UNIT II.

UNPACKING THE SELF

Overview

“Learn how to see. Realize that everything connects to everything else.”–Leonardo da Vinci

First impression is very critical that is why as individuals, you spend too much
attention to your own body, face, appearance and structure. This unit will provide you an
extensive understanding on the process of development of the multi-layered self which
makes you extraordinary from everyone else.

Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, I am able to:

1. explore the different aspects of self and identity;
2. demonstrate critical, reflective thought in integrating the various aspects of self
and identity;
3. identify the different forces and institutions that impact the development of
various aspects of self and identity; and
4. examine one’s self against the different aspects of self-discussed in class

SETTING UP

Reflect on the quotation below written by Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929),

American Sociologist, and in your own understanding, write in not more than 50 words
your explanation on the space provided. You will be scored according to the following
criteria: (1) focus (2) content/thought, and (3) clarity and organization (5) being the
highest point for each criterion.

“I am not who I think I am.

I am not who you think I am.
I am who I think you think I am."
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LESSON PROPER

I. THE PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL SELF

“Self-worth is so vital to your happiness. If you don’t feel good about you, it’s hard to
feel good about anything else.”
- Mandy Hale

Physical Self refers to your body and its parts. Your image of your body is
influenced by a lot of factors or elements which include personal, social, cultural
expectations and many others. In line to this, your self-esteem comes mostly from your
body image. One of the most perdurable and controversial qualities and values of the body
is beauty.

BEAUTY

As cited by Sartwell, C. (2017), the nature of beauty is one of the most enduring and
controversial themes in Western philosophy, and is—with the nature of art—one of the two
fundamental issues in philosophical aesthetics. Beauty has traditionally been counted
among the ultimate values, with goodness, truth, and justice. Beauty is something we share,
or something we want to share, and shared experiences of beauty are particularly intense
forms of communication. Roger Scruton, in his book Beauty (2009) returns to a modified
Kantianism with regard to both beauty and sublimity, enriched by many and varied
examples. "We call something beautiful," writes Scruton, "when we gain pleasure from
contemplating it as an individual object, for its own sake, and in its presented form."

STANDARDS OF BEAUTY THROUGOUT HISTORY

As cited by Casely, L. (2020), by looking at the past, we can see that at some point,
just about everyone was considered the ideal.

It’s natural to feel down about your appearance from time to time, but remember,
beauty standards are always changing, so comparing yourself to whatever’s fashionable
now doesn’t do any good. And being kind, confident, and unique — that’s always beautiful!

Ancient Egypt: Braided Wigs and Lots of Eyeliner

Women in Egyptian art are often depicted with slim, high

waists, and narrow hips. Dark black hair, possibly even with
a bluish tinge, and golden or “bright” skin for women were
considered ideal.

Women also wore long, braided wigs. Men and women in

Egypt routinely shaved their hair and wore wigs instead.

Men and women also both wore makeup, namely heavy

black eyeliner that doubled as protection from the sun.

Ancient Greece: Unibrows and Bleached Curls

While many women today would pluck a thick “unibrow,”

women in Ancient Greece liked the look, and many used dark
pigment to draw one in.
They also bleached their hair in vinegar, which often caused
hair loss, so wigs were popular.
Long hair was also considered beautiful, as only upper-class
women were allowed to grow their hair long.

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Heian Japan: Super-Long Hair And Smudgy Eyebrows

In medieval Japan, long hair was prized, so court women

grew their hair as long as possible, and wore it straight down
their backs in a loose ponytail. Their hair would often reach
the floor!
They also shaved off their eyebrows and drew on smudgy
new ones high up on the forehead, almost near the hairline.
Heian beauty included pale skin, round and rosy cheeks, and
little bow lips.
But because they painted their faces white, their teeth looked
yellow in comparison. So they used to paint their teeth black.

Renaissance Italy: High Foreheads And Strawberry Blonde Hair

Women’s beauty at this time was tied to virtue, and a

beautiful woman was thought to be a virtuous one.
A full figure with a rounded stomach was considered
beautiful and linked to motherhood, and pale skin signified a
life away from labor.
Other must-haves were strawberry blonde curls and a high
forehead. Women of this time bleached their hair and
plucked their hairlines to get this look.

18th-Century France: Double Chins and White Skin

An oval face was prized, and so was a slight double chin
and dimpled, rosy cheeks.
Women wore their hair long and curly. Hair was also
powdered to give it a white or gray look, and wigs were
popular.
To achieve the look of pale skin, many women wore
heavy white makeup — often made with poisonous lead
and mercury!

