ActivitySheet DISS Cadawas

1
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET 1.1

Nature and Functions of Social Science with Natural Sciences
and Humanities
Background Information for Learners

1-2
WEEK-MELC 1
Aristotle
– The great Greek Philosopher wrote that “man is a social animal” meaning we are all
born and raised in a society that we belong with one another and build relationships
in the hope of pursuing a better life.
– As rational animals, we use our reasoning in order to satisfy our curiosity and
discover that how and why so many thinks around us.
– He suggested several practical ways of categorizing human knowledge—Natural
Sciences, Humanities and Social Sciences.
Natural Sciences
– It aims to explain and predict various phenomena in nature, such as cellular
composition, atomic particles, weather conditions, and earthquake patterns.
– Major Disciplines (Biology, Chemistry, Earth Sciences, Physics).
Social Sciences
– Those subjects relate to the foundations, establishment, and growth of human
society.
– Some includes Anthropology, Sociology, Psychology, Political Science, Economics
Humanities
– It tend to humanize humans as they express themselves in various forms.
– These include art and history, literature and music.
Applied professions
– It is a contemporary sources that pertains to this domain that involves a practical
application of knowledge drawn out from other branches.
– E.G. Business, Communication, Criminal Justice, Education, Law, Social Work
SCIENCE AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
– SOCIETY is commonly defined as “people in general thought of living together in
organized communities with shared laws, traditions, and values.
– SCIENCE pertains to knowledge about or study of the natural world based on facts
learned through experiments and observation.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENCE
CHARACTERISTICS EXPLANATIONS
Empirical A phenomena should be observable using different senses.
Propositional Things are explained in the form of statements or
generalizations.
Logical Employs the rules of logic in order to validate inferences.
Public Ideas are communicated from one scientist to another.
Problem-Solving Presents rational experiences about unexplained observations.
Continuous Knowledge is built upon by previous and future research on the
subject.
Social Science involve the study of society and the many ways how people behave
and affect the world we live in.
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
In the modern day, research provides more efficient way of gaining knowledge and
solving problems through SCIENTIFIC METHOD. It is used to observe phenomena.
Flow Chart. Scientific Method
NATURAL SCIENCE vs SOCIAL SCIENCE
NATURAL SCIENCE SOCIAL SCIENCE

• Attempts to understand nature’s • It evaluates societal and human
phenomena. phenomena.
• Natural scientists undertake • Difficult to validate findings because of
controlled experiments as they numerous factors that could affect
validate their hypothesis. human behavior.
• HARD SCIENCES • SOFT SCIENCES
• Quantitative • Qualitative
Learning Competency with Code

• Differentiate the nature and functions of Social Science discipline with the natural
sciences and humanities (MELC 1 orCG: HUMSS-DISS11-IIIA-2)
Learning Enhancement
Exercise 1. Directions: Identify the following the ideas or phenomena

whether it belongs to Natural Sciences, Social Sciences or Humanities.
Write SS, NS or H.
___________1. The Volcanic Activity of Mount Taal in Batangas.

___________2. The residents of the 5 km radius of Mount Taal were evacuated.
___________3. The Piston Group conducted a mass rally to demonstrate their protest
against jeepney modernization and Tigil-Pasada until December 2020 due to Community
Lockdown.
___________4. Sanofi Pharmaceuticals manufactured the anti-COVID vaccine to at least
minimize the cases of COVID victims in the country.
___________5. Migratory birds flew from the South Pole going to the North during the winter
times.
___________6. Filipinos are hospitable.
___________7. In the late studies, Matter now has 4 Major Phases, namely; solid, liquid,
gas and plasma.
___________8. Mona Lisa painted by Leonardo Da Vinci.
___________9. Noli Me Tangere was written by Dr. Jose Rizal.
___________10. December 1 marked the beginning of month-long celebration of Christmas
in the country.
Exercises 2. Directions: Read the facts/statement and identify the context being
described. Arrange the jumbled letter to form the correct word.
C O T I P
The researchers selects a particular subject matter
depending on his or her interest; it could be purely
accidental sometimes.
SSIHPOYTE
The researcher formulates a general statement of
the problem that could give him or her an idea on
what data to gather or omit.
SIONCLUCO
The researcher formulates a scientific theory after a
thorough analysis of data
IETYSOC
These are people in general thought of living
together in organized communities with shared
laws, traditions, and values.
IECNSCE
It pertains to knowledge about or study of the
natural world based on facts learned through
experiments and observation.
Exercise 3. Directions: Complete the Venn Diagram. A VENN Diagram is use to show
the differences and similarities between two ideas.
Natural Science Social Science
Guide Questions:
a. What are the similarities between Natural Sciences and Social Sciences
b. How do Natural Sciences differ to Social Sciences.
Rubric for Venn diagram Exercise
Criteria 5 3 1
Information All the information Some information None of the
given are accurate. given are accurate. information given are
accurate.
Venn Diagram All the information are Some information are None of the
Correctness rightly placed in the rightly placed in the information are rightly
(Similarities and diagram. diagram. placed in the diagram.
Differences)
Exercise 4. Below are research problems. Identify if the study falls under the natural
sciences, the social sciences or both. Explain your answer.
1. Why do students engage in school bullying?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________.
2. How is COVID-19 transmitted?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________.
3. When will the Taal Volcano likely to erupt?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________.
4. Is tap water safe for human consumption?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________.
5. How can government control rising population?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks.

Fill in the Blanks.
1. _ _ I _ _ C _ . A branch of study concerned with the observation and classification of
facts through experiments.
2. _ O _ _ E _ Y. People living together in organized communities while sharing the
same traditions and norms.
3. _ _ M _ _ I _ _ E _. The study of human culture that includes music and art.
4. _ _ P _ T _ E _ I _. An astute guess or inference that is formulated and provisionally
adopted to explain observed facts or conditions and to guide in further investigation.
5. _ _ S _ _ P _ _ N _. Term for a particular branch of learning or body of knowledge.
6. _ N _ _ N _ E _ _ N _. An example of an applied profession dealing with the
application of scientific principles to develop machines and devices.
7. S _ I _ _ T _ _ I _ M _ _ H _ D. As means of obtaining knowledge is employed in
the empirical sciences.
8. C _ _ _ L _ _ I _ N. A thorough analysis of data.
9. _ R _ _ T _ _ L _. He wrote that “man is a social animal.”
10. _ _ _ I _ L S _ _ E _ C _. It is significant in the society as it may help researchers
solve the complexities of human behavior.
Self-Reflection
Rate your mastery of the learning objective/s. Put ✔ in the box.
RATING
LESSON OBJECTIVES
POOR AVERAGE EXCELLENT
Distinguish the difference between the social
sciences, the natural sciences and the
humanities.
Define and understand Social Sciences as the

study of society.
Understands the concept of scientific method.
I Learned…….
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________.
References
– JOSE, MARY DOROTHY DL. AND ONG, JEROME A. “Discipline and Ideas in the Social
Sciences.” Quezon City. Vibal Group, Inc. 2016.
– Slideshare.net/ thebirthandgrowthofsocialsciences
Answer Keys: Exercise 1. Exercise 2. Exercise 5.
6. Engineering
5. Disicipline
4. Hypothesis
3. Humanities
2. Society
1. Science
5. SS
4. NS
3. SS
2.
1.
Science
10. Social
9. Aristotle
8. Conclusion
Method
7. Scientific
10.SS
9. H
8. H
7.
6.
5. NS
4. SS
CONCLUSION
3.
HYPOTHESIS
2.
1. TOPIC
NS
SCIENCE
SOCIETY
SS
Prepared by: Mr. Rheyjhen M. Cadawas, Teacher II

The Emergence of the Social Sciences and the Different
Disciplines

3-4
WEEK-MELC 2
THE BIRTH OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
In the development and progress of human knowledge, the social sciences were the
last to develop after the natural sciences. And while the origin of the social sciences can be
traced to ancient Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, their development as
separate fields of knowledge only begun in the modern period (Collins, 1994, p. 7).
The social sciences are the fields of scholarship that study society. Social science is
commonly used as an umbrella term to refer to a plurality of fields outside of the natural
sciences. These include: anthropology, archaeology, business administration,
communication, criminology, economics, education, government, linguistics, international
relations, political science, sociology and, in some contexts, geography, history, law, and
psychology (Theo and Baerveldt 2001).
Development of Social Science
WHAT IS DISCIPLINE?
• It is a particular area of study.
• It is a branch of knowledge or learning.
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCE?

