FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, COMPUTER AND

MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES

ENG 1001/1011 Introduction to Engineering

COVER SHEET FOR GROUP ASSESSMENT

EWB DESIGN AREA 3.2: KEEPING PLACES FOR

Title of Assessment Task
ARTIFACTS ON COUNTRY

KEEP A COPY:
Please be sure to make a copy of your work. If you have submitted assessment work
electronically make sure you have a backup copy.

PLAGIARISM AND COLLUSION:

Plagiarism: Using another person’s ideas, designs, word or works without appropriate
acknowledgement.
Collusion: Another person assisting in the production of an assessment submission without
the express requirement, or consent or knowledge of the assessor.

CONSEQUENCES OF PLAGIARISM AND COLLUSION:

Penalties associated with plagiarism and collusion are designed to impose sanctions on
offenders that reflect the seriousness of the University’s commitment to academic integrity.
Penalties may include: the requirement to revise and resubmit assessment work, receiving
a result of zero for the assessment work, failing the course, expulsion and/or receiving a
financial penalty.

I declare that all material in this assessment is my own work except where there is clear
acknowledgement and reference to the work of others. I have read the University Policy
Statement on Plagiarism, Collusion and Related Forms on Cheating
(http://www.adelaide.edu.au/policies/?230). I give permission for my assessment work to be
reproduced and submitted to other academic staff for the purposes of assessment and to be
copied, submitted and retained in a form suitable for electronic checking of plagiarism.

NAME SIGNATURE DATE

Parth Deodhar – a1820357 13 September 2021

Chen Xinyu – a1845601 Chen Xinyu 13 September 2021

Cai Chang – a1837301 Cai Chang 13 September 2021
Liu Ho Ming – a1839781 Liu Ho Ming 13 September 2021
Khawlah Almodhi – a1841830 Khawlah Almodhi 13 September 2021
Khalid Alharti – a1815717 Khalid Alharti 13 September 2021
Yaoquan Li – a1837057 Yaoquan Li 13 September 2021
EWB DESIGN AREA 3.2:
KEEPING PLACES FOR
ARTIFACTS ON
COUNTRY

Thur 4pm James 2

Parth Deodhar – a1820357

Chen Xinyu – a1845601
Cai Chang - a1837301
Liu Ho Ming – a1839781
Khawlah Almodhi – a1841830
Khalid Alharti – a1815717
Yaoquan Li – a1837057

i
Acknowledgement
We would like to express our deep gratitude to Professor Michael Leonard, Woei Saw,
Jessica Scott and James Ross-Naylor for their guidance, encouragement and constructive
suggestion for the completion of this report.

We would also like to extend our special gratitude to The University of Adelaide and The
Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences for giving us the opportunity
to participate in this EWB engineering challenge.

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Table of Contents
1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................1

1.1 Problem Definition....................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Background Information .............................................................................................. 2

1.3 Geography ................................................................................................................... 3

1.4 Biodiversity ................................................................................................................. 3

1.5 Demographics .............................................................................................................. 4

1.6 History of Indigenous People ........................................................................................ 4

1.7 Culture and Tradition ................................................................................................... 5

1.8 Climate and Weather ................................................................................................... 6

1.9 Local Infrastructure ...................................................................................................... 6

1.9.1 Roads ................................................................................................................................................6
1.9.2 Port ...................................................................................................................................................7
1.9.3 Electricity ..........................................................................................................................................7
1.9.4 Water................................................................................................................................................7
1.9.5 Community Infrastructure ...............................................................................................................7

1.10 Report Structure .......................................................................................................... 8

1.11 Ethical Consideration ................................................................................................... 8

2 Performance Criteria .................................................................................................9

2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 9

2.1.1 Scoring System .................................................................................................................................9
2.1.2 Weightage ........................................................................................................................................9
2.1.3 Evaluating the Design Solution ......................................................................................................10

2.2 Cost (Weightage 30%) ................................................................................................ 11

2.3 Frequency of Payments .............................................................................................. 12

2.4 Maintenance ............................................................................................................. 13

2.5 Materials ................................................................................................................... 13

2.6 Exterior Sustainability ................................................................................................ 14

2.7 Preservation .............................................................................................................. 15

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 2.8 Community Engagement ............................................................................................ 16

3 Conclusion...............................................................................................................18

4 Appendix A - History of Indigenous People ............................................................... 19

5 Appendix C - Culture and Tradition ..........................................................................21

6 Appendix B - Local Infrastructure .............................................................................24

6.1 Roads ........................................................................................................................ 24

6.2 Ports.......................................................................................................................... 24
6.2.1 Seaport ...........................................................................................................................................24
6.2.2 Airports ...........................................................................................................................................24

6.3 Electricity................................................................................................................... 25

6.4 Water ........................................................................................................................ 25

6.5 Community Infrastructure .......................................................................................... 26

6.6 Defence Facilities ....................................................................................................... 26

7 Reference List ..........................................................................................................27

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List of Tables
Table 1: Weightage Of Each Performance Criteria ...........................................................10

Table 2: Example Table To Rate A Design Solution ...........................................................11

Table 3: Scoring Table For Cost As A Performance Criteria ...............................................12

Table 4: Scoring Table For Cost As A Frequency Of Payments As A Performance Criteria ...12

Table 5: Scoring Table For Maintenance As A Performance Criteria ..................................13

Table 6: Scoring Table For Materials As A Performance Criteria .......................................14