To cover up scars left by smallpox, men and women alike

wore
The beauty patches,
Edwardian small pieces
Era: Tousled Hair of
Andblack
An fabric pasted
Hourglass Figure
to the face over the scars.
After the idealized frailty of the Victorian woman, women in the
late 1890s got slightly more robust.
The hourglass figure, with a small waist accentuated by full a
bosom and hips, were all the rage at this time, and women wore
tight corsets to imitate the ideal shape.
The “Gibson Girl,” with her slightly tousled hair and symmetrical
face came to symbolize this period’s ideal beauty. And because
skirts were worn long, women’s ankles were considered sexy.

The Roaring '20s: A Slim Silhouette and Bobbed Hair

Thanks to women’s suffrage, women in the 1920s had

newfound freedoms and power, and showed it through
their looks.
Flappers, as they were known, chopped their hair into
bobs and started showing off their legs.
A slim, boyish silhouette became all the rage in reaction
to the frail Victorian ideal, and women started valuing
an athletic build.

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1950s: Flawless Skin And A Curvy Shape

Thanks to the advent of electric lights and lighted mirrors,

this period saw women becoming more and more anxious
about having flawless skin, hair, and teeth.
It was also when teenage girls started buying beauty
products.
While corsets had long been abandoned by the ’50s,
women still wore a lot of shapewear to achieve an
hourglass shape. The most famous was the now-iconic
cone bra.

1960s: Androgyny and Lots Of Eyelashes

Beauty ideals, like fashion, are cyclical, so it’s no surprise
that the Flapper-like body shape came back, as did short,
smooth hairstyles. Even underwear started to change to
reflect the new shape.

1980s: An Appreciation of Diversity And Big Hair For All

For a long time, beauty in America meant blonde hair and blue
eyes, but by the 1980s, people started celebrating beauty in other
ethnicities. More diverse models and celebrities started taking
center stage.

In the Philippines, the perception of beauty lies in its rich historical upbringing.
Butthe
Since the colonization of oneSpanish
thing didregime
unite them: huge
to the hair! A dramatically
Japanese empire andsculpted
the American
face
domain, the way Filipinos was alsobeauty
recognize in style,subsequently
and the look was achieved
change. Tall, through contouring
fair-skinned, pointed
makeup.
nose, or the mestizos are always considered beautiful. The similarities between the
Spaniards and the Americans are prominent which made the mestiza look as the standard
of beauty and high status.

For related information and articles regarding body image, beauty and self-esteem, please
click on these sites:
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/beauty/#ObjSub
http://oaji.net/articles/2015/1710-1440017133.pdf
https://alfredadler.edu/sites/default/files/Kristi%20Wilder%20MP%202008.pdf

To better understand the concept of beauty, visit and watch Anjan Chatterjee’s TED talk
about How your brain decides what is beautiful at this site:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wgt8QUHQjw8

BODY IMAGE, SELF-ESTEEM AND THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIETY

As cited by Javellana, G. (2014), according to Planned Parenthood (2013) defined

body image as how a person feels and what he thinks when he looks at himself. Itis also how
he imagines other people see him. How he feels about his body and all of its parts — his
build and his legs, nose, stomach, the color of his skin, and the color or texture of his hair,
for example — plays a role in his body image.

As cited by Abdel-Khalek, A.(2016), according to Heatherton and Wyland (2003),

self-esteem can refer to the overall self or to specific aspects of the self, such as how
people feel about their social standing, racial or ethnic group, physical features,
athletic skills, job or school performance.

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 Body image is a combination of how we perceive ourselves about basic looks and
how we react emotionally in certain situations. As cited by Javellana, G. (2014), according to
Planned Parenthood (2013), having a long-lasting negative body image can affect both a
person’s mental and physical health. People who have a long-lasting negative body image
are more likely than people with a positive body image to: have anxiety, depression, low
self-esteem, shame, and trouble concentrating; take risks with their sexual health; cut
themselves off from being with other people socially; stop doing healthy activities that
require them to show their bodies, such as exercising, having sex, going to the doctor, or
swimming; and, suffer from serious mental health problems, such as anorexia, bulimia,
over-exercising, or overeating. These disorders can be very serious.

INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON BODY IMAGE SATISFACTION

As cited by Javellana, G. (2014), mass media is communication—whether written,

broadcast, or spoken—that reaches a large audience. This includes television, radio,
advertising, movies, the Internet, newspapers, magazines, and so forth. As enumerated by
Kamat (2013), the five major functions of mass media are: surveillance, interpretation,
transmission of values, lineage and entertainment. Entertainment is the most obvious
function of all media functions. As published by the Manila Bulletin (2018), the Philippines
is the world’s social media capital, spending an average of four hours per day on social
networks such as Facebook, Instagram and Twitter.

As cited in the article, Body image, self-esteem and the influence of society (2020),
the images of perfection we see in print, film and television project an unrealistic version of
reality that we are continually told is attainable – if we work out, eat less and lather our
bodies in transformative, firming and tightening creams.

Life today sees image upon image of fashionably clad women, perfect skin, tiny
waists, ample breasts, fashionably protruding behinds (of Kardashian and Beyoncé fame) all
with a weight of no greater than 59kg. According to Keithlow, (2013), this leads to a lot of
issues with more and more teens trying to imitate the pop stars and celebrities. They yearn
for the skinny, emaciated look and diet and a large proportion get anorexic.

They are unrealistic images of beauty, genetically impossible for many of us to

emulate. The same thing applies to the 6-pack or ripped abs shoved in the face of men via
famous sportsmen and male fitness models, which for many is impossible to achieve
without illegal steroids. Yet we are told that these unattainable bodies are normal,
desirable, and achievable. When we don’t measure up we develop a strong sense of
dissatisfaction and the way that manifests can be ugly.

SEXUALITY

As defined by the Department of Health (DOH), sexuality encompasses personal

and social meanings as well as sexual behavior and biology. It includes ways our bodies
develop and respond sexually, includes sexual acts: kissing, touching, intercourse, includes
feelings about these activities and responses. Also includes what we think is right and
wrong, good or bad; includes life experiences that have shaped these feelings and values.

Fig. 1 Influences of Sexuality

Source: https://scisexualhealth.ca/sexual-self-image/

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 SEX GENDER
Primarily refers to physical attributes-body
Is the composite of attitudes and behavior of
characteristics notably sex organ which are
men and women (masculinity and femininity)
distinct in majority of individuals.
Is learned and perpetuated primarily
Is biologically determined – by genes and
through: the family, education, religion
hormones media; thus it
(where dominant) and is an acquired identity
Is relatively fixed/constant through time and Because it is socialized, it may be variable
across cultures through time and across cultures.
Source: https://www.doh.gov.ph/node/1378

Types of Sexual Characteristics:

1. Primary Sex Characteristics – present at birth (i.e. reproductive organs)

2. Secondary Sex Characteristics – characteristics which develop at puberty

PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT (SIGMUND FREUD)

EROGENOUS
GRATIFICATION
STAGE/ ZONE
(Erotic or CONSEQUENCES WHEN
AGE (Principal CONFLICT
pleasurable FIXATION OCCURED
source
activities)
of pleasure)
1. oral passive personality
ORAL Sucking, biting, 2. oral aggressive or oral
Mouth Weaning
(0-2 y/o) and swallowing sadistic behavior (e.g..
biting or spitting out)
1. Anal expulsive or
Retention of feces aggressive personality
ANAL
Anus and willful Toilet training (e.g. over generosity)
(2-3 y/o)
defecation 2. Anal retentive personality
(e.g. perfectionism)
Oedipus
Exploring and Phallic Personality: evidence of
complex
PHALLIC manipulating the strong narcissism; difficulty in
Genitals (boys)
(3-6 y/o) genitals establishing mature
Electra
(masturbation) heterosexual relationship
complex (girls)
Dormant sex
instinct, Developing
LATENCY
None sublimated in same sex None
(6-12 y/o)
different school friendships
activities
Conformity to
Sexual activities Genital personality type:
GENITAL societal
Genitals and adult Freud’s ideal of full
(12-adult) sanctions and
relationships development
taboos
Table 1. Summary of Psychosexual Stages Of Personality Development (Sigmund Freud)

Freud believed that a person’s unique character type develops in childhood largely
from parent-child interactions. So important did Freud consider childhood experiences that
he said the adult personality was firmly shaped and crystallized by the 5th year of life.

Freud thinks of development as consisting of several stages and each psychological

stage is defined by an erogenous zone of the body.

