil inner surface of conical mould.
2. Prepare the concrete in metal tray with proportion 1:2:4 with w/c ratio 0.45
3. Fill the concrete in conical mould in four equal layers (each approximately one
quarter of height). Each layer tamped by 25 blows of tamping road as quick as
possible and in uniform manner over the cross section. After the top layer has been
rodded, the concrete is struck off level with trowel or tamping rod.
4. The mould is lifted up by carefully in vertical direction, concrete slump.
5. The subsidence of concrete is measure by steel foot rule from the height of mould to
the highest point of specimen slump.
6. The slump is measured in mm.
7. Tame next observation as above with same proportion of concrete mix and different
w/c ratio 0.40, 0.50 and 0.55.
OBSERVATIONS TABLE:
Proportion of concrete mix= 1:2:4
Weight of cement= _________ kg.

Weight of fine aggregate= _________ kg.
Weight of coarse aggregate= __________ kg
Sr. w/c ratio Water Added Slump (mm)

No.
1
2

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
RESULTS:
CONCLUSION
(B) COMPACTION FACTOR TEST
APPARATUS:
Compaction factor apparatus as per IS: 1199, Hand scoop, Measuring cylinder, Trowels,
Vibration table or Tamping rod, Weigh balance.
THEORY:
Compaction factor test works on a principle of determining the degree of compaction

achieved by a standard amount of work by allowing the concrete to fall through a standare
height. The degree of compaction called as compaction factor is the ratio of the density
actually achieved in the test to the density of the fully compacted. This test is most accurate
than other methods. It is most suitable for any degree of workability of fresh concrete. It also
measures compatibility of dry concrete mix. It is most suitable for laboratory conditions. The
compaction factor apparatus consist of two hopers and a cylindrical mould in vertical line.
The concrete is filled in upper hoper and allowed to fall in lower hopper then cylinder by
standard effort.
PROCEDURE:
1) Place the concrete in the upper hooper with a hand scoop and fill upto full height with
the concrete and level it with brim
2) Open the trap door of upper hooper so the concrete falls into the lower hooper.( if the
concrete sticks to the sides of the hooper, push it gently with the help of rod from top
3) Open the door of lower hooper and allow concrete to fall into the cylinder. Remove
the excess concrete above the level of the top of the cylinder.
4) Determine the weight of the cylinder
5) Refill the cylinder from the same sample of concrete in three layers, each compacted
by 25 blows, level it and again take weight of the cylinder.

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
OBSERVATION TABLE:
1. Proportions of sample:
2. w/c ratio:
3. weight of cylinder (W1):
4. Weight of cylinder + concrete falling through standard height(W2):
5. Weight of partially compacted concrete (W2-W1):
6. Weight of fully compacted concrete + Cylinder (W4):
7. Weight of fully compacted concrete: (W3-W1)
8. Compacting factor (W3/W5):
9. Wt. of coarse aggregate = _________ kg
10. Wt. of cement = __________ kg
11. Wt. of fine aggregate = __________ kg
Sr.
Particulars I II
No.
1 Proportions of sample:
2 w/c ratio:
3 weight of cylinder (W1):
Weight of cylinder + concrete falling through
4 standard height(W2):
Weight of partially compacted concrete (W2-
5 W1):
Weight of fully compacted concrete + Cylinder
6 (W4):
7 Weight of fully compacted concrete: (W3-W1)
8 Compacting factor (W3/W5):
9 Wt. of coarse aggregate = _________ kg
10 Wt. of cement = __________ kg
11 Wt. of fine aggregate = __________ kg
RESULT:
Ratio = Compacting factor
CONCLUSION:

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
(C) MEASURE THE FLOW AND WORKABILITY OF THE CONCRETE BY USING

FLOW TABLE
AIM: To measure the flow and workability of the concrete by using flow table.
APPARATUS: Flow table test apparatus.
PROCEDURE:
The apparatus consists of flow table about 76cm. in diameter over which concentric circles
are marked. A mould made from smooth metal casing in the form of a frustum of a cone is
used with the following internal dimensions. The base is 25cm. in diameter upper surface
17cm. in diameter and height of the cone is 12cm.
1. The table top is cleaned of all gritty material and is wetted. The mould is kept on the center
of the table, firmly held and is filled in two layers.
2. Each layer is rodded 25 times with a tamping rod 1.6cm in diameter and 61cm long
rounded at the lower tamping end.
3. After the top layer is rodded evenly the excess of concrete which has overflowed the
mould is removed.
4. The mould if lifted vertically upward and the concrete stands on its own without support.
The table is then raised and dropped 12.5cm 15times in about 15 seconds.
5. The diameter of the spread concrete is measured in about 6 directions to the nearest 5mm
and the average spread is noted. The flow of concrete is the percentage increase in the
average diameter of the spread concrete over the base diameter of the mould.
6. The value could range anything from 0 to 150 per cent. A close look at the pattern of
spread of concrete can also give a good indication of the characteristics of concrete such
as tendency for segregation.
CALCULATION:
Flow % = ((Spread Diameter – 25) / 25) × 100
RESULT:
The flow percent of the concrete = ___________