Table 7: Scoring Table For Exterior Sustainability As A Performance Criteria ....................15

Table 8: Scoring Table For Preservation As A Performance Criteria ..................................16

Table 9: Scoring Table For Community Engagement As A Performance Criteria ................17

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1 Introduction
1.1 Problem Definition

This Engineering Report will devise a solution for constructing a Keeping Place for
Indigenous Artifacts on Country. The client, Engineers Without Borders (2021 EWB
Challenge Design Brief Centre for Appropriate Technology Cape York 2021), in conjunction
with the Centre for Appropriate Technology (CfAT), wants to allow the indigenous
communities (the end user) to have access to their artifacts that were taken during
colonization. Currently, the communities would rather keep the Artifacts on Country than in
a museum potentially some distance away. This project will attempt to formulate a solution
that enables the Indigenous Communities to own a ‘keeping place’ for preservation and
display of their artifacts and such as spears, wooden items and woven reed dilly bags. This
project will be limited to the exploration of keeping these artifacts in a temperature-
controlled environment with low energy requirements and elaborating design solutions.

The design solution proposed would be owned by the community ensuring that the
community members can control who has access to viewing their artifacts. Furthermore,
this project will not investigate construction management of the structure, administration of
the keeping place, its effect on the environment, local tourism and economy.

The design considerations specified by the client that is most relevant to this project are
Sustainability, Impacts on the community, Impacts on the environment, Cultural and Social
factors, Community Engagement, Cost and Economic benefits, Effective Technical Design,
Materials and Delivery and Ongoing Management.

Out of these Cost, Frequency of Payments, Maintenance, Materials, Exterior Sustainability,

Preservation and Community Engagement are the performance criteria that are selected are
for evaluating the proposed design solutions.

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1.2 Background Information

While Indigenous Australians have inhabited the continent for tens of thousands of years
and traded with nearby islanders, the first documented landing on Australia by a European
was in 1606. The Dutch explorer Willem Janszoon landed on the western side of Cape York
Peninsula and charted about 300 km of coastline. (Who was the first European to land on
Australia? n.d.).

In 1770, the English explorer James Cook sailed along the east coast of Australia and claimed
it for the British crown. Cook also collected a small number of Aboriginal weapons and other
utensils, which became the first Aboriginal objects to enter European collections (Australia,
1600–1800 A.D, 2003).

For 250 years, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultural heritage was removed overseas
and placed in museums, universities, and private collections (Return of Cultural Heritage
n.d.).

Europeans collected a large number of Indigenous Artifacts during the colonisation of

Australia. These included weapons, bags, toys, clothing, canoes, tools, ceremonial items,
and even ancestral human remains. "Queensland Museum Network acknowledges that
between the 1870s and 1970s, several Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Ancestral
Remains, Burial Goods and Secret and/or Sacred Objects were acquired without consent or
due regard to traditional lore and custom.” Objects were collected as anything
from curiosities to scientific specimens, tendentiously used to “prove” European superiority
(Metson & Roth 2018).

However, The Australian Government has been supporting the repatriation of ancestral
remains and secret sacred objects to the indigenous communities to help promote healing
and reconciliation.

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1.3 Geography

Cape York Peninsula (220,000 sq. km) is the northernmost extremity of Australia, projecting
into the Torres Strait between the Gulf of Carpentaria (west) and the Coral Sea (east) is only
100 km wide at its narrowest point. From its tip, it extends southward in Queensland for about
800 km, widening to its base, which spans 650 km from Cairns (east) to the Gilbert River
(west). The Cape York Peninsula is a Tropical Savannas ecoregion, mostly low-relief, with
undulating plains with the highest point only 800 m. The Cape York Peninsula contains 16
complete drainage basins, including several large river systems in essentially natural
condition: the Jardine, Jackson, Olive, and Holroyd systems (The Editors of Encyclopaedia
2018).

1.4 Biodiversity

Cape York Peninsula is a remote wilderness area at the northernmost tip of Queensland, and
harbours some of the most pristine views, boasting outstanding species diversity and features
that are globally, regionally, and nationally significant in respective of eight natural heritage
criteria. The Great Barrier Reef adjoins the ecoregion on its eastern seaboard and supports a
rich diversity of marine species. Eucalypt woodlands comprise nearly two-thirds (64 percent)
of the ecoregion, while low open-woodlands are dominated by Melaleuca spp. occupy nearly
15 percent of the region, followed by grasslands (6 percent), rainforest (5.6 percent), and
heathland communities (3.3 percent) in order of abundance. The Cape York flora comprises
3,338 species with 39 unique vegetation types (the Cape York Peninsula in northeastern
Australia n.d.).

Mangroves are very common along both coastlines where estuaries occur, with 40 different
species present. There are 509 terrestrial vertebrates on the Peninsula, including one quarter
of Australia’s frogs, one quarter of its reptiles, a third of all mammals, and half of its birds.
Many Cape York animals are the same as the animals in Queensland, and the rest of Australia
but thanks to some land bridges between the tip of Cape York and Papua New Guinea, there
are some species that are only found in Cape York and New Guinea. Some of the most unique
ones are the Platypus, cuscus, striped possum, green tree python, Golden Shouldered parrots,
Buff-breasted buttonquail, White-streaked honeyeater palm cockatoos (Unique Cape York
Animals n.d.).