There are several branches in the field of social sciences like Anthropology,
Sociology, Geography, Economics, Linguistics, Political Science and Psychology.
1. Anthropology
• It is derived from the word “Anthropos” which means “Human” and “Logos” which
means “Study”. It is a study of humankind.
• Branches of Anthropology:
o Physical or Biological- the study of human biology within the milieu of
evolution and analyzes human fossil remains.
o Cultural or Social-Involves the study and comparative analysis of pre-literate
societies, including all aspects of human behavior.
o Archaelogy-Involves the study of earlier cultures and ways of life by way of
retrieving and examining the material remains of previous human societies.
o Linguistics-It is the study of human speech and language as well the various
changes that have taken place over time.
2. Economics
• It is derived from the word “OIKOS” means “HOUSE” and “NOMOS” means “LAW” or
“CUSTOM”. It is translated as “MANAGEMENT OF HOUSEHOLD”
• It is a social science that deals with just allocation of resources and efficient use of
scarce resources in order to satisfy the needs and wants.
• Branches of Economics
o MICROECONOMICS which are concerned with the economic activities of
individual consumers and producers. MICRO means “small”. Basically deals
with the study of small units of the economy.
o MACROECONOMICS which are concerned with the whole economy. Macro
means “Big”.
3.Geography
• It is derived from the word “geo” meaning “earth” and “graphe” meaning “to describe”.
Which means “to describe the earth.”
• Branches of Geography
o Physical Geography-It is from the perspective of earth sciences and as
branch of natural sciences. It includes study of soil, landforms, water,
vegetation, minerals, and climate.
o Human Geography-It focuses on the aspect of geography that is marked by
a strong commitment to the concept of culture.
4. History
• It comes from the word “HISTORIA” meaning “INQUIRY”.
• A branch of knowledge that attempts to ascertain, record, and explain facts and
events that happened in the past.
• Branches of History
o Social History-Experiences of common people.
o Cultural History- Customs, Arts, Traditions.
o Economic History - Economic Occurrences, Way of Living, Distribution of
goods.
o Diplomatic History - International Relations Between States
o Military History - Military Affairs, Strategies, Doctrine, Armed Conflict
o History of Religion - Religious Experiences and Ideas
o History of Women - Women’s Role in History
o Environmental History -Human Interaction with Nature and environment
5. Linguistics
• Linguistics is the study of language – looking at its form, context, or meaning. Rather
than learning to speak a particular language, it's more about how language itself
works.
• Branches of Linguistics
o General Linguistics – Concepts and categories of language
o Micro Linguistics- Focus on structure language systems like phonetics,
phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics
o Macro Linguistics – Focus on external view of language like stylistics,
developmental linguistics, historical linguistics, language geography,
psycholinguistics, and clinical linguistics.
6. Psychology
• It is derived from the word “psyche” means “soul or spirit” and “logos” means “study”.
It is usually translated as “study of souls or human behavior.” It is a scientific study of
the mind and behavior of human.
• Branches of Psychology
o Abnormal Psychology – Focus on psychopathology and abnormal behavior
like depression to obsession-compulsion to sexual deviation.
o Behavioral Psychology – a theory of learning based upon the idea that all
behaviors are acquired through conditioning.
o Biopsychology – study of how brain influences behavior.
o Cognitive Psychology – Focuses on internal states of mind, such as
motivation, problem solving, decision making, thinking and attention.
o Comparative Psychology – study of animal behavior.
o Cross-Cultural Psychology- looks how cultural factors influence human
behavior.
o Developmental Psychology – looks at the development throughout the
lifespan from childhood to adulthood.
o Educational Psychology – Concerned with schools, teaching psychology,
students concerns and school issues.
o Experimental Psychology- Utilizes scientific methods to research that brain
and behavior.
o Forensic Psychology – Deals with issues related to psychology and the law.
o Health Psychology – Focuses on how biology, psychology, behavior and
social factors influence health and illness.
o Personality Psychology- Focuses on patterns of thoughts, feelings, and
behavior that make a person unique.
o Social Psychology – Seeks to explain and understand social behavior and
looks at diverse topics.
7. Sociology
• It is derived from the word “socius” means companion or society and “logos” means
study. It is translated as “study of society”. It pertains to the development, structure,
and functioning of human society.
• Branches of Sociology
o General Sociology – deals with the properties and homogeneity common to
all social and cultural phenomena including groups and institutions
characteristics. Its concern about conditions, forms and forces of human
interaction.
o Special Sociology – focuses on specific sociocultural phenomenon usually
selected for further study including socialization, interaction, conflict, and
domination. Most developed field of sociology includes sociology of
population, rural sociology, sociology of law, sociology of religion and
sociology of knowledge.
For readings: www.tyrocity.com/topic/branches-of-sociology
8. Political Science
• The systematic study of governance by the application of empirical and generally
scientific methods of analysis. As traditionally defined and studied, political science
examines the state and its organs and institutions.
• Branches of Political Science
o Comparative Politics
o International Relations
o Policy Studies and Analysis
o Political Philosophy
o Political Theory
o Political Ideology
o Political Economy
For readings: www.thoughtco.com/what-is-political-science-2670741
Emergence of Social Science
DISCIPLINE NATURE OF FOUNDERS/CONTRIBUTIONS

EMERGENCE
Anthropology The rise of Western Franz Boas,
Imperialism in the 18th and Bronislaw Malinowski
19th Centuries prompted
interest in the study of
culture of the colonies.
Economics It became a separate Adam Smith
discipline with the Karl Marx
publication of Adam
Smith’s the Wealth of
Nations in 1776.
Geography It became academic Immanuel Kant, Alexander von
discipline in Europe during Humboldt, Carl Ritter
18th and 19th Centuries
while geographic societies
were founded in 19th
Century.
History The Greeks were the first Herodotus, Thucydides,
writers of history as one of Leopold von Ranke
the oldest social science
discipline.
Linguistics Modern Linguistics started Ferdinand de Saussure,
on the 18th Century with Jacques Derrida
philology reaching its
zenith in the 19th Century.
Political Science It relatively new field that Plato, Aristotle, Augustine of
was principally worked on Hippo, Niccolo Machiavelli,
by American scholars in Thomas Hobbes, John Locke
the 19th and 20th
Centuries.
Sociology Became as formal Auguste Comte, Karl Marx,
academic field of study Herbert Spencer, Emile
founded by Emile Durkheim
Durkheim during the late
19th Century with
establishment of the first
sociology department in
Europe.
Psychology In 1897, Wilhelm Wundt Wilhelm Wundt G. Stanley Hall,
established the first John Dewey, Sigmund Freud
psychological laboratory in
Leipzig (Germany) thereby
effectively making as
formal field of study.
Demography The 19th century saw the Thomas Malthus, Adolphe
emergence of demography Quetelet, William Farr
when it separated from
statistics as field of study.
Source: JOSE, MARY DOROTHY DL. AND ONG, JEROME A. “Discipline and Ideas in the Social
Sciences.” Quezon City. Vibal Group, Inc. 2016.pg 37.

• Differentiate the nature and functions of Social Science disciplines with the natural
sciences and humanities (MELC 1)
• Explain the major events and its contribution that led to the emergence of the social
science disciplines(MELC-2)
Exercise 1.Concept Map.Use another sheet of paper and and copy the template of
the concept map. Complete the diagram.
Social Science defined as
Social Science Disciplines
Definitions
Guide Questions:
a. Give the definition of Social Sciences.
b. Give and define the Branches of Social Sciences.
c. Give the sub-disciplines and emergence of the different branches of social
sciences.
Rubric for Concept Map

Criteria 30 25 10
Information All the information Some information given None of the information
given are accurate. are accurate. given are accurate.
Correctness All the information are Some information are None of the information
rightly placed in the rightly placed in the are rightly placed in the
diagram. diagram. diagram.
Exercise 2. Directions: Identify what discipline/s of social science is being describe in

the following phenomena, statement or societal issues.
Example:ECONOMICS 1. Monetary Policy like Interest rates
_______________1. High School Student have difficulty in studying at Home.
_______________2. The Spanish Flu Pandemic happened on 1918.
_______________3. Tarsier is now listed as endangered animal in the Philippines.
_______________4. COVID-19 Patients are increasing tremendously in the Philippines.
_______________5. There are 8 Major dialects/languages in the Philippines.
_______________6. Filipinos traditionally sing PABASA NG PASYON during Lenten
Season.
_______________7. The Callao Man may be the ancestor of early people in the Philippines.
_______________8. R.A. 10533 or also known as the Enhanced Basic Education Act.
_______________9. Kalayaan, Laguna was formerly known as Longos, Laguna.
_______________10. Product distribution in the market.
Exercise 3. Directions: Identify what discipline has the following objective.