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
CONCLUSION:

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
PRACTICAL: 7
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CEMENT MORTAR CUBES
AIM: Determination of compressive strength of 1:3 cement sand mortar cubes after 7 and 28
days curing.
APPARATUS: Compressive testing machine , cube moulds, vibrating machine ,crucible for
mixing cement and sand measuring cylinder, trowels, non-porous plate and balance with
weight box.
THEORY:
Particle Size Percent

Greater than 1 mm (Grade-I) 33.33
Smaller than 1 mm and greater than 500 µ 33.33
(Grade-II)
Below 500 µ (Grade-III) 33.33
The procedure for this test is described in IS: 4031 (Part-VI) 1988.
Water is to be added as (P/4+3) % of total weight of cement and sand. The size of cube
mould 7.06 cm. IS specification for minimum compressive strength in N/mm2 for different
types of cement are given below.
PROCEDURE:
1. Calculate the material required. The material for each cube shall be mixed separately
and the quantities of each cement and standard sand shall be as follows:
Cement = 200 gms
Standard sand = 600 gms
Water (P/4 +3.5)*800/100 =
Where, ‘p’ is percentage of water for standard consistency.
2. Place on a non-porous plate or china disc a mixture of cement and standard sand in
the proportion of 1:3 by weight and mix it dry with a trowel for one minute and then
with water until the mixture is of uniform colour. The percentage of water to be used
shall be (P/4 +3.5)%. The time of mixing shall be in any event not less than 3 minutes
and if the time taken to obtain uniform colour exceeds 5 minutes, the mixture shall be

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
rejected and the operation is repeated with a fresh quantity of cement, sand and water.
3. Place the assembly mould on the table of the vibrating machine and firmly hold it in
position by means of a suitable clamp.
4. Immediately after mixing the mortar as explained above fill the entire quantity of
mortar in the cube mould and compact by vibration. The period of vibration shall not
be more than 2 minutes at the specified speed of 12000±400 vibrations per minute.
5. Remove the mould from the machine and keep at a temperature of 270± 20 C in an
atmosphere of at least 90% relative humidity for 24 hours after completion of
vibrations.
6. At the end of that period remove the cube from the mould and immediately submerge
in clean and fresh water and keep there until taken out just prior to breaking. The
water in which the cubes are submerged shall be renewed after every 7 days and shall
be maintained at a temperature of 270± 20 C, kept wet till it is placed in machine for
testing.
7. Testing- The three cubes are tested for compressive strength at the period mentioned
below, the periods being reckoned from the addition of water in cement mortar.
(a) Ordinary Portland Cement : 7 days and 28 days
(b) Rapid hardening cement : 1 day and 2 days
(c) Low heat Portland cement : 3,7 and 28 days
The cubes shall be tested on their sides at the end of 7 days. The rate of loading should be
maintained at the rate of 35 N/mm2/minute
OBSERVATIONS:
Proportion of mix = 1:3 and 1:6 by weight
Amount of Cement = __________ kg
Amount of Sand = __________ kg
Amount of water (P/4 + 3.5) cc for 100 grams of mix =

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Resisting Average
Sr. Mortar Compressive Load Compressive Strength
Area compressive
No. specimen 2
(N) (N/mm2)
(mm ) strength
28
7 days 7 days 28 days
days
1
Compressive stress = Compressive load / cross sectional area