3
Cape York’s most visible mammals are the 30 species of bats and flying foxes. Kangaroos and
agile wallabies are also a common sight along riverbank, some rare species unique to this area
are Bennett’s tree kangaroo, Lumholtz tree kangaroo and the musky-rat kangaroo. Sea turtles
and fresh and saltwater crocodiles glide silently along many waterways in the north. Cape
York has nearly 60% Australia butterflies, especially the 20cm wingspan birdwing and the
electric-blue Ulysses. Water birds abound here such as jabiru and brolga.

These rivers also hold rich fish fauna, with the Wenlock River containing the richest
freshwater fish fauna of any river in Australia. The Olive River also contains significant fish
diversity for a river of its size. According to regional endangered species lists, nine fauna and
ten flora species occurring on Cape York Peninsula are listed as endangered, 27 and 44
respectively as vulnerable, and 53 and 165 respectively as rare (Cape York Peninsula in
northeastern Australia n.d.).

1.5 Demographics

According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2016), there are total of 9458
Aboriginal/Torres Strait Islander peoples in Cape York, with 49.2% Male, 50.8% and 23 as
their median age. There are total 2312 households, with the Average people per household
are 3.8, and Median weekly household income $987. Of people aged 15 and over in Cape
York (Indigenous Regions), 14.9% reported having completed Year 12 as their highest level
of educational attainment, 16.2% had completed a Certificate III or IV and 3.5% had
completed an Advanced Diploma or Diploma. There are 44.5% who are employed full time,
22.4% are employed part-time and 28.8% are unemployed.

1.6 History of Indigenous People

Analysis of maternal genetic lineages revealed that Aboriginal populations moved into
Northern Australia from Africa around 50,000 years ago (Cooper 2018). The indigenous
people were colonized, oppressed, humiliated, discriminated by the European Settlers after
1770. Their artifacts were taken, their children were separated

Indigenous Australians are split into two groups: Aboriginal peoples, who are related to
those that have already inhabited Australia and Torres Strait Islander peoples, who
descendants from residents of the Torres Strait Islands.

4
The early Europeans took a dim view of the Aboriginal way of life when first they
encountered it. The colonists had destroyed within months a way of life that had outlasted
British history by tens of thousands of years, and the people soon realised that they were
committed to nothing less than total occupation of the land (Blakemore 2019).

To most settlers, the Aboriginal people were considered relatives to kangaroos, dingoes and
emus, strange fauna to be eradicated to make way for the development of farming and
grazing (A Brief Aboriginal History n.d.). Europeans viewed Aboriginal peoples as parasites
upon nature, defining their cultures in negative terms.

The frontier was a wild and uncontrolled one for a long period. Aboriginal peoples in some
areas used their superior bushcraft to wage prolonged and effective guerrilla campaigns
until they were finally overwhelmed by force of arms. In the period of “pacification by
force,” up to the 1880s, a large number of Aboriginal people were killed (Tonkinson and
Ronald 2018).

1.7 Culture and Tradition

More than 200 different Aboriginal languages were spoken (and hundreds of dialects), and
most Aboriginal people were bilingual or multilingual. While diversity exists across and
within Aboriginal communities, some Aboriginal cultural characteristics are part of all
Aboriginal cultures and unite Aboriginal people through shared history and shared
experiences. Understanding these cultural characteristics and appreciating their impact for
Aboriginal people today is a cornerstone of cultural competence.

For Aboriginal people, culture is the foundation upon which everything else is built. Culture
supports all aspects of life including such as to family and community, connection to
Country, values, symbols, practices and traditional. They express their culture Aboriginal
language, ceremonies, cultural events, storytelling, dance, music and art.

Aboriginal people view individuals within a community holistically, where Elders play a vital
leadership role. An Aboriginal perspective views:

the person’s relationship to their whole family—not just to their parents and siblings

the person’s relationship to their community—not just their family

5
Aboriginal people have a deep connection with the land or Country, which is central to their
spiritual identity. Aboriginal spiritual identity and connection to the land is expressed in the
Dreamtime. In Aboriginal cultures, the Dreamtime tells of the beginning of life. Different
Aboriginal groups have different dreamtime stories, but all teach about aspects that affect
daily life (Victorian Public Sector Commission 2019).

Music and dance are important to Aboriginal culture. They are used as part of everyday life
and to mark special occasions. Song lines tell stories of the Creation and Dreamtime as
Aboriginals made their journeys across the desert, while other sacred music is used in
ceremonies. Through mime and song they tell the mythical history of their tribe. There are
sacred and non-sacred ceremonies. Many art forms such rock, Bark or body are used to
propagate their culture (Costello 2009).

1.8 Climate and Weather

The Cape York region has a tropical climate with high to very high temperatures experienced
throughout the year. The wet season from November to April and a dry season from May to
October (2021 EWB Challenge Design Brief Centre for Appropriate Technology Cape York
2021).

The Cape York region has a tropical climate with high to very high temperatures experienced
throughout the year. The average annual temperature is 26°C. Annual average rainfall is
1305mm. The rainfall is highly seasonal, with most rain falling during the wet season
(October–March) (and variable) either as heavy thunderstorms, monsoonal lows or tropical
cyclones. In future, higher temperature, more intense downpour, increase in forest fire
frequency, rise in sea level with increase in acidity, intense tropical cyclones, More frequent
sea-level extremes and increase in heat waves is expected (Climate change in the Cape York
region n.d.).