These erogenous zones are areas of the body that are sensitive to pleasant and
sensual feelings hence giving rise to the sexual feeling when stimulated. As such, Freud
sensed strong sexual conflicts in the infant and young child, conflicts that seemed to revolve
around specific regions of the body. Moreover, Freud noted that each body region assumed
a greater importance as the center of conflict at a different age. The term fixated or
fixation happens when a person is reluctant or unable to move from one stage to the next
because the conflict has not been resolved or the needs have been so supremely satisfied by
an indulgent parent that the child doesn’t want to move on.

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HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE AND ITS CYCLE

As cited in the article, Your Guide to the Sexual Response Cycle (2020), the sexual
response cycle refers to the sequence of physical and emotional changes that occur as a
person becomes sexually aroused and participates in sexually stimulating activities,
including intercourse and masturbation. The sexual response cycle is a physiological
response model formulated by William H. Masters and Virginia E. Johnson in their 1966
book entitled “Human Sexual Response”.

Orgasm

Plateau

Resolution
Excitement

Fig. 2. Phases of Sexual Response Cycle

As cited in the article, Your Guide to the Sexual Response Cycle (2020), the sexual
response cycle has four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Understanding
these differences may help partners better understand one another's bodies and responses,
and enhance the sexual experience.

Phase 1: Excitement
General characteristics of the excitement phase, which can last from a few minutes to
several hours, include the following:

• Muscle tension increases.

• Heart rate quickens and breathing is accelerated.
• Skin may become flushed (blotches of redness appear on the chest and back).
• Nipples become hardened or erect.
• Blood flow to the genitals increases, resulting in swelling of the woman's clitoris and
labia minora (inner lips), and erection of the man's penis.
• Vaginal lubrication begins.
• The woman's breasts become fuller and the vaginal walls begin to swell.
• The man's testicles swell, his scrotum tightens, and he begins secreting a lubricating
liquid.

Phase 2: Plateau

General characteristics of the plateau phase, which extends to the brink of orgasm,
include the following:

• The changes begun in phase 1 are intensified.

• The vagina continues to swell from increased blood flow, and the vaginal walls turn
a dark purple.
• The woman's clitoris becomes highly sensitive (may even be painful to touch) and
retracts under the clitoral hood to avoid direct stimulation from the penis.
• The man's testicles tighten.
• Breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure continue to increase.
• Muscle spasms may begin in the feet, face, and hands.
• Muscle tension increases.

Phase 3: Orgasm

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 The orgasm is the climax of the sexual response cycle. It is the shortest of the phases
and generally lasts only a few seconds. General characteristics of this phase include the
following:

• Involuntary muscle contractions begin.

• Blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing are at their highest rates, with a rapid
intake of oxygen.
• Muscles in the feet spasm.
• There is a sudden, forceful release of sexual tension.
• In women, the muscles of the vagina contract. The uterus also undergoes rhythmic
contractions.
• In men, rhythmic contractions of the muscles at the base of the penis result in the
ejaculation of semen.
• A rash, or "sex flush" may appear over the entire body.

Phase 4: Resolution

During resolution, the body slowly returns to its normal level of functioning, and
swelled and erect body parts return to their previous size and color. This phase is marked
by a general sense of well-being, enhanced intimacy and, often, fatigue. Some women are
capable of a rapid return to the orgasm phase with further sexual stimulation and may
experience multiple orgasms. Men need recovery time after orgasm, called a refractory
period, during which they cannot reach orgasm again. The duration of the refractory period
varies among men and usually lengthens with advancing age.

Recommended video to better understand the Sexual Response Cycle, visit the link below.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQ2qIjfYfAM&t=29s

THE SCIENCE OF LOVE AND ATTACHMENT

According to anthropology professor Helen Fisher, there are three stages of falling
in love. In each stage, a different set of brain chemicals run the show. As cited by Greenberg,
M. (2016), these stages are lust, attraction, and love.

1. Lust. When you’re in the stage of lust, you feel physically attracted and drawn to to the
object of your affection. You want to seduce them (or be seduced). There may be an element
of mystery or an intensity that makes things exciting—imagine a hot one night stand.

Lust is driven primarily by the hormones testosterone in men and estrogen in

women. Lust occurs across species and may be part of the basic drive to find a partner to
spread our genes with. But lust is different than love. Injecting men with testosterone
makes them desire a potential lover more, but not necessarily fall in love in any lasting way.