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
PRACTICAL: 8
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
AIM: To determine the effect of size of specimen on compressive strength of concrete.
APPARATUS:
Compression testing machine, Vibrating table, 15 cm size mould 3 no., Cylinder 15cm
diameter and 30cm height 3 no., Trowels, Scoop tray, Spanners, Measuring cylinders,
Concrete mixture
THEORY:
Concrete is primarily strong in compression and widely used in construction. Higher the
compressive strength better is the durability. Bond strength also improves with the increasing
in compressive strength. Compressive strength indicates extent of control exercised during
construction. Resistance to abrasion and volume stability improves with the compressive
strength.
15cm x 15 cm x 15 cm size cubes and 15 cm dia and 30 cm high cylinders are used to
measure the characteristic compressive strength of concrete. although other type and size of
specimens are permitted for convenience. Concrete is not truly homogenous; it contains
elements of variable strength.
Minimum compressive strength of the cylinder = 0.8 x compressive strength of the 15 cm x
15 cm x 15 cm cubes.
PROCEDURE:
1. Clean the inside of all mould and oil it.
2. Weigh the cement, F.A. and C.A. for given mix prepare dry mix.
3. Add the required amount of water and mix thoroughly.
4. Fill all moulds by concrete and by compacting on vibration table.
5. Capping is done on surface of cylinder by cement paste.
6. Keep the mould for 24 hour in humidity.
7. Remove the specimens from mould and immerse in curing tank.
8. Remove the specimens from curing tank at time of testing 7 days, 21 days and 28

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
days let the surface become dry.
9. Test the specimen in compression machine and record the crushing load.
10. Calculate the compressive strength.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
1. Concrete Mix proportion = __________
2. Weight of cement = ___________
3. Weight of fine aggregate = __________
4. Weight of coarse aggregate = __________
5. w/c ratio = __________
6. Amount of water = ___________
7. Date of casting = ___________
8. Date of testing = ___________
Compressive Load Compressive Strength Avg.

2
Sr. Type of Resisting (N) (N/mm ) Compressive
2
No. Specimen Area (mm ) 28 28 Strength
7 days 14 days 7 days 14 days
days days (N/mm2)
Cube
(15 cm x
1
15 cm x 15
cm)
Cylinder
(15 cm
2
dia. x 30
cm height)
Beam
(10 cm x
3
10 cm x 50
cm)
Question:
1. Why is the compression test supposed to be most important for concrete?
2. When do you prefer compacting factor test to slump test?
3. What is the basic principal on which the compacting factor test is based?
4. In what way do the following factors affect slump?
a. Water content for the given proportion of ingredients and given aggregate/

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
cement ratio
b. Proportion of F.A. to C.A. for a given w/c ratio and A/c ratio
5. When slump test indicates a tendency to segregation and harshness what does it
indicate? How will you correct the situation?
6. What value of slump would you suggest for following:
a. Bridge Deck
b. Concrete Pavement
c. R.C.C. slab in building
d. R.C.C. column in building

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
PRACTICAL: 09
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF ACCELERATED CURED CONCRETE

AIM: To determine the effect of size of specimen on compressive strength of concrete.
APPARATUS:
Compression testing machine, Vibrating table, 15 cm size mould 3 no., Cylinder 15cm
diameter and 30cm height 3 no., Trowels, Scoop tray, Spanners, Measuring cylinders,
Concrete mixture, Curing tank
THEORY:
Traditionally, strength of the concrete in construction work is calculated in terms of 28 days
compressive strength. This procedure requires 28 days of moist curing before testing which
is too long period for any mix. It is too late for remedial measures if the concrete is too weak
or if it too strong. It is now possible to test the compressive strength of the concrete within a
short period and thereby estimate whether it reach the specified strength at 28 days or not.
Accelerated curing of concrete hastens the process of the hydration of the cement as result
strength to be attained at 28 days under normal curing condition is achieved within a shorter
time. The rate and extent of hydration of cement under a particular curing regime depend
mainly upon the chemical composition of cement, w/c ratio and mix proposition.
There are two method of such accelerated techniques are: 1. warm water method, 2. boiling
water method.
PROCEDURE:
1. Cast the specimen as per normal compressive strength
2. Left the specimen undisturbed for at least one hour at temperature 27±20c for at least
one hour prior to immersion in the curing tank
3. Immersed the specimen into the curing tank at temperature of 55± 20c for a period
not less than 19 hours 50 minutes.
4. Removed the specimen from the tank and immersed into the cooling water at 27±20c
before the completion of 20 hours 10 minutes from the start of the immersion in the
curing tank for a period of not less than one hour.
5. Remove the specimen from the cooled water and test after drying.
6. Derive the relation between accelerated compressive strength and normal
compressive strength

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Avg.
Sr. Type of Resisting Compressive Load Compressive Strength Compressive
2 2
No. Specimen Area (mm ) (N) (N/mm ) Strength
(N/mm2)
Cube
(15 cm x
1
15 cm x 15
cm)