__________1. To accumulate certain and definite knowledge about the rise and fall of
civilizations in the past.
__________2. To produce better citizens by having a well-grounded knowledge of all
governmental agencies.
__________3. To understand how the natural environment affect the lives of people.
__________4. To effectively allocate goods and services for the consumption of people.
__________5. To comprehend the differences in social relationships and expectations
between groups or societies.
__________6. To discover how humans have physically changed or evolved in the past.
__________7. To appreciate how the population dynamics of birth and aging affect the
society.
__________8. To learn more about the attitudes and thoughts of a certain individual.
__________9. To fully understand the mechanisms behind the human language.
__________10. To systematically organized written accounts or narrative of facts in the past
in order to discover meaningful relationships among them.
Exercise 4. With the following stated social problem, identify which discipline or
disciplines may be inclined to address the issue. Justify your answer.
1. There is a need to know what happened to the once mighty Khmer Empire in Cambodia.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________.
2. A high number of COVID-Cases in the Philippines is being recorded despite having

Community Quarantine.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
___________.
3. COVID Pandemic in the World is the most complex outbreak in the history of disease.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
___________.
4. The Callao man may be the ancestors of early people in the Philippines.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
___________.
5. A college student have a difficult time dealing with school stressors that results in anxiety
due to COVID Pandemic.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
___________.
Exercise 5. Directions: Easy Essay. Answer the questions intelligently.
Is social science important in understanding society?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________.
Rubric for Essay.

Criteria 5 3 1
Information and The essay is very well The essay is well The essay contains
Correctness explained. explained. poor explanation.
Exercise 6. Directions: Make a Reflection paper on the topic: “WHAT SOCIAL

SCIENTIST WOULD I WANT TO BE? Write a two-page essay on the subject matter
highlighting your passion to a certain discipline and your probable contribution in
enriching that field of study in the future. You may want to do a simple research on
the lives of the key personalities listed in the table Emergence of Social Sciences
Disciplines to have an idea on their motivations and outlook in life.
Rubric for Reflection Paper.

Criteria Description Points Points Obtained
Content It was written very 8
clear. Consulted
resources to validate
his/her reflection.
Analysis It convey an 8
informative context.
Organization The paper was well- 4
organized.
Total 20
Exercise 7. From the list of key personalities in the emergence of social science,
identify the field of study he contributed.
_____________1. Plato
_____________2. Herodotus
_____________3. Immanuel Kant
_____________4. Adam Smith
_____________5. Franz Boas
_____________6. Sigmund Freud
_____________7. William Farr
_____________8. Jacques Derrida
_____________9. Auguste Comte
_____________10. John Dewer
Self-Reflection. Rate your mastery of the learning objective/s. Put ✔ in the box.
LESSON OBJECTIVES RATING

Define and understand the different disciplines of social
sciences.
Analyze the emergence of social sciences in the society
I Learned…….
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________.
References:
– JOSE, MARY DOROTHY DL. AND ONG, JEROME A. “Discipline and Ideas in the
Social Sciences.” Quezon City. Vibal Group, Inc. 2016.
– https://www.postgrad.com/subjects/social_sciences/overview/
– https://linguistics.ucsc.edu/about/what-is-linguistics.html
– UCSP published by REX Publishing Company
Answer Key.
10.
9. Sociology
8. Linguistics
7. Demography
6/ Psychology
5. Anthropology
4. Economics
3. Geography
2. History
1. Political Science
Exercise 7.
10. Economics
9. History
8. Economics
7. Anthropology
6. Sociology
5. Linguistics
4. Demography
3. Geography
2. History
1. Psychology
Exercise
Psychology
2.
Prepared by:
RHEYJHEN M. CADAWAS
Approaches and Ideas in the Social Sciences
Teacher II
5-6
WEEK-MELC
Background Information for Learners 3-6
There are various ways of looking at society & various ways of explaining the
things that are happening in it. There are general approaches and ideas in scientific
study of society.
A. Positivism Social Science Approach
o Structural-Functionalism
o Rational Choice Theory
o Institutionalism
B. Interpretive Social Science Approach
o Hermeneutic Phenomenology
o Symbolic Interactionism
C. Critical Social Science Approach
o Feminist Theory
o Marxism
o Psychoanalysis
o Human-Environment System
Understanding Positivism Social Science Approach

o A philosophy developed in a philosophy developed in Europe.
o An epistemological doctrine that an epistemological doctrine that the true knowledge
is only about the true knowledge is only about the fact. The fact or the factual is an
object that can be observed empirically with our observed empirically with our
senses.
o The term ‘positive’ doesn’t mean normatively, but descriptively. It means ‘the
descriptively. It means ‘the factual’.
o It comes from the French comes from the French word "positivisme", which word
"positivisme", which is derived from the root is derived from the root word positif, and
denotes word positif, and denotes that something is arbitrarily imposed on the
arbitrarily imposed on the mind by sensory mind by sensory experience.
o It came to be associated it came to be associated with the scientific method.
o Auguste Comte was the proponent of positivism.
Approaches and Ideas in Positivism Social Sciences
A. STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
o A dominant approach in the social sciences under Positivism that sees society as a
complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.
o It is more concerned with the place of individuals in the social order itself than with
individual actions.
o Everyone is functional your importance in the society depends on your function /
social role.
o Our lives are governed by social structures (patterned social relations) – family,
community, church, government, school, media. A Social Functions refer to results
or effects for the operations of the society in general.Classification of Social
Functions according to its Consequences in the Society:
o Manifest Functions- those that are intentional or known, referring to
functions which people suppose and anticipate to be fulfilled by the social
institutions.
o Latent Functions - an unexpected effects of social institutions.
o Meanwhile, Social Dysfunctions is the opposite of Social Function: Manifest
Dysfunctions expected disruptions of social life and Latent Dysfunctions
unexpected disruptions of social life.Example: Marawi Siege
• Key Personalities: Bronislaw Malinowski, Emile Durkheim and A.R. Radcliffe-Brown
B. RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY
o A dominant approach under Positivism which assumes that society is made up of
individuals who always make logical decisions that provide them the greatest benefit
at the lowest cost.
o The idea that when a person is confronted with a set of choices, that person will
choose the option that will serve his or her objectives.
o Individuals act on the basis of the information that they have about the conditions
they were acting
o People will perform an action depending on their insight of the likelihood of success.
o Key Personalities: Gary Becker and George Homans
C. INSTITUTIONALISM
o A dominant approach in the scientific study of the society which views society as
made up of individuals who are influenced by institutions, which are also humanly
created constraints that shape or structures political, economic, and social
interactions.
o These are "stable, valued, recurring patterns of behavior".
o As structures or mechanisms of social order, they govern the behaviour of a set of
individuals within a given community.
o The Five Basic Social Institutions—The family, education, religion, economics and
politics.
o KINDS OF INSTITUTIONS
o Formal Institutions Legally introduced and enforced by the state. Examples:

Money Traffic Rules, Tax, Curfew, Smoking Ban
o Informal Institutions Rules outside the official channels. Examples: Dowry,
Arranged marriage, tithes, tipping food etc.
• Key personalities: Johan Olsen, Max Weber and James March
WRAP-UP
Structural-functionalism, rational choice and institutionalism are positivist approaches

which aim to discover natural laws to explain human behavior. Structural-functionalism
propagates the belief that institutions in a society are parts of whole, each with important
functions promote social equilibrium. Social Institutions are created by individuals for the
smooth operation of society in general. Rational Choice on the other argues social phenome
can be explained through individual actions.
Positivism Social Sciences are considered as the oldest and most-widely used
approaches in the scientific study of the society. Its strength emanates from its reliance on
empirical evidence and its quest for objectivity.
Learning Competency with Code (MELC 3-6)

o Analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major social science theories--
Structural-functionalism, Marxism, Symbolic Interactionism, Psychoanalysis, Rational
Choice Theory, Institutionalism, Feminist Theory, Hermeneutical Phenomenology,
and Human Environment System
o Apply the social science ideas and its importance in examining socio-cultural,
economic and political conditions --- Structural-functionalism, Marxism, Symbolic
Interactionism, Psychoanalysis, Rational Choice Theory, Institutionalism, Feminist
Theory, Hermeneutical Phenomenology, and Human Environment System
Exercise 1. Directions. CROSSWORD PUZZLE. Try to find the right answer using
the particular crossword clues given on the right side.
Exercise 2. Directions. Complete the table. Classify the following thinkers listed below
based on the theories they contributed.
Structural-Functionalism Rational Choice Theory Institutionalism

Emile Durkheim Thomas Hobbes Bronislaw Malinowski
Adam Smith Gary Becker Talcott Parsons
A.R. Radcliffe-Brown George Homans Max Weber
Johan Olsen James March Aristotle
Exercise 3. Directions. Make a comparative analysis of the three theories
discussed in this lesson based on their strengths and weaknesses. Fill up the
table.
Theories Strengths Weaknesses
Structural-Functionalism
Rational-Choice Theory
Institutionalism
Rubric for Exercise 3.