1.9 Local Infrastructure

1.9.1 Roads
There are two primary roads for key access within and external to the region. They are the
Peninsula Development Road (PDR) which is 524 km Long from Weipa to Lakeland and the
Second one is 228 kilometre Mulligan Highway from Cooktown to Mareeba and connecting
6
to the PDR at Lakeland. These roads have several benefits such as Improves network
resilience, Improves network efficiency, Reduces travel time, Reduces maintenance,
Improves safety, Contributes to regional growth (Cape York Regional Plan 2014).

1.9.2 Port
Since Cape York is a Peninsula, sea transport is crucial. There are five ports in the region, out
of which the Port of Weipa is the most important port and most northern bulk export port.
The Port of Weipa is economically significant to the local township and broader
region .Air Travel become crucial when land is not accessible in wet seasons. There are a
large number of airstrips/airports (Cape York Regional Plan 2014).

1.9.3 Electricity
There is regional and the national electricity distribution network in the South East Region of
Cape York. Outside the south-east corner, the region’s communities are serviced by isolated
systems which are not connected to the national grid. Energy is most commonly sourced
from solar power systems with back-up diesel generators (2021 EWB Challenge Design Brief
Centre for Appropriate Technology Cape York 2021).

1.9.4 Water
Water service providers, such as local governments and Sunwater, are responsible for
delivering water supplies to community centres in the region. Groundwater bores, in-stream
pumps, small weirs and dams, rainwater tanks and private groundwater bores are
predominantly used to meet household water needs on larger properties and isolated
commercial activities. The region can also be subject to extreme, cyclonically influenced
floods and monsoonal rains in summer with the river systems and channels accommodating
large variations in flow. Due to sparseness of the region’s population and the distance
between communities in the region has resulted in relatively limited water supply
infrastructure for communities and industry, groundwater is more reliable source of water
(Cape York Regional Plan 2014).

1.9.5 Community Infrastructure

The region has a range of social and local infrastructure servicing the needs of local
communities including education, health, recreation and sport, cultural and community
facilities and waste water infrastructure. Telecommunications infrastructure in the region

7
plays a significant role in bridging physical distances for remote communities, improving
safety and enabling a variety of services to be delivered including distance education, health
services and banking (Cape York Regional Plan 2014).

1.10 Report Structure

This report has been divided into three distinct sections. Each section is build and written
upon information provided in the previous section. The three sections are:

Section 1 : Introduction

Section 2: Performance Criteria

Section 3 : Conclusion

Section 4 : Appendices

1.11 Ethical Consideration

The Australian Code of Ethics (2020) provides guidelines for the professional conduct of
engineers in Australia. The four pillars of ethics laid out by the 2020 code are

1. Demonstrate integrity
2. Practice competently
3. Exercise leadership
4. Promote sustainability

In the formation of these Engineering Report, the project team was guided by these ethical
principles in developing the solutions for the EWB Project. The project team has ensured
that the design solution presented is developed keeping the indigenous community in the
centre stage. The team has tried to come up with a solution that is appropriate for region
and culture and is sustainable and cost-effective. Keeping in mind the team’s experiences in
such projects, the suggested solution is the one that was developed to the point where
design’s advantages were clearly recognized and an executable strategy could be properly
conveyed with the appropriate performance criteria.

8
2 Performance Criteria
2.1 Introduction

Bases upon the Design Consideration and the background of the project, this report will
consider seven performance criteria. Each performance criteria will evaluate the proposed
design solution for the keeping place of the artifacts. These criteria’s are

• Cost
• Frequency of Payment
• Maintenance
• Exterior Sustainability
• Materials
• Community Engagement
• Preservation

2.1.1 Scoring System

All the selected performance criteria will be scored on scoring system of five, where a score
of five is the most appropriate and feasible, and one is the least appropriate and unfeasible,
in context of the background of the project. These rating can be seen in the table below
each performance criteria.

2.1.2 Weightage
Each performance criteria will be have varying degree of importance. Not all the
performance criteria have an equal weightage when evaluating the design solution.

The weighting of each performance criteria are decided from their effects to the project and
how important they are in the context of Country, Community and Scope of the project,

Cost as a performance criteria is given the highest weightage of around 30%. Preservation
has the second highest weightage of 20%. Maintenance and Frequency of Payments have
the same weightage of 15%. Material has a weightage of 10%, followed by Frequency of
Payment with least weightage of 5%.

9
These weightings can be seen in Table below:

TABLE 1: WEIGHTAGE OF E ACH PERFORMANCE C RITERIA

Sr No. Performance Criteria Weightage

1. Cost 30%

2. Frequency of Payment 5%

3. Maintenance 15%

4. Exterior Sustainably 15%

5. Material 10%

6. Community Engagement 5%

7. Preservation 20%

2.1.3 Evaluating the Design Solution

A evaluating system will be used to evaluate each of the proposed design solution. It will
combine the weighting of these performance criteria and the scoring system to give a final
rating to design solution. The formula for calculating the final score of a design solution can
be seen in equation below:

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑊 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒

𝑛 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎

𝑤(𝑖) = 𝑤𝑖𝑒𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠

𝑋(𝑖) = 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑑

For example, if an imaginary design solution is given a score in the following table:
10
TABLE 2: E XAMPLE TABLE TO R ATE A DESIGN SOLUTION