2. Attraction. In the second stage, you begin to obsess about your lover and crave his
presence. Your heart races and you don’t feel like sleeping or eating. You may even get
sweaty palms. You feel a surge of extra energy and excitement as you fantasize about the
things you’ll do together. These feelings are created by three chemicals: norepinephrine,
dopamine, and serotonin.

Dopamine: Increased dopamine is associated with motivation, reward, and goal-directed

behavior—hence the drive to pursue your loved one or create them in fantasy if you can’t be
with them. Dopamine also creates a sense of novelty. Your loved one seems exciting, special
and unique to you; you want to tell the world about his special qualities.

Norepinephrine: Norepinephrine is responsible for the extra surge of energy and "racing
heart" that you feel, as well as the loss of, in some cases, both your appetite and your desire
for sleep. It puts your body into a more alert state in which you are ready for action.

Serotonin: Scientists think serotonin probably decreases at this stage, but more studies
need to be done. Low levels of serotonin are found in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
and are thought to cause obsessive thinking.

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3. Attachment. Attachment involves wanting to make a more lasting commitment to your
loved one. This is the point at which you may move in together, get married, and/or have
children. After about four years in a relationship, dopamine decreases and attraction goes
down. If things are going well, it gets replaced by the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin,
which create the desire to bond, affiliate with, and nurture your partner. You want to cuddle
and be close and share your deepest secrets with him or her. You plan and dream together.

Oxytocin: Oxytocin is a hormone released during orgasm (as well as during childbirth and
breast-feeding). This may be the reason why sex is thought to bring couples closer together
and be the “glue” that binds the relationship. There is a dark side to oxytocin as well. It
seems to play a role in needy, clinging behaviors and jealousy.

Vasopressin: Scientists learned about the role of vasopressin in attachment by studying the
prairie vole, a small creature that forms monogamous bonds like humans do. When male
prairie voles were given a drug that suppresses vasopressin, they began neglecting their
partners and not fighting off other male voles who wanted to mate with her.
As cited by Greenberg, M. (2016), understanding the science of lust, attraction, and
attachment can help you develop more realistic expectations of your relationships. Below
are some tools to guide you through the stages of love:

• Don’t mistake lust for love. Give a new relationship time before you start dreaming
of a future together.

• Keep the dopamine level flowing in a long-term relationship. You can do this by
having date nights, taking lessons, or going on trips in which you do novel and
exciting things together.

• Keep the oxytocin level flowing with sex and intimacy. Write cards and notes, hug
and kiss, think of your partner when she's not around, share your hopes and
dreams, and support those of your partner.

• Maintain some independence. If you’re the jealous, controlling type, start developing
your own activities and friendships that make you feel important and cared about.

Recommended videos to watch to learn more about the Science of Love and Attachment:
Visit and watch Helen Fisher as she presents her study findings on why people fall in love
with one person and not another. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aoKbMPyBwF8

To learn more about our real and physical need for romantic love, visit and watch this link
as Helen Fisher and her research team shares their experiment as they took MRIs of people
in love -- and people who had just been dumped:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYfoGTIG7pY

THE DIVERSITY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

The House of Representatives of the Republic of the Philippines unanimously

approved, on third and final reading, the Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity and
Expression (SOGIE) Equality bill On September 20, 2017, which aims to protect the rights of
lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans (LGBT) persons in the country. Lawmakers voted 198-0 in
favor of the SOGIE Equality bill (House Bill No. 4982), which was sponsored by Rep.
Emmeline Villar, Rep. Kaka Bag-ao and Rep. Geraldine Roman.

TERMS AND CONCEPTS (ALGBTIC Glossary)

1. Sexual Orientation - an enduring emotional romantic and or sexual attraction to

another person.
2. Affectional Orientation - the direction (sex, gender identity/expression(s)) an
individual is predisposed to bond with and share affection emotionally, physically,
spiritually, and/or mentally.

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 a. Lesbian - a woman who is emotionally, physically, sexually, mentally,
romantically, and/or spiritually oriented to bond and share affection with
other woman.
b. Gay-traditionally referred to a man, also now serves as an umbrella term to
describe a person who is emotionally, physically, sexually, mentally,
romantically, and/or spiritually oriented to bond and share affection with
people of the same gender.
c. Bisexual - a person who is physically, sexually, mentally, romantically,
and/or spiritually oriented to bond and share affection with more than one
sex, gender r gender identity though not necessarily simultaneously, in the
same way or to some degree - Robyn Ochs
d. Straight/Heterosexual - a person who is physically, sexually, mentally,
romantically, and/or spiritually oriented to bond and share affection with
people of the "opposite" or a different gender.
e. Asexual - describes someone who does not sexual attraction or desire for
other people.