Criteria 15 10 0
Information / All the information Some information None of the
Content given are accurate. given are accurate. information given are
accurate.
Correctness/ All the information are Some information are None of the
Organization and rightly placed in the rightly placed in the information are rightly
Analysis diagram. diagram. placed in the diagram.

Explain the concept of positivism as one of the
paradigms/approaches in social science.
Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of ideas

under positivism approach.
I Learned…….
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________.
Reference:
Answer Key.
James March
Johan Olsen, Max Weber,
Institutionalism
Rational Choice
Radcliffe-Brown
Emile Durkheim, A.R.
1. Bronislaw Malinowski,
Structural Functionalism
Exercise 2
10. Rational
9. Dysfunctions
8. Latent
7. Manifest
6. Function
5. Norms
4. Choice
3. Equilibrium
2. Empirical
1. Positivism
Exercise 1.
Gary Becker, George Homans
Prepared by:
RHEYJHEN M. CADAWAS
Teacher II
7-8
WEEK-MELC
Background Information for Learners 3-6
In the previous lesson, you have learned how positivist social science to
discover natural laws that help us understand and explain society. Now, you will
learn in interpretive social science approach on how important context is in understanding
society.
Understanding Interpretive Social Science Approach

o It is sensitive in context.
o It claims that people create and associate their own subjective meaningsas they
interact with the world around them.
o It asserts to search for the meanings people assign to certain phenomena in order to
understand them.
o Its knowledge of reality is only socially constructed, no objective reality as opposed to
the claims of positivist social science that there exists objective reality.
o It can be traced to Max Weber, who asserted social science needed to study
significant social action, and Wilhelm Dilthey argued the importance of an emphatic
discernment of the everyday lived experience of people in a particular historical
setting.
o Under interpretive social science, there are two theoretical approaches, Look at the
paradigm below:
INTERPRETIVE SOCIAL SCIENCE
HERMENEUTIC PHENOMENOLOGY SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
Approaches and Ideas in Interpretive Social Sciences
A. HERMENEUTIC PHENOMENOLOGY
HERMENEUTICS PHENOMENOLOGY
Art of understanding and theory of The study of experience and how we
interpretation experience.
HERMENEUTIC PHENOMENOLOGY
Concerned with human experience as it is lived.
Its emphasis on the understanding and interpretation of individual experiences in
order to explain human actions and behavior, promotes a micro-level analysis of society. To
be human means to interpret. Every encounter involves an interpretation influenced by an
individual’s background. This is also referred to as historicality, which person’s history or
background that includes what one receives from culture since birth and passed on from
generation to generation, offering ways of understanding the world. It is also significant to
have an idea of the concept of “preunderstanding”, which refers to a meaning or
organization of a culture that are already there before we understand.
o Key personalities: Martin Heidegger and Hans-Georg Gadamer
B. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
o Also known as symbolic interaction perspective, refers to a key framework of
sociological theory which depends on the symbolic meaning developed by people in
the process of interaction.
o It concentrates the subjective meanings that people impose on things, incidents and
actions.
o Example: Why do Filipino Youth engaged in using Marijuana smoking? It is an illegal
act in the Philippines, besides it has a negative effect in individual’s body and
constitutes that marijuana symbolizes a positive impression to their friends as they
interpreting them as cool and safe from harm BUT in general it is bad and illegal.
o Concepts of symbolic interactionism:
o Symbols refer to the means by which people extensively and creatively
communicate. Through symbols we can associate meanings.
o Self refers to the conscious, contemplative personality of the individual. It is a
nature of every person one imagines when he or she thinks about he or she
is. Three steps in the development of self: (a) Preparatory Stage is the
meaningless imitation by the infant (b) Play stage is the actual playing of roles
and (c) Game stage is the culminating stage of self-development where the
child finds who he or she really is. Self-consist of two parts “I and Me”. The I
refers to the spontaneous and unorganized inclination of individual while Me
is the integrated other within the individual. Self provides structured set of
outlooks and explanations, insights and prospects.
o Mind is the mental aspect of individual which materializes from human
communication. It is evident when symbols are being used in communication.
o Key Personalities: George Herbert Mead and Herbert Blumer
WRAP-UP
Positivism believes that there is only one truth and that truth is out there, Interpretive
recognizes the possibility of many truths and that each one is valid.
Hermeneutic Phenomenology gives importance to the meanings we ascribe to
phenomena and Symbolic Interactionism asserts that society can be analyzed by addressing
the subjective meanings that people impose on objects, events and behaviors.
This interpretive approaches try to understand human behavior and actions by
focusing on the individuals and their actions.

Exercise 1. Directions. Identify the concepts described in each item.
Choose your answer in Column B.

Column B.
___________1. Refers to a person’s history or background.
Hermes
___________2. One of the three dominant paradigms in the social Historicality
sciences which is sensitive to context. Phenomenology
___________3. The mode of being human. Interpretive
___________4. It is culturally derived social objects having shared Symbols.
meanings. Symbolic Interactionism
Hermeneutics
___________5. It means “to interpret.”
Mind
___________6. The mental aspect of individuals which materializes Plato
from human communication. Self
___________7. The study of experience. I
___________8. A key framework of sociological theory which Me
depends on the symbolic meaning developed by people in
communication.
___________9. It refers to the spontaneous inclination of the individual.
___________10. He was theGreek God where the word Hermeneutic was derived.
Exercise 2. Directions. Identify the theoretical approach for each objective below.
__________1. Aims to explain the difference of humans from animals in the sense that
humans have the ability to interrupt the process of stimulus elicits cognition, and cognition
elicits response.
__________2. Aims to reveal human experience as it lived.
__________3. Aims to emphasize that every encounter involves an interpretation influenced
by an individual’s background or historicality.
__________4. Aims to show society as the product of the everyday actions of individuals.
__________5. Aims to show how people interact and get along with each other.
Exercise 3. Directions. Make a comparative analysis of the three theories discussed in

this lesson based on their strengths and criticisms. Fill up the table.
Theories Strengths Criticisms
Hermeneutic
Phenomenology
Symbolic Interactionism

Criteria 10 5 2
accurate.

