What cause point

defects and importance

of it ?:
1. Heating cause point defects
2. They can move in crystal structure
3. They are very important for diffusion
Linear Defects
or
 Line Defects: Dislocations
1D, Linear defects: groups of atoms in irregular positions (e.g. screw and
edge dislocations)
Dislocations: A line imperfection in a crystalline
material
• are line defects,
• cause slip between crystal plane when they move,
• produce permanent (plastic) deformation.

Linear Defects (Dislocations)

Are one-dimensional defects around which atoms
are misaligned
• Edge dislocation:
extra half-plane of atoms inserted in a crystal
structure
• Screw dislocation:
spiral planar ramp resulting from shear deformation
• Mixed dislocation:
A dislocation that contains partly edge components
and partly screw components. 3
 Line Defects: Dislocations
Dislocations:
• are line defects,
• cause slip between crystal plane when they move,
• produce permanent (plastic) deformation.

Schematic of a Zinc (HCP):

• before deformation • after tensile elongation

slip steps

Adapted from
Fig. 7.9, Callister
6e.
Actual strained
hcp Zn

4
Burgers Circuit

5
 Dislocation types
3. Dislocations
3.1 Types and analysis

b glide
edge planes

• b
glide
plane
core with

dislocation screw
line

60° mixed

b
15th International Summer School on Crystal Growth – ISSCG- LAST NAME, First Name – talk
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 Edge Dislocations Exiting Crystal Form Steps

Burger’s
Vector = b

Shear stress
The caterpillar or rug­moving analogy

8
http://bibing.us.es/proyectos/abreproy/80016/fichero/chapter+2.pdf

http://academic.uprm.edu/pcaceres/Courses/MatEng/MSE4-1.pdf
Formation of Steps from Screw and Edge Dislocations

Shear stress

Edge

Shear stress

Screw

Both screw and edge motion create same steps!
11
Screw Dislocation

b || t


 
http://people.exeter.ac.uk/jngrima/SOE1032/rmh_q3/dislocations.html
 Screw dislocation Mixed dislocation

 Burgers vector, b is simply the displacement vector

necessary to close a stepwise loop around the
defect.
- For the edge dislocation b is perpendicular to
the dislocation line.
- For the screw dislocation b is parallel to the
dislocation line.
- Mixed dislocation has both edge and screw character.
 A dislocation line cannot
end abruptly inside a
crystal
It can end on

Free surfaces

Grain boundaries

On other dislocations at a point called a node

On itself forming a loop

Surfac
e
Defect
s
 External surface: Free
surface

Area A

Broken Area A
bonds

If bond are broken over

an area A then two
free surfaces of a
total area 2A is
 Planar Defects: Surfaces
2D, Planar defects: the interfaces between homogeneous
regions of the material (grain boundaries, external surfaces).
Planar (interfacial) defects occur wherever the crystalline
structure of the material is not continuous across a plane.

17
 http://www.eng.utah.edu/~lzang/images/lecture-6-grain-boundary-displocation-defects-vancancy.pdf

•A grain boundary is the interface between two grains in a polycrystalline

material
 Internal surface: grain boundary
Grain Boundary

Grain 2
Grain 1
A grain boundary is a boundary between two
regions of identical crystal structure but
different orientation
 High and low angle
boundaries
• It is convenient to separate
grain boundaries by the extent
of the mis-orientation between
the two grains.

• low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) are

those with a misorientation less than
about 11 degrees.
 High angle boundary

Low angle boundary

 Dislocation can end on a grain
boundary

Grain
Boundary

Grain 1 Grain 2
 Transmission electron micrograph of dislocations

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dislocation#/media/File:TEM_micrograph_dislocations_precipitate_stainless_steel_1.jpg
 Grain Boundary: tilt and
twist

One grain orientation can be obtained by

rotation of another grain across the grain
boundary about an axis through an angle

If the axis of rotation lies in the

boundary plane it is called tilt boundary

If the angle of rotation is perpendicular

to the boundary plane it is called a
twist boundary
 Dislocation Interactions Can Create Planar Defects!
Small­Angle Grain Boundaries: a tilt and a twist
Tilt
All defects cost energy (J/m2 or erg/cm2) b
• Tilt Grain boundary:
- from array of edge dislocations
- misorientation of crystal planes =  C

• Twist Grain boundary T

- when  is parallel to boundary
d
Should energy of GB depend on ?

If dislocation cost energy, how are they

there?
Twist


sin~ =b/d
Bi-crystals are made by twist boundaries 
29
 tilt boundary

twist boundary

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_boundary
http://web.utk.edu/~prack/mse201/Chapter%204%20Defects.pdf
 6.
Twinnin Correlation with stacking
fault
g InP
V
S

2D nucleation
with stacked fault

{111} facets with twins in InP

Shibata et al. (1990)

Concept of Hurle (1995):

(using Voronkov‘s facet growth theory)

A* = Tc (h H /Tm)
twins in InP (IKZ) A* - reduced work of twinned nucleus
at
stacking fault energies (x 10-7 J cm- 
VLS boundary ~ supercooling Tc
- twin plane energy~  SF !
2)
- melting temperature
Thm - nucleus height,
Si: 100, GaAs: 55, InP: 18, CdTe: 10 H - latent heat

15th International Summer School on Crystal Growth – ISSCG- LAST NAME, First Name – talk
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 7.
Summar Defects vs. temperature

15th International Summer School on Crystal Growth – ISSCG- LAST NAME, First Name – talk
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 1.
Introducti Defect diagnostics

on
Point defects Dislocations Grain boundaries Inclusions

Hähnert, Rudolph 1993

Gebauer 2000 Schröder 1967 Fujiwara 2006

- unoccupied state - - Dash necking - - casting - - nonstoichiometry

Scanning Tunneling X-ray diffraction Photo image; Laser Scattering
Microscopy (STM) (Lang) topography Electron Back Tomography (LST);
Scattering (EBS) Transmission Electron
Microscopy (TEM)

(110) (1x1) GaAs (110) FZ Si PV Si (100) VB CdTe

15th International Summer School on Crystal Growth – ISSCG- LAST NAME, First Name – talk
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 Conclusions

Point, line and area defects arise in solids.

The number and type of defects depend on
several factors (e.g. the concentration of
vacancied can be controled by temperature).
The properties of the materials are affected
by defects (e.g. defects control mechanical ,
electrical, optical properties…)
Defects can be wanted or unwanted depending
of the specific application.