3. Gender Identity - refers to the inner sense of being a man, a woman, both, or
neither. Gender identity usually aligns with a person's sex assigned at birth, but
sometimes it does not.
a. Genderqueer - concept used by those who typically reject notions of static
categories of gender and embrace a fluidity of gender identity and often,
though not always, of sexual orientation and affectional orientation (not
putting oneself in a box/category).
b. Bi-gender - another term related to gender identity, may be used by people
who identify as both male and female.
c. Agender - a term may describe someone who does not identify with any
gender; without gender; may describe themselves as genderless or gender
neutral.

To learn more about the topic, visit and watch Sociologist Andoy Evangelista and
Bataan 1st District Congresswoman Geraldine Roman as they discuss on sexual orientation,
sexual identity, expression, and the gender spectrum, this link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=meobjAtEW5U&pbjreload=101

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTONS IN THE PHILIPPINES

As cited by Vista, E. (2018), sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remain a public

health problem worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more
than 1 million people acquire an STI every day. Unfortunately, there is currently no
available data on the number of STI cases in the Philippines except for HIV. Hence in 2011,
the Philippine Dermatological Society (PDS) started to document STI cases in all its
institutions. One major barrier to STI prevention and control is the stigma associated with
STIs. Stigmatizing beliefs and fears of discrimination have been shown to influence
decisions to seek STI testing and treatment.

1. Human Immunodefficiency Virus (HIV)

In 2017, the Philippines has registered the fastest-growing HIV/AIDS epidemic in

the Asia-Pacific. One thousand forty-seven new cases of HIV have been reported to the
HIV/AIDS & ART Registry of the Philippines (HARP) in August 2018 alone. This brings
up the total number of reported HIV cases in the Philippines since January 1984 to
58,181.6

The risk of HIV infection may be reduced by abstaining from sex, limiting the
number of sexual partners or sticking to a monogamous relationship, using
condoms the right way when engaging in sex and avoiding sharing of needles. There
is also a newer tool for HIV prevention, which is pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) or
the use of a daily antiretroviral medication such as tenofovir-emtricitabine by HIV-
negative individuals. Government support is not merely limited to treatment but

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 includes HIV testing and screening as well. Accurate HIV diagnostic testing however,
can be challenging.

2. Syphilis

Syphilis, an STI caused by the spirochete bacteria Treponema pallidum, is another

chronic STI that may cause major complications, if not detected and treated properly. It
is also known as the great imitator because its symptoms are often similar to many
other diseases. A total of 665 patients have been seen and treated for syphilis in PDS
institutions since 2011. Treatment of primary or secondary syphilis with penicillin or
other antibiotics is necessary to prevent progression into neurosyphilis or the life-
threatening tertiary stage and to minimize the risk of HIV acquisition.

3. Human papillomavirus (HPV)

According to PDS data, 2,053 patients with HPV infection have been seen in its
institutions since 2011. Diagnosis of HPV is mostly clinical but when diagnosis is
uncertain, a biopsy may be required. There is no cure for HPV infection; only reduction
of infectivity and removal of visible and symptomatic warts. Treatment may be topical
or surgical. Imiquimod and chemical peel are the only widely available topical methods
for HPV treatment in the Philippines. Vaccines that protect against initial HPV infection
have been developed and proven effective. In fact in some countries, it is now included
in their mass vaccination program for young people who are not yet sexually active.
HPV vaccination has also been shown to increase natural HPV immunity in people who
have been previously infected with HPV.

4. Genital Herpes

Genital herpes is another STI that is highly prevalent and has a significant impact on
sexual health and the risk of HIV acquisition and transmission. It is usually caused by
herpes simplex vi-rus-2 (HSV-2) but may also be due to herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1).
WHO estimated more than 500 million people to be infected with HSV worldwide in
2016.1 In the Philippines, 977 patients have been seen and treated for herpes in
PDS institutions since 2011.Herpes is characterized by frequent viral shedding
throughout the genital tract that leads to inflammation. Like HPV, HSV infection is
incurable. However, interventions that suppress viral shedding may prevent
transmission of HSV and the risk of HIV acquisition.