Explain the concept of interpretive as one of the
paradigms/approaches in social science.

under interpretive approach.
I Learned…….
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________.
Reference:
Answer Keys.
10. Hermes
9. I
8. Symbolic Interactionism
7. Phenomenology
6. Mind
5. Hermeneutics
4. Symbols.
3. Self
2. Interpretive
1. Historicality
Exercise 1.
Prepared by:
Phenomenology
5. . Hermeneutic
Interactionism
4. . Symbolic
Phenomenology
3. . Hermeneutic
Phenomenology
2. Hermeneutic
Interactionism
1. Symbolic
Exercise 2.
RHEYJHEN M. CADAWAS
Teacher II
9-10
WEEK-MELC
3-6
In the previous lesson, you have learned how positivist social science which hopes to
discover, describe and explain universal laws in social sciences and recognizes the existence of one
objective truth; and interpretive social science which hopes to understand and interpret the world
based on the individual experience and proper context and recognizes the existence of many truth. In
this lesson you will learn the last paradigm of social sciences--- Critical Social Science which hopes to
critique and change the world with the premise that there exist social inequalities which must be
exposed and eliminated.
Understanding Critical Social Science Approach

o It is an analytical method of investigation that attempts to expose surface illusions to
uncover the real structures in the material world in order to help people understand
their situation and ten transform for the better world. (Neuman, 1997).
o Its goal is not only to discover laws that explain human behavior and social
phenomena but to help people understand why inequalities exist so that they can do
something to address the said problem.
o It aims to evaluate and alter social relations.
o Its ultimate aim is to change the world.
o It rejects the idea of alienation or giving the creations of your own activity a detached
existence.
o It argues that people ideologies are shaped by their material environment.
o It tries to bridge the object-subject gap.
o It is often adopted by people’s organizations, political associations, and even social
movements (Neuman, 1997).
o There are theories under critical social science, see the figure below:
CRITICAL SOCIAL SCIENCE

Critical process of inquiry that attempts to uncover surface illusions to
reveal the real structures in the material world for social transformation.
PSYCHOANALYSIS
FEMINIST THEORY HUMAN
MARXISM Aims to understand
Aims to eliminate ENVIRONMENT
Aims to eliminate human behavior by
gender inequality by SYSTEM
class conflict through making the
analyzing gender Aims to promote
class struggle. unconscious
status. sustainability.
conscious.
A. FEMINIST THEORY
o Feminism is a radical notion that women are people.
o Traditionally, Women had been treated as subordinate with men, and that feminism
can help in granting their rightful status in society.
o It try to explain the nature of women’s subordination and strategies that can be used
to elevate their status in the society.
o It promotes the belief that women and men should be treated equally and that steps
have to be taken to realize the goal of gender equality.
o This theory letting women be heard and rectify male-oriented view has dominated the
social science research for the longest time.
o Women’s Oppression is said to be primarily based in gender ideology or attitudes
regarding the appropriate roles, rights and responsibilities of men and women in
society.
o Liberal Feminism is the oldest of all feminist theories dating back to the 19th Century
and advocated for political and social rights of women.
o Social Feminism was born in 20th Century served as critique to Marxist Feminism’s
gender blind approach to wmen’s subordination by emphasizing what othe factor
such as race, age, religion, ethnicity, and disability need to be considered in
analyzing women’s oppression. It rooted in Socialism.
o Radical Feminism believe that women’s oppression is the most basic feature of
society and all other forms are only secondary.
o Key Concepts of Feminist Theory
o Sex refers to biological differences between males and females.
o Gender refers to sociocultural attributes associated with a being man and
woman and the different roles that society assigns to men and women.
o Gender Ideology refers to the attitudes regarding the suitable roles, rights
and responsibilities of men and women in society.
o Gender Inequality refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals
based on their gender.
o Gender Oppression it is the results of gender inequality, the manner in
which certain groups are privileged or disadvantaged because of gender.
o Key Personalities: Mary Wollstonecraft, Betty Friedan, Simone de Beauvoir
B. MARXISM THEORY
o It refers to the political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in
which the concept of class struggle plays an important role in abolishing class
oppression.
o It is associated with Conflict Theory, a view that society is divided into social classes
which are always in conflict with one another.
o It analyzes how society functions to serve the powerful class and disadvantage the
others, thereby causing conflict.
o It views social order as being a product of coercion and power being exercised by the
powerful group (bourgeoisie) to the disadvantaged group (proletariat).
o Aside from the basic concepts of bourgeoisie, proletariat and historical materialism,
there are some important concepts would help us to understand Marxism:
o Alienationmeans separation the process from one’s true to necessary nature
and the idea was used to describe by which labor is reduced to being a mere
commodity under capitalism.
o Surplus Value it is a value extracted from the labor of the proletariat by the
mechanism of capitalist exploitation.
o False Consciousness a belief that members of working class are derived
from their true class position when they fail to realize their class oppression.
o Praxis process by which a theory is enacted or realized by critically
assessing the world and change society based on the workers’ own class
interest rather than accepting the ideology of the capitalist class.
o Key Personalities: Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov (Lenin)
C. PSYCHOANALYSIS
o According to the American Psychoanalytic Association, psychoanalysis can be
described in two ways:
o It is a comprehensive theory about human nature, drive, actions, growth and
experience.
o It is also refers to a method treatment for psychological problems and
challenges in living successful life.
o Traces its roots to Sigmund Freud means “analysis of mind.” It came from the word
psychoanalyse, coined in French from Latinized form of Greek “psyche” means
mental plus German “analyse” from Greek means analysis.
o It liberates people by acquiring consciousness of the unconscious, it may understand
why they behave a in a certain way or why they hold certain values and beliefs.
o In order to understand the psychodynamics of the persons’ personality, here are the
key concepts in Freud’s theory of personality:
o Idserves as the original system of the personality. Referred as self-gratifying
branch of personality in that it is driven by the pleasure principle, which
attempts to reduce tension by satisfaction of sexual and aggressive impulses.
o Egoreferred as the decision-making branch of personality. It attempts to exert
a sensible influence over id and superego.
o Superegoreferred as to as the discriminating branch of the personality in the
sense of that it is concerned with moralistic issues deciding what is right or
wrong.
o Parts of the unconscious mind (id and superego) are in constant conflict with
conscious mind (ego), results to anxiety. Example:
o Id vs Superego vs Ego: I want to steal.
o Superego vs Id: You should not steal because it is wrong.
o Ego to Id: You will go to jail.
o Techniques in Psychoanalysis:
TECHNIQUES PROCESS
Association Encourages the patient to discuss what comes to mind.
Dream Analysis Analyze elements of dreams which contained symbolic
meaning.
Confrontation and Feedback procedures to help the patient become aware.
Clarification
Interpretation Involves providing insight to the patient regarding inner
conflicts.
o Psychoanalysis helps people emancipate themselves from the hidden sources of
domination by finding the origin and causes of their actions.
o Key personalities: Sigmund Freud
D. HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS
o It is also known as Environmental Social Science, Sustainability science and
coupled human natural systems research/coupled human and natural system
(CHANS), refer to an integrated scientific agenda for studying the border and mutual
interactions that link human to natural systems are inseparable.
o It is a social science approach stems from the belief that environment cannot be
studied by solely from the perspective of scientists, for environment cannot be
understood without considering the interconnectedness between human and
environment.
o Environment change has increased in the past decade. This has been result of
several factors such as evidence for climate change, loss of biodiversity, rapid
deforestation and an imminent crisis in the availability of potable water. It has been
realized that there is a need to address the causes of consequences of global
changes.
o Key concepts:
o Landscaperefers not only to the beautiful spot that you can view from some
scenic perspective but the mixture of environmental and human phenomena
that coexist together in a specific place of Earth.
o Feedback Mechanism refers to the phenomenon of systems components
both affecting each other and which creates a feedback loop: feedback is
effect to a system that is result of an action done by component.
o Sustainability refers to the ability for something to be maintained. It carries
(a) Capacity refers to the largest size that the resources permit, (b) Resilience
refers to the ability of the system to return to its initial state after disturbance
and (c) Stability related to the disturbances a system faces.
o Key personalities: Carl Sauer and Donald Meinig
WRAP-UP
As discussed at the beginning, Critical Social Science differs from positivist and
interpretive social science. It attempts to uncover underlying structures to emancipate people
from whatever is oppressing them.
The approaches under critical social science: Feminist, Marxism, Psychoanalysis and
Human-Environment System are all action-oriented and encourage people not only to
explain and interpret society but to change it for the better society.
Exercise 1. Directions. Identify what theoretical approach has the

following objective.
_________1. Aims to understand the relationship between gender ideology and gender
inequality.
_________2. Aims to treat mental disorders by investigating the interaction of the conscious
and subconscious elements in the mind.
_________3. Aims to show interaction of human systems with corresponding environmental
and technological systems.
_________4. Aims to eliminate class conflict through class struggle.
_________5. Aims to modify institutions through policy thus to mitigate global change or
increase adoptive capability.
_________6. Aims to liberate women from impression.
_________7. Aims to dismantle capitalism as the root cause of social inequality.
_________8. Aims to make individuals aware of the factors that determine their emotions
and behavior.
_________9. Aims to make individuals understand roles and responsibilities they play in
environmental sustainability.
_________10. Aims to understand human behavior by making unconscious conscious.
Exercise 2. Directions. Make a comparative analysis of the three theories discussed

in this lesson based on their strengths and criticisms. Fill up the table.
Theories Strengths Criticisms
Feminist Theory
Marxism Theory
Psychoanalysis
Human-Environment
System

