CITING RELATED LITERATURE USING STANDARD STYLES

Introduction

 After selecting materials relevant to the study, you need to cite their sources.

 Citation: a quotation from or reference to a book, paper, or author, especially in a scholarly work.

 There is a need to follow prescribed formats for writing and the sources within the text aid is the reference list.

The Need for Citing Sources

 When writing a research paper, literature citation is important for two reasons:

1. to avoid plagiarism (which is against the student code of conduct or ethical/moral standards, for that
matter.)

2. to assign proper authority to a statement (this adds weight to your paper).

 Giving credit to the source of any information of ideas needs to be done in the text; this is known as citing
literature.

 Citation gives details of a scholarly publication location, helping people find it quickly.

 A full citation appears in a separate bibliography or reference section.

Referencing Sources

 Referencing your sources means systematically showing what information or ideas you are quoting or
paraphrasing from another author’s works and where they come from.

 As a dictum, you must research in order to do research.

 But simultaneously, you must express what your original thoughts and ideas are, as well as those of others.

Referencing appropriately is important for some reasons:

 Adds authority to your work by supporting it with previous research

 Demonstrates reading and understanding of relevant literature

 Enables the reader to track down the original sources to check its quality

 Ensures that you write in an ethical manner by giving credit to the original authors

Citing Web Sites

Source Example Citation

Web site with author Kraizer, S. (2005). Safe child. Retrieved February 29, from
http.//www.safechild org.
Web site with corporate author Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration (SAMSHA). (2008, February 15) Stop
underage drinking. Retrieved February 29, 2008,
from http.//www.stopalcoholabuse. gov.
Web site with unknown author Penn State Myths. (2006) Retrieved December 6, 2011,
from http.//www.psoedu.ur/about/myths.
Page within a Web site (unknown author) Global warming solutions. (2007, May 21). In union of
Concerned Scientists. Retrieved February 29, 2008,
from http.//www.ucsusa org/global
warming/solutions

Citing Books
 Source Example Citation

Rollin, B.E (2006). Science and ethics. New York, NY:

Book by a single author
Cambridge University Press.

Sherman, C., & Price, G. (2011). The invisible web: Uncovering

Book by two authors information sources search engines can’t see. Medford, NJ:
Cyber Age Books.

Goodpaster, K.E., Nash, L.L., &Betignies, H. (2006) Business

Book by three or more authors
ethics: Policies and person (3rd ed.).

American Medical Association. (2004) American Medical

Book by a corporate author
Association family medical guide (4th ed).

Winnie, PH. (2001) Self-regulated learning viewed from models

of information processing. In B.J. Zimmerman & D.H. Schuk
Article or chapter within an edited book
(Eds), self-regulated learning and academic achievement (2 nd
ed,pp 160- 192). Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Eribaum Associates.

Citing Articles From Print Periodicals

Source Example Citations

Article in monthly magazine (include volume number Swedin, E.G. (2006, May/June). Designing babies: A eugenics
if given) race with China? The Futurist.

Article in a weekly magazine (include volume

Will, G.G. (2004, July 5) Waging war on Wal-Mart. Newsweek.
number if given)

Dougherty, R. (2006, January 11). Jury convicts man in drunk

Article in a daily newspaper
driving death. Centre Daily Times, p 1A.

Stock, C.D., & Fisher, PA. (2006)

Article in a scholarly journal Language delays among foster children: Implications for policy
and practice. Child Welfare, 85 (3).

Book review Rif kind, D. (2005, April 10). Breaking their vows. Review.