Please click on the link below and watch CNN Philippines sheds light about the
current situation of HIV and AIDS in the country in this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQmysmzZvVw

FAMILY PLANNING

As defined by the Department of Health (DOH), Family Planning (FP) is having the
desired number of children and when you want to have them by using safe and effective
modern methods. Proper birth spacing is having children 3 to 5 years apart, which is best
for the health of the mother, her child, and the family.

As cited by Santelices, S. (2019), being sexually active comes with a lot of anxiety
over the risk of pregnancy or getting a sexually transmitted disease (STD). And now that sex
is slowly becoming less taboo in the Philippines, talking about birth control shouldn’t be a
problem.

There is a wide range of birth control methods in the world, but not all of them are
available in our country. The Department of Health (DOH) has already established different
family planning programs in the past years, and various types of contraceptives can now be
purchased over the counter. We’ve compiled a list of available contraceptives in the
Philippines that you can choose from. But remember, it’s still best to consult with your

32
obstetrician-gynecologist (OB-GYN), especially since each person has different needs and
health conditions.

1. Pill

MAINTENANCE DESCRIPTION
Pills contain two types of synthetic female
hormones: estrogen and progestin. These
are similar to the estrogen and progesterone
normally produced by the ovaries. These
pills are called “combination oral
contraceptives,” and there are many
different kinds.
Take on a schedule
Healthline says that if used properly, the pill
is 99 percent effective. But it’s easy to forget
or miss pills. So in reality, it’s about 91
percent effective. Nine out of 100 pill users
get pregnant each year. The better you are at
following your pill-taking schedule and
starting your pill packs on time, the better it
will work.

2. Condom

MAINTENANCE DESCRIPTION
Condoms are small, thin pouches made of
latex (rubber), plastic (polyurethane,
nitrile, or polyisoprene), or lambskin that
cover a man’s penis and collects semen. It
stops sperm from getting into the vagina
so that it won’t meet an egg and lead to a
pregnancy.
Using condoms properly (that is, always
checking if there are holes and wearing it
properly) will guarantee 95 percent
effectivity in preventing pregnancies.
However, many tend to be careless in the
height of sexual activity. This is why 15 out
Use every time
of 100 people still get pregnant each year
even with the use of a condom. This is why
you must always be extra cautious when
using these.

According to Planned Parenthood,

condoms are the only type of birth control
that helps prevent STDs. It blocks contact
with bodily fluids, which is how disease
bacteria is transmitted. So even if you’re
on the pill, it would be better if your
partner still uses a condom.

3. Birth control shot

MAINTENANCE DESCRIPTION

The birth control shot, Depo-Provera, is a

Use on a schedule hormonal injection that prevents
unplanned pregnancy for three months at
a time. The hormone in this shot is

33
 progestin. It works similarly to the birth
control pill. It prevents ovulation and
increases the mucus buildup around the
opening of the cervix.

Progestin prevents ovulation, and when

there’s no egg in the tube, you can’t get
pregnant. It also works by making cervical
mucus thicker. When the mucus in the
cervix is thicker, the sperm can’t get
through.

Option for Sexual Health says that the shot

is a very effective method of birth control.
It is about 96 percent effective at
preventing pregnancy in typical use, which
means that around four out of 100 people
using it as their only form of birth control
will get pregnant in one year. With
consistent and correct use it can be over
99 percent effective.

4. Intrauterine Device (IUD)

MAINTENANCE DESCRIPTION

An Intrauterine Device (IUD) is a small T-

shaped plastic and copper device that’s
put into your womb (uterus). It releases
copper to stop pregnancy, and it can
prevent fertility for five to 10 years. It’s
sometimes called a “coil” or “copper coil.”

IUDs are one of the best birth control

Low maintenance methods out there—it’s more than 99
percent effective. This is because it leaves
no room for error: You can’t forget to take
it (like the pill) or use it incorrectly (like
condoms). And you’re protected from
pregnancy 24/7 for three to 12 years,
depending on which kind you get. Once
your IUD is in place, you can pretty much
forget about it until it expires.

5. Birth control implant

MAINTENANCE DESCRIPTION

The implant (aka Nexplanon) is a

matchstick-sized, progestin-releasing rod
that’s inserted under the skin of your
upper arm. Bedsider says that it’s so small
most people can’t see it once it’s inserted.
Low maintenance It prevents pregnancy for up to four years.