Sr No. Performance Criteria Weightage Weightage

1. Cost 30% 3

2. Frequency of Payment 10% 2

3. Maintenance 15% 3

4. Exterior Sustainably 15% 4

5. Material 10% 2

6. Community Engagement 5% 3

7. Preservation 15% 5

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑊 =
((3 × 30) + (2 × 5) + (3 × 15) +(4 × 15) +(2 × 10) +(3 × 5) +(5 × 20))
= 3.4 (𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 5)
100

2.2 Cost (Weightage 30%)

Cost is undoubtedly the most important performance criteria to evaluate the construction
of keeping place for the Indigenous Artifacts. The cost should be low enough to allow
adoption of the design and adequate to make the design sustainable. The construction cost
as a performance criteria will have the highest weighting of 30%. The construction cost will
evaluate the approximate cost from the start of construction to the finished structure. Since
this project is a affiliated to the community, it is safe to assume that the community will pay
for the project. Therefore, in order to measure the Construction Cost of the a design
solution, the average monthly contribution from each community members would be used
as measure. According to the Australian Bureau of Statics (2016), the average monthly
income of a Family in Cape York is around 2,961 dollars.. A score of 5 is awarded if
contribution required is only less 20%, that is, 592 dollars from the targeted community and
its community members. On the other hand if, more than fifty percent of the average
monthly income is required as contribution for construction, the lowest score of one is
allotted. The following table outlines that scoring system for this performance criteria.
11
TABLE 3: SCORING TABLE FOR C OST A S A PERFORMANCE C RITERIA

Standard Score

Contribution > 50% of Average Family Monthly Income 1

50% > Contribution > 40% of Average Family Monthly Income 2

40% > Contribution > 30% of Average Family Monthly Income 3

30% > Contribution > 20% of Average Family Monthly Income 4

20% > Contribution > 10% of Average Family Monthly Income 5

2.3 Frequency of Payments

Frequency of payment means the number of times an Indigenous Community has to

contribute for Construction and maintenance if the solution. The Frequency of Payment as a
performance criteria is given a weightage of 10%. It is important to evaluate the Frequency
of payment so as to not overburden the indigenous community and lead to the
abandonment of the project. If the design solution proposed requires a the contributions
from a family only once a year, then it is given a highest score of 5, whereas, if the
contributions is required more than four times in a year, it is given the lowest core of 1. The
following table outlines that scoring system for this performance criteria.

TABLE 4: SCORING TABLE FOR C OST A S A FREQUENCY OF PAYMENTS A S A PERFORMANCE C RITERIA

Standard Score

Contribution Required more than four year 1

Contribution Required four time year 2

Contribution Required thrice year 3

Contribution Required twice year 4

Contribution Required once year 5

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2.4 Maintenance

Maintenance is crucial aspect for this project. Since Cape York is remote region, sparsely
populated, and inaccessible during the wet season, Maintenance of a keeping place can be
is an important factors to consider for the safety and preservation of the precious artefact
inside. A keeping place would generally be a shelter with a temperature controlled
environment. Since, temperature controlled is the only aspect of the project that would
require a skilled labour, maintenance can be measure by the skill of labour required. It is
assumed that maintenance would only be required once on an extensive base, after the wet
season. Small maintenance works completed throughout the year by the indigenous
community are not counted in this performance criteria. If the design solution requires a
highly skilled to repair and renew the internal technical design, it is given a low score of one.
On the other, hand if the maintenance can be done by a group of people from the
indigenous community, both refurbishing it is exteriors and interior, and detection and
repair of the complex technical design, it is given a high score of one. The following table
outlines that scoring system for this performance criteria.

TABLE 5: SCORING TABLE FOR MAINTENANCE A S A PERFORMANCE C RITERIA

Standard Score

Maintenance Done by Skilled Professional 1

Maintenance Done by Skilled Professional with little involvement of Community 2

Maintenance Done by Indigenous People and External Support In-person 3

Maintenance Done by Indigenous People with External Support Online 4

Maintenance Done by Indigenous People 5

2.5 Materials

Cairns is the second largest city in north Queensland and the only city anywhere near Cape
York. Cairns is about 1000 km from Cape York. Travel to and from Cairns become
inaccessible during November to April. Construction materials such as Pre-Cast Concrete,
Steel, Aluminium, Cement, Timber, Aggregates, Plastic, Glass may become subject to

13
accessibility. Construction of a keeping place for delicate Artifacts would require the
materials to be locally sourced and robust. This performance criteria will measure the
percentage of local available material used in the design solution. If the more than 100% of
materials are used in local, a high score of five is given, whereas if less than 25% of material
used are local, a one score of one is awarded. The following table outlines that scoring
system for this performance criteria.

TABLE 6: SCORING TABLE FOR MATERIALS A S A PERFORMANCE C RITERIA

Standard Score

100% Material used are out sourced 1

Greater than 75% Material are Outsourced 2

Equal Number of Material are outsourced and are local 3

Less than 25% of Material are Outsourced 4

100% Material used are Local 5

2.6 Exterior Sustainability

Cape York receives about 1450mm of Rainfall every year. The average annual temperature is
26°C. (Climate change in the Cape York region n.d.). The average annual percentage of
humidity is: 63.0% (Average Humidity In Cape Tribulation (Queensland) n.d.).

Cape York is also prone to climate change in the upcoming years. Since the structure will be
remain cool inside, a temperature gradient is bound to occur, due the hot temperature
outside and cold interior. Temperature gradients in buildings with panel walls cause bending
of the panels, force redistribution and shear between the walls, with possible excessive
deformation of the joints and even separation of the walls (Bljuger 1982).

