 Speech and writing, directness is the quality of
being straightforward and concise: stating a
main point early and clearly without
embellishments or digressions.
 Language has different dialects and
pronunciations in various areas where it is
spoken depending on the culture and ways of
people. Chaudhary (2020)
 Standard English
 The formal type of English language that is
mostly spoken and written I government
agencies and environments.
 Used in government institutions, Standard
English is also engaged in media
conversations, school announcements and
international communications.
 Language that is used by educated speakers
in their speeches, researches, interviews or
any other kind of public discourse.
 Non-Standard English
 Used is everyday life by anyone from a little
kid to a 70 year old person with basic words
that are common and easily understandable
by the local community.
 Does not make use of complex terms and is
sometimes missing the proper punctuation
as well.
 Lexical Accuracy refers to using words
appropriately and correctly in communication.
 Synonyms – a word or phrase that means
exactly or nearly the same as another word of
phrase.
 Antonym – word opposite in meaning to
another.
 Homophones – each of two or more words
having the same pronunciation but different
meanings or spelling.
 Homographs – each of two words spelled the
same but not necessarily pronounced the same
and having different meanings.
 Lexical Change – Be open to changes in the
form and use of English words.
 Euphemism is expression used in place of me.
That may be found offensive in suggest
something unpleasant.
 A mild or indirect word or expression
substitute for one considered to be too
harsh or blunt when referring to something
unpleasant or embarrassing.
 Ex. Passed away instead of died.
 Multimodal is the dynamic convergence of two
or more communication modes within the same
text and where all modes are attended to as
part of meaning-making Most of the texts we
use are multimodal, including books when we
take the visual and design elements into
account.
 Multimodal Text Examples
1. Print-based multimodal texts include:
• Comics • Picture Storybooks • Graphic Novels
• Posters • Newspapers • Brochures.
2. Digital multimodal texts include:
• Slide Presentations
• Animation
• Book Trailers
• Digital Storytelling
• Live-Action Filmmaking
• Music Videos, ‘Born Digital’ Storytelling
• Various Web Texts and Social Media.
 Modes and Meaning Systems
• Modes and meaning systems explores the key
meaning-making systems we can use to create
meaning.
• We can use five broad semiotic or meaning
making systems to talk about how we create
meaning: written-linguistic, visual, audio,
gestural, and spatial patterns of meaning.
 The Meaning Systems
1. Written / Linguistic
• Concerns spoken and written language
through use of vocabulary, generic structure
and grammar.
2. Audio
• Music, sound effects, noises, ambient noise,
and silence through the use of volume, pitch
and rhythm.
3. Visual
• Concerns still and moving images through the
use of color, saliency, page layouts, vectors,
viewpoint, screen formats, visual symbols; shot
framing, subject distance and angle, camera
movement, subject movement.
2. Gestural
• Concerns movement of body, hands and eyes,
facial expressions, demeanors, and body
language, and use of rhythm, speed, stillness
and angles.
3. Spatial
• Concerns with environmental spaces and
architectural spaces and use of proximity,
direction, layout, position of organization of
objects in space.
 Creating Multi-modal Texts
1. Creating your own images and sounds
2. Creating Comic Strips or Graphic Novels
3. Digital Storytelling
4. Posters
5. Short Films
6. Music Video
7. Trailers
8. Born Digital Storytelling
9. Web texts or Blogs
10. Film-making
- Pre-production
▪ Development of story, setting and characters
▪ Writing the script
▪ Storyboard
 - Production - Bringing the story to life using
the chosen tools and available semiotic
resources to create meaning.
- Post-production
▪ The ‘first cut’
▪ Sound effects
▪ Music
▪ Titles and credits
▪ The ‘final cut
 Media resources are a wealth of digital audio
and image resources (free or licensed).
 Reading multimodal texts provides resources
for deconstructing and analysing how different
modal systems work to create meaning in a
text.
 Visual literacy provides a closer look at one of
the key meaning-making modes.
 Writer (2020): Five purposes for
communication
Inform
Imagine
Influence
Meet social expectations
Express feelings
 1. Ethos: your credibility and character
2. Pathos: emotional bond with your listeners
3. Logos: logical and rational argument
 Communication is the process of passing
information from one person to another.
 Principles of Communication (Vicky, 2020)
1. Clarity – the principle of clarity means the
communicator should use such a language
which is easy to understand.
2. Adequacy and Consistency – the
communicator must carefully take into account
that the information to be communicated
should be complete and adequate in all respect.
3. Integration – the principle of integration
portrays that through communication the
efforts of human resources of the organization
should be integrated towards achievement of
corporate objectives.
4. Economy – the unnecessary use of
communication system will add to cost. The
system of communication must be used
efficiently, timely i.e. at the appropriate time
and when it is necessary.
5. Feedback – the purpose of communication
will be defeated if feedback is not taken from
the receiver. The feedback is essential only in
case of written communication and messages
sent through messengers.
6. Need for Communication Network – The
route through which the communication passes
from sender or communicator to its receiver or
communicate refers to communication
network.
7. Attention – The message communicated
must draw the attention of the receiver staff
and ensure action from him in the right
perspective.
 General Speech Purposes
 Informative Speeches – The purpose of
informative communication is to increase
the receiver’s knowledge and
understanding of a subject.
Information, even it if consists only of facts,
may lead to changes of belief, although
such results may not be a part of the
speaker’s purpose
 Persuasive Speeches – The major function
of the persuasive speech is to induce the
audience to think, feel, or act in a manner
selected by the speaker.
Focuses on sharing a perspective and asking
the public to think it over.
 Argumentative Speech – An argumentative
speech is a persuasive speech.
An argumentative speech targets to alter
the viewpoint already detained by the
audiences.
 Entertaining Speeches – The third major
type of speech has the purpose of
entertaining the audience.
 Specific Speech Purposes
 When your general purpose is to inform,
your specific purpose might be:
a. To have the audience understand the
important aspects of student government.
b. To have the audience understand the
basic fundamentals of boating safety.
c. To have the audience understand the
history of the modern Animal Rights
movement.
 If you’re general purpose is to persuade,
your specific purpose might be:
a. To get the audience to give money to a
college fund to beautify the campus.
b. To get the audience to agree that India
should withdraw all its soldiers from
Kashmir.
c. To get the audience to agree that we
should have a Department of Women’s
Studies at our University.
 If you’re general purpose is to entertain,
your specific purpose might be:
a. To make the audience laugh at the “clear”
statements of some political leaders.
b. To have the audience enjoy hearing
about the best ways to escape the clutches
of the hostel warden.
c. To have the audience enjoy, vicariously,
my appearance on MTV-Bakra.
 Speeches can be categorized into four broad
areas depending on the amount of preparation
that is undertaken and depending upon the
nature of the occasion.
 Types of speeches are
 Manuscript
Memorized
Extemporaneous
Impromptu

 Manuscript Speech (Lumencandela, 2020)

The speech has been polished by a staff of
speechwriters and has been practiced many
times.
 Memorized Speech
All the objections that apply to the read speech
also apply to the memorized speech.
Memorizing a speech puts entirely too much
pressure on the speaker.
 Impromptu Speech
Again, no prior planning, no notes, you just do
it.
 Extemporaneous Speech
An extemporaneous speech is one where you
will have time for preparation and practice but
will not be expected to read from a manuscript
or to have the speech memorized.
 An impromptu speech is a speech that you have
to make without much or any time to prepare.