The Earth’s

Hydrosphere
Water: A Vital
Resource
• 1.4 billion 𝑘𝑚3
• 75% of Earth’s surface
• 97.5% saltwater
• 2.5% freshwater
• 1.7% ice
• 0.77% accessible
freshwater
Water supplies
are unevenly
distributed
• Factors controlling global water
deficits and surpluses
• Global atmospheric
circulation
• Proximity to water resources
• Topography
• Precipitation
• Rain shadow
• Mt. Waialeale
 Water body
classification and uses
Indicators of
Water Quality
• Physico-chemical indicators
• D.O., pH, temp., salinity,
nutrients
• Biological indicators
• Flora, fauna
• Habitat indicators
• Riparian habitat
• Flow indicators
• Murray-Darling system
Harmful Algal Bloom
(HAB)
• Algae
• Macroalgae
• Microalgae
• Eutrophication
• Red tide
• Algae and dinoflagellates
• Brevetoxin, ciguatoxin
Oil Spill
• 2010 Deepwater
Horizon
• 2006 Guimaras oil spill
Clean Up and
Recovery
• High or low-pressure spray
• Containment booms
• Sorbents
• Skimmers
• Solidifiers
• Dispersants
• Vacuum and centrifuge
• Bioremediation
• Controlled burning
Water Pollution
• Classification of
pollutants
• Point source
• Dispersed source
• Effects
• 1.8 million deaths
• Pathogens
• Philippine clean water act
(2004)
• R.A. 9275
Video Links

• (781) Are we running out of clean water? - Balsher

Singh Sidhu – YouTube
• (781) How big is the ocean? - Scott Gass – YouTube
• (781) Where we get our fresh water - Christiana Z.
Peppard – YouTube
• (781) What really happens to the plastic you throw away
- Emma Bryce - YouTube
References

• WATER BODIES IN THE PHILIPPINES: Classification

according to beneficial use | Water Quality Management
Section (emb.gov.ph)
• Water quality indicators | Environment | Department of
Environment and Science, Queensland (des.qld.gov.au)
• Algal blooms (water.wa.gov.au)
• Algal Blooms – ScienceDirect
• Microsoft Word - RA9275.doc (emb.gov.ph)