Water entering through seepage or leakage damages the internal structure due to corrosion
(Gupta 2017).

Humidity also affects the performance of buildings, causing condensation, mould growth,
mildew, staining, slip hazards, damage to equipment and the corrosion and decay of the

14
Sustainability of keeping place is crucial as it ensures the that the structure is robust for a
long duration of time after construction and does not require major repair or replacement.

A high score of 5 is given to a design solution that is sustainable for over if it requires
exterior repairs every 5 year. A low of score of one is given if it requires exterior repairs
every year.

TABLE 7: SCORING TABLE FOR E XTERIOR S USTAINABILITY AS A PERFORMANCE C RITERIA

Standard Score

Requires exterior repairs every year 1

Requires exterior repairs every 2 year 2

Requires exterior repairs every 3 year 3

Requires exterior repairs every 4 year 4

Requires exterior repairs every 5 year 5

2.7 Preservation

One of the project main aim to preserve the delicate aboriginal artifacts. One of the
methods in preservation is having a climate-controlled environment to preserve the
condition of the fragile Artifacts. The solution should be cost-effective, reliable and easy to
install and maintain.

Securing a stable and consistent environment that preserves the condition of the Artifacts
includes having the right temperature at all times, along with the right display conditions in
which no corrosive material or toxic has direct contact with the Artifacts. The display should
allow for an adequate visibility of the items, without exposure to direct sunlight.

Cooling systems should maintain an appropriate temperature, humidity and air quality for
the best preservation possible, This will help determine which solutions are the most
effective in terms of price and quality. Longevity and the ability to maintain the right

15
temperature in fluctuating conditions are key for the design of the solution selected. The
following table outlines that scoring system for this performance criteria.

TABLE 8: SCORING TABLE FOR PRESERVATION A S A PERFORMANCE C RITERIA

Standard Score

Incapable of maintaining consistent temperature 1

Difficulty in maintaining a consistent temperature 2

Reliable temperature control. 3

Good temperature control. 4

Completely reliable temperature control 5

2.8 Community Engagement

This performance criteria assesses community participation in returning artifacts..

‘Community engagement seeks to better engage the community to achieve long-term and
sustainable outcomes, processes, relationships, discourse, decision-making, or
implementation.’(Education What is Community Engagement? n.d.). The museum will be a
good source of revenue for the local community if it can function properly. The EWB Design
Brief States that the design solution proposed would be owned by the community, including
ensuring community members are able to control who has access to viewing the artifacts.
Community Engagement is measure on number of indigenous people involved in
construction, maintenance and management the keeping place.

When fewer that 10% of targeted community and community members are involved, a low
score of one would be awarded. A high score of 5 is achieved when involvement is more than
50% from the targeted community and community members. The following table outlines
that scoring system for this performance criteria.

16
TABLE 9: SCORING TABLE FOR C OMMUNITY E NGAGEMENT A S A PERFORMANCE C RITERIA

Standard Score

Involvement is more than 10% from the targeted community and members 1

Involvement is more than 20% from the targeted community and members 2

Involvement is more than 30% from the targeted community and members 3

Involvement is more than 40% from the targeted community and members 4

Involvement is more than 50% from the targeted community and members 5

17
3 Conclusion
All in all, Cape York is sparsely populated under developed remote region in located in North
Australia, with its rich flora and fauna. It has limited accessibility during the wet season due
to extreme climatic conditions, however it is becoming a tourist attraction during the dry
season. Cape York to 17 different indigenous communities each with unique and rich culture,
tradition and value (Cape York n.d.).

.The indigenous people have a strong affection for Country, and wish to keep their Artifacts
on Country rather than in some museum, kilometres away. Therefore, this report will devise
a number of design solution for constructing a keeping place for preservation of indigenous
Artifacts in Cape York, also used of display of these items. The community will be in full control
of their Artifacts and will decide who has the permission to access them. Various performance
criteria’s such as Cost, Frequency of Payment, Maintenance, Exterior Sustainability ,
Materials, Community Engagement, Preservation will be used to evaluate the design solution
and select the most appropriate design relevant to the Country.

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4 Appendix A - History of
Indigenous People
Analysis of maternal genetic lineages revealed that Aboriginal populations moved into
Northern Australia from Africa around 50,000 years ago. The movement from Africa to
Northern Australia was a series of of hazardous sea voyages across island southeast They
rapidly swept around the west and east coasts in parallel movements - meeting around the
Nullarbor just west of modern-day Adelaide. Aboriginal Australians have been on their
country as long as modern human populations have been outside of Africa (Cooper 2018).

A current theory holds that those early aborginals that came out of Africa about 70,000
years ago, which would make Aboriginal Australians the oldest population of humans living
outside Africa. When British settlers began colonizing Australia in 1788, between 750,000
and 1,250,000 Aboriginal Australians are estimated to have lived there. Some 20,000
indigenous people died in violent confrontation on the colony's borders, the majority were
crushed through murders and community deprivation when British immigrants stole their
territory .Soon, epidemics spreads the island’s indigenous people, and British settlers seized
Aboriginal lands.

The arrival a powerful imperialist culture cost the Aboriginal people their autonomy and the
possession of the continent, and it forced them into compromise and change. The Colonial
Office in London prescribed the safeguarding of Indigenes’ rights and their treatment as
British subjects, friction soon developed between the colonists and local people.