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
PRACTICAL: 10
NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING ON CONCRETE

AIM: To determine the behavior of the concrete by Nondestructive Method.
Method: 1 Ultrasonic Pulse technique
THEORY:
The ultrasonic pulse velocity method could be used to establish the homogeneity of the
concrete, the presence of air, cracks, voids and other imperfections, change in the structure of
the concrete which may occur with time, the quality of the concrete etc.
The ultrasonic pulse is generated by an electro-accoustical transducer. When the pulse is
induced into the concrete from a transducer, it undergoes a multiple reflections at the
boundaries of the different materials phases within the concrete. A complex system of stress
waves is developed which includes longitudinal, shear and surface waves. The receiving
transducer detects the onset of the longitudinal waves which is the fastest
Velocity of the pulses is almost depending only on its elastic properties. Comparatively
higher velocities are obtained when the quality of the concrete (in terms of density,
homogeneity and uniformity) is good. In case of poorer quality, lower velocities are
obtained. If the cracks, void or flaw inside the concrete which comes in the way of
transmission of the pulses, the pulses strength is attenuated and it passes around the
discontinuity and thereby making the path longer and hence lower velocity is obtained.
The pulse velocity is determined by,

Pulse Velocity = Path Length/ Transit time
Velocity criterion for concrete quality grading
Sr.No Pulse Velocity by direct method Concrete quality grading

1 Above 4.5 Excellent
2 3.5 to 4.5 Good
3 3.0 to 3.5 Medium
4 Below 3.0 doubtful
PROCEDURE:
1. Ultrasonic pulse is produced by the transducer which is in contact with one surface of
the concrete member under the test.
2. After traversing a known path length (L) in the concrete, the pulse of the vibration is

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
converted into the electrical signal by the second transducr held in contact with the
other surface of the concrete members on an electronic timing circuit which enables
the transit time (T) of the pulse to be measured.
3. Once the ultrasonic pulse impinges on the surface of the materials, the maximum
energy is propagated at right angles to the transmitting transducer and the best results
are therefore obtained when the receiving transducer is placed on the opposite face of
the concrete member.
4. If it is not possible to arrange in two opposite direction, they may be placed as shoen
in figure also.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Distance between Time of pulse Pulse Velocity
Sr.No Method of Testing
probe points (cm) (sec) (cm/sec)
Method: 2 REBOUND HAMMER TEST

THEORY:
The rebound hammer method could be used to determine the compressive strength of the
concrete in relation with rebound index, Assessing the uniformity and quality of concrete.
Principle:
When the plunger of rebound hammer is pressed against the surface of the concrete, the
spring controlled mass rebounds and the extent of such rebound depends upon the surface
hardness of the concrete. The rebound is read off along a graduated scale and is designated as
the rebound number or rebound index.
Rebound hammer gives only indices of compressive strength of the concrete to limited depth
of the surface. If the concrete has an internal micro-cracking, flaws or heterogeneity across
the cross-section, rebound hammer indices will not indicate the same.
Accuracy of prediction of compressive strength of the concrete by rebound hammer is ± 25%
PROCEDURE:
1. Smoothen the concrete surface as rough surface do not give reliable results and
should be avoided
2. The rebound hammer will be impact on the surface at any angle (i.e. vertically

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
upwards, downwards, horizontal or any intermediate angle as per condition) and

should be at least 20 mm away from any edge or shape discontinuity.
3. Five to six readings are taken about each point of observation and the average of
these becomes the rebound index for the point of observation.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr.No Rebound Number Location of observation Compressive strength (kg/cm2)

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
TUTORIAL ON MIX DESIGN
1. Design the concrete mix by using IS 10262: 1982 recommendations for the following
data.
Grade of concrete: M30 Degree of control: Very good
Maximum size of aggregate: 20 mm Specific gravity of cement: 3.1 Specific gravity of

Fine aggregate: 2.6
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate: 2.85 Condition of exposure: Mild
Note: i) Only 2.5% low results acceptable.

ii) W/C from 28 days compressive strength of cement is 0.50
iii) No correction to be applied to water content and sand content.
2. Design concrete mix according to IS: 10262 - 1982 recommended guide lines by weight
and volume for the following design stipulations.
1. Characteristic compressive strength required at 28 days = 30 N/mm2 2. Maximum

size of the aggregates = 20mm (angular).
3. Degree of workability = 0.8 CF.