Criteria 15 10 0
accurate.
Exercise 3. Directions. Based on the approaches you have learned in this lesson,
what are the causes and practical solutions that you can offer to the following social
issues?
Social Issues Cause Solution

Domestic violence against
women
Low wages among workers
Juvenile Delinquency
Climate Change

Explain the concept of critical social science as one of
the paradigms/approaches in social science.

under critical social science approach.
I Learned…….
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________.
Reference:
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
APPLICATIONS OF APPROACHES OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
11
TAS WEEK-MELC
TASK FOR WEEK 11 3-6
TASK. 1 COMIC STRIP

Objective: Interpret personal and social experiences relating to defense mechanism
techniques.
Directions:
1. Create a comic strip about your personal and social experiences related to defense
mechanism technique.
2. Use a short bond paper and available coloring materials for this activity. Be guided
by the rubrics below.
Rubrics:
Criteria Highest Possible Points

Creativity (artistry) 10 pts.
Content (relevance to the topic)) 10 pts.
Originality (uniqueness, own work) 10 pts.
Timeliness (submitted on time) 10 pts.
Total 40 pts.
TASK 2. HEAL AS ONE DEDICATION CARD!
Due to COVID-19 pandemic, the government mandated home quarantine protocols and
social distancing to prevent the spread of virus. Because of these, some people suffer from
mental health problems like anxiety and depression. Your task is to create a dedication card
for them and spread love and happiness in spite of all the crises that we are facing.
Directions:
1. Make one dedication card for the frontliners.
2. Be creative and use available colored papers and coloring materials.
3. Send your dedication card to a frontliner that you know or take a picture of your
output and post it on social media to create social awareness. Be guided by the
rubrics below.
Rubrics
Criteria Highest Possible Points
Creativity (artistry) 20 pts.
Organization (presentation of thoughts) 10 pts.
Grammar (correct grammar and spelling) 10 pts.
Originality (uniqueness, own work) 10 pts.
Timeliness (submitted on time) 10 pts.
Total 60 pts
TASK 3. THINK AND DECIDE

Objective: Predict the social consequences of making decision.
Directions:
1. Put yourself in the given situations and think of your decisions based on the given
options and its consequences.
2. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.
TASK FOR WEEK 12
TASK 4. PUBLIC EYE
Objective: Examine the constitutive nature of formal and informal institutions
Directions:.
1. Put check in the column Okay or Not Okay about the work done by the government
and other institutions.
2. Provide your reasons in the last column.
3. Use separate sheet of paper for this activity.
TASK 5. EDITORIAL CARTOONING AND ANALYSIS (CRITICAL THINKING,

COMMUNICATION, CHARACTER)
Objective: Interpret personal and social experiences relating to feminist theory.
Directions:
1. Draw an editorial cartoon about FEMINISM.
2. Explain or make a short essay about your editorial cartoon.
TASK 6. CONCEPT TABLE
Objective: Determine the importance of the major Social Science theories in
examining socio-cultural, economic, and political conditions of the society.
Directions:
1. Determine the conditions in society by examining its socio-cultural, economic, and
political aspects.
2. Use a separate sheet of paper for this activity.
Your written output will be graded based on the following rubrics:

• Depth of Analysis 5 points
• Organization of Thought 5 points
• Grammar and Spelling 5 points

(PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
Interpret personal and social experiences using
relevant approaches in the Social Sciences
Apply and understands the social science ideas,

approaches, concepts and theories.
I Learned…….
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________.
Reference:
-ADM-Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences Quarter 1 - Week 6-8, Schools
Division City of Manila
KEY CONCEPTS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES ROOTED IN 12A
FILIPINO lANGUAGES AND EXPERIENCES WEEK-MELC 7
In this chapter will examine the social ideas in th 19th Century starting from the
Ilustrados such as Pedro Paterno, Jose Rizal, and Isabelo delos Reyes. Analyze of the
instigators of the revolution such as Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto. Lastly, understand
Pantayong Pananaw and Sikolohiyang Pilipino.
The emergence of Filipino society began during the called for the implementation of
immediate Reform Movement, such as Jose Rizal, M.H. Del Pilar and Graciano Lopez
Jaena, advocated for the assimilation of the Philippines to become part of Spain so that laws
in homeland Spain can be applied equally to the colony and the natives.
From Indios to Illustrados

◦ Indio means “Mang-mang”
◦ Illustrados means the “Enlightened One”
ISABELO DELOS REYES
◦ A labor activist.
◦ Co-Founder of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente or
Aglipayan Church
◦ Father of Philippine Labor Movement--Union Obrera
Democratica Filipina
◦ Father of Filipino Socialism
◦ Initiated labor strikes against American business firms
◦ He published “El-Folk-Lore Filipino” on 1889.
◦ His books were initially published as newspaper
articles aimed at going back to Filipino roots, in
establishing the Filipino identity and indigenizing
social ideas.
PEDRO PATERNO
◦ Interested too in culture.
◦ He wrote Sampaguitas y Poesias Varias (1880) and Ninay,
the first Filipino novel.
◦ It embodies spirit of early nationalism against a backdrop of
racism.
◦ Despite the minimal scholarly value and numerous flaws in
his work. Paterno emphasized that Filipinos had culture
and identity long before the arrival of the Spaniards in the
Archipelago.
JOSE RIZAL
◦ He was one of great Filipino thinkers of all time and had
numerous works that reflected ideas on society, education,
women, history, culture, language, colonialism and
revolution.
◦ A prolific writer of “La Juventud Filipina” (To the Filipino
Youth), Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.
◦ Founder of La Liga Filipina directly involving the people to help reform the society.
◦ Drafted constitution:
◦ To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous and homogeneous
body.
◦ Mutual protection in every want and necessity
◦ Defense against all violence and injustice
◦ Encouragement of instruction, agriculture and commerce
◦ Study the application of reforms.
The Revolution and Beyond

◦ After the dissolution of La Liga Filipina. It resulted in formation of two groups.
◦ Cuerpo de Compromisarios lasted for several months.
◦ Katipunan or KKK was officially founded along Azcaraga St. (CM Recto Ave.)
in Tondo by Andres Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Valentin Diaz, Deodato
Arellano, and Ladislao Diwa on July 7, 1892. KKK Objectives:
◦ Political---separation of the Philippines from Spain
◦ Moral---Teaching of good manners, hygiene, good morals and
◦ Civic- Self-help, defense of the poor and oppressed.
ANDRES BONIFACIO
◦ Father of Philippine Revolution
◦ He was the Supremo of the Katipunan
◦ From his essays and poems, one can appreciate his views
with regard the cultural identity of the pre-colonial natives and
his lofty ideas of ushering a new dawn to the once great
Tagalog Nation. One of his important works is “ANG DAPAT
MABATID NG MGA TAGALOG” was part of the first issue of
Kalayaan, Katipunan’s newspaper.
EMILIO JACINTO
◦ Brains of Katipunan
◦ Although of lacking of material resources growing up, he was
able to finish his study. He took AB at Letran and Law at UST.
◦ He joined Katipunan amd rose to become the right-hand of
Bonifacio. He is the “eyes of the katipunan” and “soul of the
revolution.”
◦ He became the secretary of the Katipunan and editor in-chief of
the newspaper, Kalayaan.
◦ Kalayaan calls his attention and wrote Katipunan ng A.N.B
aimed informing the members for joining the organization.
Within this essay is KARTILLA or the set of teachings
formulated by Jacinto that must be followed by all Katipuneros.
Learning Competency with Code (MELC 7)

o Examine the key concepts and ideas of Filipino thinkers in the Social Sciences
rooted in Filipino language/s and experiences:
a. 19th Century Isabelo delos Reyes, Jose Rizal, others)
b. 20th - 21st Century (Sikolohiyang Pilipino, Pantayong Pananaw, others)
Exercise 1. Concept Map. Use another sheet of paper and copy the
template of the concept map. Complete the diagram. BE CREATIVE!
FILIPINO THINKERS
Heroes’ Name
Significant Roles
Heroes’ Contributions