The early Europeans took a dim view of the Aboriginal way of life when first they
encountered it. The colonists had destroyed within months a way of life that had outlasted
British history by tens of thousands of years. Their only goals was total land supremancy.

To most settlers, the Aboriginal people were considered relatives to kangaroos, dingoes and
emus, strange fauna to be eradicated to make way for the development of farming and
grazing (A Brief Aboriginal History n.d.)

Europeans viewed Aboriginal peoples as parasites, defining their cultures in negative terms.
The frontier was a wild and uncontrolled for a long period. Aboriginal peoples in some areas

19
used their superior bushcraft to wage prolonged and effective guerrilla campaigns until they
were finally overwhelmed by force of arms. In the period of “pacification by force,” up to the
1880s, a large number of Aboriginal people were killed (Tonkinson and Ronald 2018).

Between 1910 and 1970, “a stolen generation” event occurred where government policies
of assimilation led to between 10 and 33 percent of Aboriginal Australian children being
forcibly removed from their homes put into adoptive families and institutions and refrained
from speaking their native languages. Their names were often changed. Three percent of
Australia’s population has Aboriginal heritage today. Aboriginal Australians still struggle to
retain their ancient culture and fight for recognition from the Australian government
(Tonkinson and Ronald 2018).

Indigenous Australians are split into two groups: Aboriginal peoples, who are related to
those who already inhabited Australia when Britain began colonizing the island in 1788,
and Torres Strait Islander peoples, who descend from residents of the Torres Strait
Islands, a group of islands that is part of modern-day Queensland, Australia (Blakemore
2019).

The indigenous people were colonized, oppressed, humiliated by the European Settlers after
1770. Their artifacts were taken, their children were separated They were heavily
discriminated.

20
5 Appendix C - Culture and
Tradition
According to Dr Aden Ridgeway, “Gumbaynggirr man and former chair of Indigenous
Tourism Australia, Aboriginal culture starts with its people. Aboriginal guides open a door
into a world that many people don’t know still exists. A world where past, present and
future meet. There’s nothing more exciting for a traveller than a totally new experience.
That’s what memories are made of”. Aboriginal culture is holistic, defined by its connection
to family, community and country. In Australia, the idea of “being on country” is central to
the Aboriginal worldview. Aboriginal people from the coast describe themselves as
“saltwater people”, those from river areas are “freshwater people”, and those from central
arid regions are “desert people” (UNDERSTANDING ABORIGINAL CULTURES n.d.).

There are many Aboriginal cultures and peoples. Aboriginal cultures exist and thrive in a
wide range of communities throughout Australia.

More than 200 different Aboriginal languages were spoken (and hundreds of dialects), and
most Aboriginal people are bilingual or multilingual. While diversity exists across and within
Aboriginal communities, some Aboriginal cultural characteristics are part of all Aboriginal
cultures and unite Aboriginal people through shared history and shared experiences.
Understanding these cultural characteristics and appreciating their impact for Aboriginal
people today is a cornerstone of cultural competence.

For Aboriginal people, culture is the foundation upon which everything else is built. Culture
underpins all aspects of life including connections to family and community, connection to
Country, the expression of values, symbols, cultural practices and traditional and
contemporary forms of cultural expression such as Aboriginal language, ceremonies, cultural
events, storytelling, dance, music and art.

Aboriginal people view individuals within a community holistically. An Aboriginal perspective

views:

21
the person’s relationship to their whole family—not just to their parents and siblings

the person’s relationship to their community—not just their family

the person’s relationship to the land and the spirit beings which determine lore and
meaning. From a very young age, Aboriginal children are told about their relationships and
are taught to show respect to their Elders. In Aboriginal communities, Elders play a vital
leadership role.

Aboriginal people have a deep connection with the land or Country, central to their spiritual
identity. Aboriginal spiritual identity and connection to the land is expressed in the
Dreamtime which tells of the beginning of life. Different Aboriginal groups have different
dreamtime stories, but all teach about aspects that affect daily life. Dreamtime stories pass
from one generation to another, their relationship with the land and their spiritual
connection. (Victorian Public Sector Commission 2019).

Music and dance are used as part of everyday life and to mark special occasions. Song lines
tell stories of the Creation and Dreamtime as Aboriginals made their journeys across the
desert, while other sacred music is used in ceremonies. Some are non-sacred. Through
mime and song they tell the mythical history of their tribe. During sacred ceremonies people
from outside of the community are not allowed to attend. Non-sacred ceremonies are
usually performed at night in front of tribe. A group of adult men, seated around a small
fire, chant one of their ancient songs. Others through dance and song, act out different
elements of the myth they are telling. Each Tribe has a leader in both song and dance. The
‘Songman’ composed songs to describe day-to-day events as well as singing ancient songs
passed down through generations. Dancers were also very important -the best dancers
being highly valued. Traditional dancing involves arm, body ,foot movements and a lot of
foot stamping. Dances were often imitations of the movements of animals or birds. Some of
the musical instruments are : Didgeridoo, Bullroarera and Gum-leaf. For thousands of years
Aboriginals have used art as a means of telling stories about the past, present and future. It
is used as part of sacred ceremonies and are deeply connected to the Dreamtime. Aboriginal
Art can be found in different forms. Some types of traditional art is said to date back as far
as 40,000 years but in more recent times Aboriginal art has had a new influence on and

22
from contemporary art in Australia. Rock Art, Bark Painting, Body Painting, Contemporary
Art are some types of art forms. According to Brenda Croft ñ Boomalli. ‘ In Aboriginal
languages, there is no one definition for the term art. Aboriginal art is our expression, our
culture, our living. An extension of our identity. Not just an item for a wall or living room.”
(Costello 2009).

