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MASHOP 3 (New Curriculum) Topic: Electric Arc Welding: Prepared By: Engr. Emiliano P. Heraña JR Faculty, CME. OLFU
MASHOP 3 (New Curriculum) Topic: Electric Arc Welding: Prepared By: Engr. Emiliano P. Heraña JR Faculty, CME. OLFU
3 (New Curriculum)
Topic: Electric Arc Welding
Prepared By:
Engr. Emiliano P. Heraña Jr
Faculty, CME. OLFU
Explain the fundamentals and developments of shielded metal arc welding.
I. There are basic fundamentals of welding that must be understood.
A. Welding - is the melting, flowing together, and freezing of metals under
controlled conditions.
1. Arc welding - uses electricity to heat and melt the metal.
2. A Weldor - is the person doing the welding.
3. A Welder - is the machine doing the welding.
4. Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) - is welding where fusion is produced
by heating with an arc between a consumable stick electrode
and
the work piece.
5. An electrode - is a bare metal rod which is usually coated with chemical
compounds called flux. The flux coatings burn in the intense heat and form a
blanket of smoke and gas that shields the weld puddle from the air.
5. An electrode is a bare metal rod which is usually coated with chemical
compounds called flux. The flux coatings burn in the intense heat and form a
blanket of smoke and gas that shields the weld puddle from the air.
• Electrode Holder
• Ground clamp
• Shield or helmet
• Gloves
• Chipping hammer
• Safety goggles or
glasses
• Wire brush
• Electrodes
Parts of the welding
process
• Electrode
• Wire core
• Coating (flux)
• Arc
• Gaseous shield
• Weld
• Slag
• Base metal
CLASSIFICATIONS OF STEEL
• The three commonly used classifications for steel are: carbon,
low alloy, and high alloy. These are referred to as the “type” of
steel.
• Carbon Steel - Steel is basically an alloy of iron and carbon,
and it attains its strength and hardness levels primarily through
the addition of carbon. Carbon steels are classed into four
groups, depending on their carbon levels.
• Low Carbon Up to 0.15% carbon
• Mild Carbon steel UP TO . 15% to 0.29% carbon
• Medium Carbon steel up to 0.30 to 0.59 % carbon
• High Carbon steel up to 0.60 % to 1.70% carbon
Weldability of Steel:
Weldability is a term used to describe the relative ease or difficulty with which
a metal or alloy can be welded. The better the weldability, the easier it is to
weld. However, weldability is a complicated property, as it encompasses the
metallurgical compatibility of the metal or alloy with a specific welding
process, its ability to be welded with mechanical soundness, and the capacity
of the resulting weld to perform satisfactorily under the intended service
conditions.
Weldability describes the relative ease or difficulty with which a metal or alloy
can be welded.
Low carbon steels containing <0.15% carbon and <0.6% manganese generally
have good weldability, as the composition is too lean to give any significant
hardening effect during welding. However, steels with <0.12% carbon and low
levels of manganese can be prone to porosity, although they are not
susceptible to hydrogen cracking.
Steels with carbon contents between 0.15 and 0.3% carbon and up to 0.9%
manganese, have good weldability, particularly those with carbon content
below 0.22%. These are mild steels and rarely present problems, as long as
impurity levels are kept low. They are all weldable without preheat, using any
of the common welding processes.
Those at the top end of the composition range, above about 0.25% carbon,
may be prone to cracking under certain circumstances. They may be welded
using any of the common welding processes, but are best welded with a low
hydrogen process such as MIG or low hydrogen consumables. Thick sections
may require preheating to reduce the cooling rate.
Medium carbon steels containing between 0.25 and 0.5% carbon, with
generally <1% manganese, are hardenable by heat treatment and so are
prone to cracking when welded. They can be welded, but require suitable
welding procedures, specifying preheat and interpass temperature control to
account for the carbon content or carbon equivalent and the combined
thickness of the joint being produced.
Steels with even higher carbon levels, between 0.5 and 1.0%, with
<1% manganese, are used where their higher hardness and strength
can be exploited. However, their high hardenability means that they
have poor weldability and are difficult to weld without cracking. They
are generally welded in the hardened condition and so require
preheating, interpass temperature control and post weld stress relief
to give any chance or avoiding cracking. Low hydrogen processes,
such as MIG and TIG welding or low hydrogen consumables, such
as low hydrogen MMA .
Weld Bead
Comparison
OXY- ACETYLENE GAS WELDING
WELDING DISTORTION
• TRANSVERSE SHRINKAGE
• ANGULAR DISTORTION
• FILLET DISTORTION
• LONGITUDINAL SHRINKAGE
• NUETRAL AXIS DISTORTION
• INCOMPLETE FUSION-Lack of fusion is the poor adhesion of the weld
bead to the base metal; incomplete penetration is a weld bead that
does not start at the root of the weld groove. Incomplete penetration
forms channels and crevices in the root of the weld which can cause
serious issues in pipes because corrosive substances can settle in
these areas.
WELDING DEFECTS
• POROSITY- The appearance of tiny bubbles on a weld bead as a result
of gas entrapment. Excessive porosity can weaken a weld.
• Lamellar tearing- Lamellar tearing is a type of welding defect that
occurs in rolled steel plates that have been welded together due to
shrinkage forces perpendicular to the faces of the plates.
• UNDERCUT- Undercutting is when the weld reduces the cross-
sectional thickness of the base metal, which reduces the strength of
the weld and workpieces. One reason for this type of defect is
excessive current, causing the edges of the joint to melt and drain
into the weld; this leaves a drain-like impression along the length of
the weld. Another reason is if a poor technique is used that does not
deposit enough filler metal along the edges of the weld. A third
reason is using an incorrect filler metal, because it will create
greater temperature gradients between the center of the weld and
the edges. Other causes include too small of an electrode angle, a
dampened electrode, excessive arc length, and slow speed