Criteria 30 25 10
Information and All the information Some information given None of the information
correctness given is accurate and is accurate and correct. given is accurate and
correct. correct.
Creativity All the information is Some information is None of the information
rightly placed in the rightly placed in the is rightly placed in the
diagram and presently in diagram and presently in diagram and presently in
the most creative the creative manner. the least creative
manner. manner.
I Learned…….
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________.
Reference:
- JOSE, MARY DOROTHY DL. AND ONG, JEROME A. “Discipline and Ideas in the
KEY CONCEPTS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES ROOTED IN 12B
FILIPINO lANGUAGES AND EXPERIENCES WEEK-MELC 7
The key concepts and ideas of Filipino thinkers in the Social Sciences rooted in
Filipino language/s and experiences in the20th - 21st Century (Sikolohiyang Pilipino,
Pantayong Pananaw, others)
Filipino Perspectives in the Social Sciences
PANTAYONG SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINOLOHIYA

PANANAW PILIPINO
DISCIPLINES HISTORY PSYCHOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGY
PROPONENT DR. ZEUS SALAZAR DR. VIRGILIO DR. PROSPERO COVAR

ENRIQUEZ
KEY CONCEPT BAYAN KAPUWA LOOB
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO AND FILIPINO VALUES

◦ Indigenous Psychology
◦ Psychology that is rooted on the experience, ideas, and cultural orientation of the
Filipinos.
◦ It was recognized by Foreign psychologists as a tool of psychology. More particularly
UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund) adopted this as a program in reaching out
to children who are victims of trauma.
Key Concepts
1. Kapuwa
◦ “Both” “fellow being” and “other”
◦ It connotes unity of the self and others”
2. Pakikipagkapuwa
◦ Is what Filipino Value
◦ Distinguished from Pakikisama
◦ Social Interaction is an important aspect of people’s life.
8 LEVELS OF PAKIKIPAGKAPUWA
➢ Level 1 Pakikiisa (Being one with)
➢ Level 2 Pakikisangkot (getting involved with)
➢ Level 3 Pakikipagpalagayan/ Pakikipagpalagayng Loob (Being
in rapport/ acceptance with)
➢ Level 4 Pakikisama (being along with)
➢ Level 5 Pakikibagay (in conformity with)
➢ Level 6 Pakikilahok (joining/participating with)
➢ Level 7 Pakikisalamuha (interaction with)
➢ Level 8 Pakikitungo (Transaction with )
It serves as an alternative to the Institute of Philippine Culture’s study on Philippine
Values for espousing a Filipino perspective in the study of Philippine Culture.
VIRGILIO ENRIQUEZ
Virgilio Enriquez is known as the father of Filipino Psychology o
"Ama ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino", Dr. Virgilio G. Enriquez Pioneered on
the effective use of Indigenous Methods in Philippine Social Science
Research. Pambansang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino, (National
Organization of Filipino Psychology) a field he established in 1975.
read more: http://bit.do/emkLk
PANTAYONG PANANAW
Historical Context
◦ It would initially emerge from the UP Department of History under the initiative of Dr.
Zeus A. Salazar.
◦ Although superficially translated into the “WE PERSPECTIVE” it encompassed a
whole new realm of worldview in Philippine history and historiography. It has steered
the direction of Philippine historiography towards the “Bagong Kasaysayan” (New
History) , a new fusion of the ancient definition of kasaysayan with scientific tradition
of history.
Key Concept
◦ Cultural Discourse or an interchange of ideas on culture.---Some were oral traditions
(Myth, legends, songs, epics etc)
◦ Cyclical meaning they saw important events and phenomena as cycle---day and
night, planting and harvesting, summer and rainy, birth and death.
Perspectives in Philippine Historiography
◦ Pansilang Pananaw
◦ Pangkayong Pananaw
◦ Pangkaming Pananaw
◦ Pantayong Pananaw
Kasaysayan
◦ Salaysay na may saysay para sa isang grupo ng tao.
Pantayong Pananaw is a communication-based theoretical innovation coming out the
field of Philippine Historiography.
Components of Bagong Kasaysayan
Bagong Kasaysayan Historia Kasaysayan
Fusion of the ancient Chronological account of Salaysay na may saysay.

definition of kasaysayan with past events
scientific tradition of historia.
DR. ZEUS SALAZAR
Zeus Salazar is a Filipino historian and proponent of
Pantayong Pananaw, a self-reflective view in the study of Philippine
history. He finished his B.A. in History at the University of the
Philippines Diliman and his Ph.D. in Ethnology at Sorbonne
University in Paris, France. His pioneering works include Ang Pilipino
sa Agham Panlipunan at Pilosopiya; Pantayong Pananaw (1991);
Ugat at Kabuluhan (1997); Liktao at Epiko: Ang Takip ng Tapayang
Libingan ng Libmanan, Camarines Sur (2004). He was Dean of the
College of Social Sciences and Philosophy of the University of the
Philippines Diliman from 1991 to 1994.
Source: https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-43-02-
2007/Art%20Culture%20Philippines%20-%20About%20the%20Authors.pdf
o Examine the key concepts and ideas of Filipino thinkers in the Social Sciences
rooted in Filipino language/s and experiences:
a. 19th Century Isabelo delos Reyes, Jose Rizal, others)
b. 20th - 21st Century (Sikolohiyang Pilipino, Pantayong Pananaw, others)
Task 1. Interview. Ask anybody to classify the following people into

“ibang tao” and “hindi ibang tao”. Ask him to provide justification for
his/her own answer. Gather and analyze your data.
IBANG TAO HINDI IBANG TAO JUSTIFICATION

Class Adviser
Best Friend
Principal
First Cousin
Priest/Pastor
Rubric
Criteria 15 10 5
Information and All the information Some information given None of the
correctness given is accurate and is accurate and correct. information given
correct. is accurate and
correct.
Task 2. Concept Map. Use another sheet of paper and copy the template of the
concept map. Complete the diagram. BE CREATIVE!
WHAT CAN BE ACHIEVED USING PANTAYONG PANANAW AS SOCIAL SCIENCE
PERSPECTIVE
PANTAYONG PANANAW
FILIPINO LANGUAGE INDIGINEOUS CONCEPT
ULTIMATE GOAL

Criteria 30 25 10
Information and All the information given Some information given is None of the information
correctness is accurate and correct. accurate and correct. given is accurate and
correct.
Creativity All the information is Some information is None of the information is
rightly placed in the rightly placed in the rightly placed in the
diagram and presently in diagram and presently in diagram and presently in
the most creative manner. the creative manner. the least creative manner.
(PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
Examine the key concepts and ideas of Filipino
thinkers in the Social Sciences rooted in Filipino
language/s and experiences:
Evaluate the roles and significance of Filipinos’

indigenous social ideas to national development
I Learned…….
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________.
Reference:
- JOSE, MARY
LEARNING DOROTHY
ACTIVITY DL. AND ONG, JEROME A. “Discipline and Ideas in the
SHEET 13
SOCIAL SCIENCES IN THE REALGroup,
Social Sciences.” Quezon City. Vibal WORLDInc. 2016.
WEEK
MELC 8-9
We have learned from the previous lessons how each discipline of social sciences
contributes a great deal of knowledge in understanding our society.
Social Science will address…..
1. Strengthening the Filipino Nation Through Governance
Section 9 of the 1987 Philippine Constitutions “The State shall promote a just and
dynamic social order that will ensure the prosperity and independence of the nation
and free the people from poverty through policies that provide adequate social
services, promote full employment, a rising standard of living and an improved quality
of life for all.”
POLITICAL SCIENTIST. In all these workings lies the importance of political

scientists in their attempt to analyze and discover the different factors underlying
political occurrences and conditions as they deal principally on political theories,
systems, institutions and order.
CAREEER: Social Policy Program Officer, Legislative Analyst, Political Aide,
Lobbyist, Diplomat, Politician
2. Toward an Effective Distribution of Resources
One major aim of Economics is to fulfill the needs of persons and groups in human
societies as it concerns itself in the production, distribution and consumption of
material goods and services.
ECONOMIST. Taking into consideration the Philippine Setting– Our economists in

the government may have to formulate applicable solutions in order to address
several pressing economic problem that include efficient distribution of wealth, rising
incidence of poverty, unemployment, and inflations.
CAREER. -Involved in Finance Sector such as banking, accountancy, tax and

insurance. -Involved in Management, marketing, human resources, sales and
advertising. May also be hired in the Academe.
3. Challenges to the Modern Filipino Family
Family is the basic unit of society being part of an area of sociology. However, the
study of family is not exclusive to sociology or any single discipline for that matter.---
Psychology, History, Economics and the like. Indeed it is an interdisciplinary study
according to Belen Medina, Filipino Sociology.
Interdisciplinary Study
Social Scientist may study various challenges affecting the Filipino Family. The
processes of modernization, urbanization, and industrialization have influences the
outlook of family members on several important matters pertaining to employment
opportunities, family structure and authority and gender roles.
SOCIOLOGIST. It may become exhaustively involved in community and social

services. It is principally concerned in family being a social organization. They could
work in business and industry as banker, computer analyst, hrm, insurance agents,
real estate agent or CSR. In Education as teachers and counselors. In government
as Foreign Service officer, human rights officer, legislative aide or urban planner. In
research, as statistician, consumer researcher, data analyst, interviewer
4. The Phenomena of Environmentalism
History has proven that environmental improvement depends directly on rapid

economic growth. Unprecedented environmental destruction happening at a fast
pace.
GEOGRAPHERS AND DEMOGRAPHERS. It embraces the philosophy or ideology

of Environmentalism that seek to improve and enhance environmental health.
Advocates to promote the preservation, restoration and enhancement of natural
environment in the hope of striking a balance between human population and the
natural world.
CAREER. Urban Planners, Community Organizers, Environmental Organizers,