4. Degree of quality control = good.
5. Exposure = mild and water cement ratio = 0.47. 6. Cement used OPC 53 grade.
7. Specific gravity of cement, coarse aggregate and fine aggregate are 3.15, 2.6 and 2.6
respectively.
8. Water absorption of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate are 0.5% and 1%
respectively.
9. Free (surface) moisture in coarse aggregate and fine aggregate are nil and 2%
respectively
10. Sand of zone III
11. Bulk density of cement, coarse aggregate and fine aggregate are 1440 kg/m3, 1600
kg/m3 and 1800 kg/m3 respectively.

VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
12. Standard deviation is assumed to be 4 N/mm2.
3. For the construction of road, concrete mix design is adopted. The road is to be designed
for the minimum compressive strength of 20 Mpa at 28 days. The standard deviation of
3.5 Mpa is available during the laboratory testing of the mix. The specific gravity of
C.A. is 2.85 and its dry rodded bulk density is 1600kg/m3. The maximum size of
aggregate to be used is 40 mm. The specific gravity of fine aggregate is 2.6 and its
fineness modulus is 2.75. A slump of 30 mm is specified. An OPC is used and it is
required that note more than 2.5% test results allow to fall below specified strength.
F.A. contains 5% surface moisture and C.A absorbs 3%. Work out the proportion of
various ingredient material of Concrete after applying necessary correction for :
(i) 1 bag of cement and (ii)1 m3 of Concrete
4. The results of compressive strength test on 15 cubes of a batch in MPa are 19, 18, 21,
24, 19, 18.5, 20, 21.5, 22, 23, 19.5, 17.5, 24, 21, and 20. Find Standard Deviation and
Coefficient of Variation for the batch.

Lab Manual CT - 2140608

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LAB MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

G H PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

VALLABH VIDHYANAGAR – 388 120

Place: Bakrol, V. V. Nagar

(Lab In charge) (Head of Department)

Sr. Page Marks

1 Standard Consistency of Cement

2 Initial & Final Setting Time of Cement

AIM: To determine the standard consistency of cement.

Prepared on June, 2020 Concrete Technology (3150610) 4|Page

 Type and brand of cement = _______________

 Grade of cement = ___________________

Weight of Weight of Gauging Time

The standard consistency of cement sample is found to be ______________

1. What is the normal consistency of cement?

Prepared on June, 2020 Concrete Technology (3150610) 5|Page

INITIAL & FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT

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1. Weight about 400 gms of neat cement

1. Water required for standard constancy of cement P = _______________%

Here performing this experiment we obtain

Initial setting time = ____________

Prepared on June, 2020 Concrete Technology (3150610) 7|Page

Final setting time = ____________

Prepared on June, 2020 Concrete Technology (3150610) 8|Page

DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF AGGREGATES

AIM: To Determine the specific gravity of fine and coarse aggregates.

APPARATUS: Weight balance, pycnometer having watertight fitting, tray etc.

Prepared on June, 2020 Concrete Technology (3150610) 9|Page

Average Specific gravity of course aggregate = ___________

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FINENESS MODULUS (DETERMINATION OF PARTICLE SIZE

MATERIALS: Fine and coarse aggregates

Prepared on June, 2020 Concrete Technology (3150610) 13 | P a g e

Prepared on June, 2020 Concrete Technology (3150610) 14 | P a g e

Fine Aggregate: Weight of Fine Aggregates taken = ____________ Kg

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Coarse Aggregates: Weight of Coarse Aggregates taken = _____________Kg

The results should be calculated and reported as:

(i) The fineness modulus of given fine aggregate: ____________

(ii) The fineness modulus of given coarse aggregate: _____________

Prepared on June, 2020 Concrete Technology (3150610) 16 | P a g e

Sections subjected to prolong

Small sections subjected to Above 10 to Above 0.7 to 0.8

(A) SLUMP TEST

AIM: To measure the workability of concrete by slump test.

Prepared on June, 2020 Concrete Technology (3150610) 17 | P a g e

Weight of cement= _________ kg.

Sr. w/c ratio Water Added Slump (mm)

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(B) COMPACTION FACTOR TEST

Compaction factor test works on a principle of determining the degree of compaction

Prepared on June, 2020 Concrete Technology (3150610) 19 | P a g e

10 Wt. of cement = __________ kg

11 Wt. of fine aggregate = __________ kg

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(C) MEASURE THE FLOW AND WORKABILITY OF THE CONCRETE BY USING

APPARATUS: Flow table test apparatus.

The flow percent of the concrete = ___________