23
6 Appendix B - Local Infrastructure
6.1 Roads

There are two primary roads for key access within and external to the region. They are the
Peninsula Development Road (PDR) which is 524 km Long from Weipa to Lakeland and the
Second one is 228 kilometre Mulligan Highway from Cooktown to Mareeba and connecting
to the PDR at Lakeland. These roads have several benefits such as Improves network
resilience, Improves network efficiency, Reduces travel time, Reduces maintenance,
Improves safety, Contributes to regional growth. These roads are still being upgraded and
the project is expected to complete in 2024. The PDR and other access roads in the region
are subject to seasonal flooding and surface saturation, with road access from the south cut
for months at a time. Improvements to the PDR and community access roads are critical for
more efficient, affordable and safe freight and personal transport and for supporting
economic growth aspirations (Cape York Regional Plan 2014).

6.2 Ports

6.2.1 Seaport
Since Cape York is a Peninsula, sea transport is crucial. There are five ports in the region, out
of which the Port of Weipa is the most important port and most northern bulk export port.
The Port of Weipa is economically significant to the local township and broader region .

The Port of Cape Flattery is a trade port situated more than 200 kilometres north of Cairns
on the southeast coast of the region. And exports silica. Air Travel become crucial when land
is not accessible in wet seasons. The Port of Quintell Beach servicing Lockhart River is a
community port with a barge facility located on the north- east coast of the region, which
services the needs of the Lockhart River community and remote grazing properties. Seisia
Jetty and barge ramp are critical to supporting the community in the Northern Peninsula
Area (NPA) of Cape York.

6.2.2 Airports
There are a large nusmber of airstrips/airports The region has a large number of
airstrips/airports including:

• Aurukun Airport
24
• Coen Airport

• Cooktown Airport

• Edward River Airport (Pormpuraaw)

• Kowanyama Airport

• Lizard Island Airport

• Lockhart River Airport

• Northern Peninsula Airport • Weipa Airport

• RAAF Base Scherger (Cape York Regional Plan 2014).

6.3 Electricity

There is regional and the national electricity distribution network in the South East Region of
Cape York. Outside the south-east corner, the region’s communities are serviced by isolated
systems that are not connected to the national grid. Energy is most commonly sourced from
solar power systems with backup diesel generators. (2021 EWB Challenge Design Brief
Centre for Appropriate Technology Cape York 2021) Ergon Energy operates the distribution
networks of the isolated systems and also operates the local distribution network in
Napranum with power generated in Weipa by Rio Tinto Alcan’s generator. Electricity
demand on the isolated systems in the region is expected to increase by 2–4 per cent per
year. The cost associated with supplying electricity and maintaining the required electricity
infrastructure to the region is higher than in less remote and sparsely populated regions,
with these costs further exacerbated by regular maintenance to infrastructure resulting
from cyclones and the wet season (Cape York Regional Plan 2014).

6.4 Water

Water service providers, such as local governments and Sunwater, are responsible for
delivering water supplies to community centres in the region. The Jardine and Wenlock
Rivers on the west coast, the Pascoe River and several smaller east coast waterways, and
the Hann River are perennial river systems. However, most rivers in Cape York are
ephemeral with intermittent flows. Some of these ephemeral rivers cease to flow for several

25
months during winter and spring. The region can also be subject to extreme, cyclonically
influenced floods and monsoonal rains in summer with the river systems and channels
accommodating large variations inflow. Groundwater bores, in-stream pumps, small weirs
and dams, rainwater tanks and private groundwater bores are predominantly used to meet
household water needs on larger properties and isolated commercial activities. Due to the
sparseness of the region’s population and the distance between communities in the region
has resulted in relatively limited water supply infrastructure for communities and industry,
groundwater is a more reliable source of water (Cape York Regional Plan 2014).

6.5 Community Infrastructure

The region has a range of social and local infrastructure servicing the needs of local
communities including education, health, recreation and sport, cultural and community
facilities and waste water infrastructure. Telecommunications infrastructure in the region
plays a significant role in bridging physical distances for remote communities, improving
safety and enabling a variety of services to be delivered including distance education, health
services and banking. Economic growth and liveability in the region are not only dependent
on the provision of an efficient and integrated network of infrastructure, but also on
services and technology that are adaptable and responsive to change. The state government
is interested in ensuring long-term outcomes for state infrastructure and services in the
region (Cape York Regional Plan 2014).

6.6 Defence Facilities

Defence bases in the Cape York region directly support Australian Defence Force operations
in Australia’s northern approaches. Royal Australian Air Force Base Scherger is the largest
and most significant of Defence’s facilities in the region. It is one of three Air Force strategic
‘bare bases’, forming an umbrella of northern airbases to mount and sustain air operations.
In addition to Royal Australian Air Force Base Scherger, Defence has a number of patrol
bases spread throughout Cape York. These patrol bases provide support to the operational
and training activities of the Army’s Regional Surveillance Unit, the 51st Battalion, Far North
Queensland Regiment (Cape York Regional Plan 2014).

26
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