⤷ amylose ( β-amylose)

● linear, composed of 250 to 300 D-glucopyranose units

● α-1,4 glycosidic linkage
● more soluble in water than amylopectin
● iodine test: DEEP BLUE complex

2. Glycogen
➔ storage polysaccharides in animals
➔ (highly branched) more branched than starch
➔ α 1-4; α 1-6 (branches every 8-10 units)
➔ stored in the liver & skeletal muscles

3. Cellulose
➔ glucosan
➔ structural polysaccharides in plant (cell wall)
➔ β-1,4 (linear)
➔ dietary fiber, not digested by mammalian enzyme system due to their lack of cellulase
➔ most abundant carbohydrate
➔ Schweitzer’s Reagent
- only reagent that can dissolve cellulose
➔ source: Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
➔ derivatives:
● Methylcellulose: bulk laxative and suspending agent
● Ethylcellulose: binder and film coat
● Cellulose acetate phthalate: enteric coating for tablets
➔ soluble guncotton (Pyroxylin)
● Collodion (topical protectant)

4. Inulin/hydrous Inulin
➔ polymer of fructose; FRUCTOSAN
➔ use: diagnostic agent for kidney function (measure renal glomerular filtration)
➔ is a polysaccharide of fructose (& hence a fructosan), found in tubers, & roots of dahlias,
artichokes, & dandelions
➔ readily soluble in water

5. Dextrans
➔ storage polysaccharides found in yeast & bacteria
➔ is strongly coiled & flexible macromolecules
➔ used as plasma expander
➔ Dextrins
- are intermediates in the hydrolysis of starch
Glycosaminoglycans/ Mucopolysaccharides
➔ mixed polysaccharides
➔ are complex carbohydrates characterized by their content of amino acids & uronic acids
➔ when attached to proteins, result is proteoglycan (provide the ground or packing substance of connective
tissue)

● Chitin
○ structural polysaccharides in animals & fungi
○ homopolyglycan of N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosamine (NAG)
⤷ repeating units of chitin
○ major structural constituent of exoskeleton of invertebrates such as crustaceans (an animal with
hard shell, usually living a water, e.g. crabs) & insects & also in mushrooms & in slimming capsules

● Hyaluronic Acid
○ from “hyalos” (means glass)
○ spreading factor
○ non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed in connective, epithelial and neural tissue
○ appears to serve as an integral part of the gel like ground substances of the connective tissue, &
other tissues, & a lubricant & shock absorber in joints
○ present in the synovial fluid of joints, in vitreous humor (found in eyes) & in the umbilical cord

● Chondroitin sulfate
○ chondros
○ sulfated glycosaminoglycan composed of a chain alternating sugar (n-acetylgalactosamine and
glucuronic acid)
○ principal mucopolysaccharides on the extracellular ground substance & also in cell coats
○ are major components of cartilage, bone, cornea, & other tissue structure in the vertebrates

● Keratan sulfate
○ found in connective tissue (nails, etc)

● Heparin
○ possesses anticoagulant properties
● prevent the clotting of blood by inhibiting the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin (clotting
factor)

● Dermatan sulfate - skin

● Agarose - seaweeds