Social Policy Program Officers, Economic Development Officers
INTER-MULTI-TRANSDISCIPLINAL STUDIES
Interdisciplinary Looking at “the same” issues from multiple
disciplinary perspectives, it tries to integrate
or make holistic sense of the various
explanations of “the same” phenomena that
are generated from each of the disciplinary
perspectives
Multidisciplinary The world has “many” different disciplines
each of which attempts to explain “the
same” phenomena from their respective
viewpoints.
Transdiciplinary Drawing together the concepts, theories,
and approaches from different disciplines in
a shared conceptual framework a complete
integration.

a. Evaluate the roles and significance of Filipinos’ indigenous social ideas to
national development
b. Analyze the practical use of Social Sciences in addressing social concerns and
phenomenon
Exercise 1. Interpret the figure below. Which one is the MULTIDISCIPLINARY and
INTERDISCIPLINARY?Justify your answer. For 10 points.
______________________ ________________________
______________________ ________________________
______________________ ________________________
Task 2. Complete the following concept based on your understanding of the lesson.
Study the examples in column 2.
APPLICATION OF SOCIAL SCIENCES APPROACHES

Example ISSUE 1. ISSUE 1. ISSUE 2. ISSUE 3
POVERTY _____________ _________ _________
It is a rampant
Why is it a social problem in the
issue? world. There is a
huge gap between
rich and poor.
What disciplines Economics and
will address the Political Science
issue? which will help to
(Go back to the abolish the
previous lessons widespread of
about approaches poverty. Proper
of social allocation of
sciences) resources and
excellent in good
governance.
What
approach/es will Marxism aims to
address the eliminate social
issue? conflict that results
Go back to the the gap between
previous lessons rich and poor.
about approaches
of social
sciences)
Criteria 20 15 10
Information and All the information given is Some information given None of the information given
correctness accurate and correct. is accurate and correct. is accurate and correct.
(PERFORMANCE STANDARDS POOR AVERAGE EXCELLENT
*Analyze the practical use of Social

Sciences in addressing social concerns and
phenomenon
I Learned…….
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________.
Reference:
- JOSE, MARY DOROTHY DL. AND ONG, JEROME A. “Discipline and Ideas in the
ADDITIONAL LEARNING ENHANCEMENT

PERFORMANCE TASK
14-15
SECOND QUARTER WEEK
FINAL ACTIVITY. MAKE A RESEARCH
Objective: Examine how the major Social Science theories can be
applied in the present situations or problems existing in our society.
Directions:
1. Research on any of the issues or problems existing in our society.
2. Apply any of the two major social science theories in your theoretical
framework.
3. You are given two weeks to finish your research.
4. Follow the suggested research outline.
5. Use bond paper with 1.5”margin in the left and 1” margin in top, bottom and
right. Please write LEGIBLY.
6. The methods of research may be conducted through surveys in messenger
or by means of interview.
Research Outline
I. Research Title
➢ Choose one issue or problem existing in our society and
make a research title to study.
II. Introduction
➢ Present the research issue or problem existing in our
society and explain the relevance of the study.
III. Statement of the Problem (SOP)
➢ Provide at least 3 questions related to the topic.
IV. Theoretical Framework
➢ Write an explanation about the theory/approach you used in
the study.
V. Discussion/Findings
➢ Present your findings and search for supporting evidences
by using reliable and credible online sources.
VI. Conclusion and Recommendations
➢ Write the results of findings based on your SOP
VII. References – use credible online sources.
COURSE SYNTHESIS: PORTFOLIO MAKING 16
WEEK
In this week, you are going to compile all your learning worksheets and
put them in a portfolio. You may have your own portfolio design. If you do not have
in mind, you may also use the following guidelines.
PORTFOLIO DESIGN IDEAS
Materials needed: ART MATERIALS--- Suggested materials are as follows: bond paper
printed emoji design, puncher pair of scissors; crayons color markers and other AVALABLE
art materials.
How to do it:
1. Prepare all materials needed.
2. Create your own border design in your folder cover and write the subject/name in front
page.
3. Use a colorful colored paper as possible to make your portfolio more creative, interesting
and lively.
4. Use different pattern designs on your paper. Insert a paper pocket inside the folder for
your filler/notebook placed at the right side of the folder.
5. Compile and punch all the OUTPUTS and place the content in each designed page. In
filing your Activity sheets must be from recent to the previous activities. (Module 15-Module
1)
6. Write your little notes or captions and labels of each content material/ activity sheets on
each well-designed page.
7. Review your whole work from required content to designs.
8. Pass your work to your teacher. Congratulations!
Rubrics for scoring:

✓ Synthesize the learning from the course and its applications to the
I Learned…….
__________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________.

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1

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET 1.1

Background Information for Learners

Flow Chart. Scientific Method

NATURAL SCIENCE vs SOCIAL SCIENCE

NATURAL SCIENCE SOCIAL SCIENCE

Learning Competency with Code

Exercise 1. Directions: Identify the following the ideas or phenomena

___________1. The Volcanic Activity of Mount Taal in Batangas.

Natural Science Social Science

1. Why do students engage in school bullying?

Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks.

Rate your mastery of the learning objective/s. Put ✔ in the box.

Define and understand Social Sciences as the

Understands the concept of scientific method.

Prepared by: Mr. Rheyjhen M. Cadawas, Teacher II

Background Information for Learners

THE BIRTH OF SOCIAL SCIENCE

Development of Social Science

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCE?

DISCIPLINE NATURE OF FOUNDERS/CONTRIBUTIONS

Learning Competency with Code

Social Science Disciplines

Rubric for Concept Map

Exercise 2. Directions: Identify what discipline/s of social science is being describe in

Exercise 3. Directions: Identify what discipline has the following objective.

2. A high number of COVID-Cases in the Philippines is being recorded despite having

Exercise 5. Directions: Easy Essay. Answer the questions intelligently.

Is social science important in understanding society?

Rubric for Essay.

Exercise 6. Directions: Make a Reflection paper on the topic: “WHAT SOCIAL

Rubric for Reflection Paper.

LESSON OBJECTIVES RATING

POOR AVERAGE EXCELLENT

Analyze the emergence of social sciences in the society

Understanding Positivism Social Science Approach

Approaches and Ideas in Positivism Social Sciences

o Formal Institutions Legally introduced and enforced by the state. Examples:

Structural-functionalism, rational choice and institutionalism are positivist approaches

Learning Competency with Code (MELC 3-6)

Structural-Functionalism Rational Choice Theory Institutionalism

Theories Strengths Weaknesses

Rubric for Exercise 3.

LESSON OBJECTIVES RATING

POOR AVERAGE EXCELLENT

Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of ideas

Gary Becker, George Homans

Understanding Interpretive Social Science Approach

INTERPRETIVE SOCIAL SCIENCE

HERMENEUTIC PHENOMENOLOGY SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM

Approaches and Ideas in Interpretive Social Sciences

Learning Competency with Code (MELC 3-6)

Exercise 1. Directions. Identify the concepts described in each item.

Choose your answer in Column B.

Exercise 3. Directions. Make a comparative analysis of the three theories discussed in

Rubric for Exercise 3.

LESSON OBJECTIVES RATING

POOR AVERAGE EXCELLENT

Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of ideas

Understanding Critical Social Science Approach

CRITICAL SOCIAL SCIENCE

Exercise 1. Directions. Identify what theoretical approach has the