Endogenic Processes:

Volcanism
• Volcanism
• the processes by which magma and/or
gases or volatiles are transferred to the
Earth’s surface

• Volcano
• an elevated area or mountain formed from
accumulations of lava and/or pyroclastic
materials
Global Distribution
There are three considerations to generate
magma:
1. the addition of heat
a. friction
b. descending at the subduction zone
c. rising and intruding crustal rocks
2. the decrease in pressure through convective
uplifting (without the addition of heat)
3. the addition volatiles (water)
Subduction Zone
- is a long, narrow zone
where one lithospheric
plate descends
beneath another
 Morphology of Volcanoes

• Magma Chamber/Reservoir
• Main Vent
• Crater
• Conduit
• Flank
• Lava Flow/ Pyroclastic Flow/
Ash Cloud
 Morphology of Volcanoes

• Magma Chamber/Reservoir
- underground compartment
where the magma is stored
• Main Vent
• Crater
• Conduit
• Flank
• Lava Flow/ Pyroclastic Flow/
Ash Cloud
 Morphology of Volcanoes

• Magma Chamber/Reservoir
• Main Vent
- opening where volcanic
materials are released
• Crater
• Conduit
• Flank
• Lava Flow/ Pyroclastic Flow/
Ash Cloud
 Morphology of Volcanoes

• Magma Chamber/Reservoir
• Main Vent
• Crater
- bowl-shaped depression at
the top of the volcano where
the vent is located
• Conduit
• Flank
• Lava Flow/ Pyroclastic Flow/
Ash Cloud
 Morphology of Volcanoes

• Magma Chamber/Reservoir
• Main Vent
• Crater
• Conduit
- passageway through which
magma travels to reach the
Earth’s surface
• Flank
• Lava Flow/ Pyroclastic Flow/
Ash Cloud
 Morphology of Volcanoes

• Magma Chamber/Reservoir
• Main Vent
• Crater
• Conduit
• Flank
- side of a volcano
• Lava Flow/ Pyroclastic Flow/
Ash Cloud
Types of Volcanoes

1. Stratovolcano/Composite Cone
• is formed by highly viscous or thick, slow-
moving lava
• it has steep upper slope and relaxed lower
slopes, a small crater at its summit, and is
packed with a large reservoir of magma.
• most volcanoes in the Pacific Ring of Fire are
stratovolcanoes.
Famous Composite Volcanoes
Famous Composite Volcanoes
Famous Composite Volcanoes
Famous Composite Volcanoes
Types of Volcanoes

2. Shield
• is formed by loose and fluid lava that flows
over each other
• usually low and broad, resembling a warrior’s
armor shield or a gigantic bombs
• the lava does not shoot up high in the air in a
violent explosion
• contains lower amounts of dissolved gases
and silica
Shield Type of Volcanic Deposit--
Hawaiian Islands
Kilauea– Earth’s
most active
and
Mauna Loa—
Earth’s largest
volcano
Types of Volcanoes

3. Cinder/Scoria Cone
• is formed by fluid lava that is ejected because
of high pressure that builds up in the magma
chamber.
• volcanic eruptions are short-lived and appear
like a wild fountain show of fiery lava’s page
huge in the air.
Types of Volcanoes

4. Lava Dome
• solidified lava, hundreds of meters high
Other Features-Caldera
Crater Lake, Oregon
Taal Lake, Philippines
Types of Volcanoes
(according to activity)

1. Active
-recorded volcanic activity within the last 10, 000 years
2. Inactive/Dormant
-no recorded activity within the last 10, 000 years
3. Extinct
 Other Volcanoes
in the Solar System
 Other Facts

Maat Mons, Venus

 Other Facts

Rift zones on Venus

Other Facts

Olympus Mons on Mars, the tallest mountain in the Solar System

 Other Facts
640 km

Olympus Mons on Mars,

compared
to the Hawaiian island chain
Right: Eruption of the
volcano Pele on
Jupiter’s moon Io.

Below: Top view of

volcano Pele

The volcanic plume (above) is 1,300

km wide and 600 km high.
Water volcanism on Saturn’s moon Enceladus
 Dark, active nitrogen geysers on Neptune’s moon Triton.
The constant direction of the black streaks hints at a very thin
atmosphere.
10 Deadliest Volcanoes in the
Recent History
Deadliest Volcanic Eruptions
Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia
Deadliest Volcanic Eruptions
Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia
Deadliest Volcanic Eruptions
Mt Pinatubo, Philippines
Deadliest Volcanic Eruptions
Mt Pinatubo, Philippines
Deadliest Volcanic Eruptions
Mt. Merapi, Indonesia
Deadliest Volcanic Eruptions
Mt. Merapi, Indonesia
Deadliest Volcanic Eruptions
Nyiragongo, Congo
Deadliest Volcanic Eruptions
Nyiragongo, Congo
Deadliest Volcanic Eruptions
Mt Ontake, japan
Deadliest Volcanic Eruptions
Mt Unzen, Japan
Deadliest Volcanic Eruptions
Nabro, Eritrea
Deadliest Volcanic Eruptions
Sinabug Indonesia
Deadliest Volcanic Eruptions
Galeras, Colombia
Other Facts and Trivias