The implant is one of the best birth control

methods out there—it’s more than 99
percent effective. That means fewer than
one out of 100 people who use Nexplanon
will get pregnant each year. It’s also called

34
 the get-it-and-forget-it birth control
because since it’s in your arm, you can’t
forget to take it or use it incorrectly. It
prevents pregnancy all day, every day for
up to five years. If you decide you want to
get pregnant, you can easily have it taken
out by a nurse or doctor.

6. Contraceptive patch

MAINTENANCE DESCRIPTION
The birth control patch for women is a
type of contraception that contains
estrogen and progestin. You place the
small patch on your skin once a week for
three weeks. During the fourth week, you
don’t wear a patch, which will lead to
menstrual bleeding.

According to Mayo Clinic, the patch works

similarly to birth control pills. It prevents
pregnancy by releasing hormones into
Use on a schedule
your bloodstream that keep your ovaries
from releasing an egg. The birth control
patch also thickens cervical mucus to keep
sperm from reaching an egg.

If you use it perfectly, the patch is 99

percent effective. However, people forget
to change your patch on time, or it might
fall off. If you often forget or misplace
things, you may want to opt for another
method like the IUD, implant, or shot.

7. Cervical caps

MAINTENANCE DESCRIPTION
The cervical cap is a device that prevents
sperm from entering the uterus. It is a
reusable, deep silicone cup that is inserted
into the vagina and fits tightly over the
cervix. It’s held in place by suction and has
a strap to help with removal. The cervical
cap is effective at preventing pregnancy
only when used with spermicide.

The Philippine Clinical Standards Manual

Use every time
on Family Planning says that the
effectiveness of this method depends on
the user. The risk of pregnancy is greatest
when the cap is not inserted properly.
Typically, about 32 per 100 women who
use the cervical cap with spermicide
become pregnant over the first year of use.
When used correctly, about 20 per 100
women become pregnant over the first
year of use.

35
 8. Fertility Awareness

MAINTENANCE DESCRIPTION
Fertility awareness methods (FAMs) help
you track your menstrual cycle so you’ll
know when your ovaries release an egg
every month. The days near ovulation are
your fertile days—which is why FAMs are
used in conjunction with abstinence or
other birth control methods (like
condoms) on those “unsafe,” fertile days.

There are a few different FAMs that help

you track your fertility signs. You can use
one or more of these methods to predict
Lifestyle when you’ll ovulate: It’s most effective to
combine all three of these methods
(symptothermal method).

a. The Temperature Method: you

take your temperature every
morning before you get out of bed.
b. The Cervical Mucus Method: you
check your cervical mucus (vaginal
discharge) every day.
c. The Calendar Method: you chart
your menstrual cycle on a
calendar.

Recommended video to further understand this topic about family planning and know more
about contraceptive methods as supported by the Department of Health in the Philippines,
kindly visit this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HBlsiHPdp4k

II. THE MATERIAL/ ECONOMIC SELF and THE POLITICAL SELF

William James (1842-1910), considered as the father of psychology and one of the
brightest minds in the area of philosophy, stated that “people had a material self”. As cited
by James, J. (1890), “A man’s Self is the sum total of all that he can call his.” Material self
refers to tangible objects, people, or places that carry the designation “my” or “mine”; this
encompasses man’s concepts of the things he owns. The said “material self” include man’s
body, family and reputation, even his clothes and his house, his lands and horses and yacht
and bank account”. If these possessions progressed, man will be victorious, if they
decreased, man will feel sad and depressed.

Two Subclasses of the Material Self

1. The bodily self. The intimate parts of a person. It includes your physical body parts
(arms, legs etc.), emotional (feelings, desires), and even psychological (intelligence)
and morals (values, beliefs, etc.)
2. The extracorporeal (beyond the body) self. The extended self (Rosenberg 1979). It
includes all of the people-our spouse, children and family; things- our possessions
(cars, jewelries, etc.); places that matter to us (our hometown), and the products of
our labors (books that we wrote, etc.)

MY SELFIE, MY SHELFIE AND MY SELF

As cited by Wolfe, T. (2019), one of the aspects of selfhood is the material self which
consist of your body, family relations and possessions.

1. Selfies. Pictures of oneself, taken by oneself, typically with a cellphone camera, and
posted to social networking sites. Selfies became popular with the introduction of

36
 devices like the iPhone4, with a front-facing camera, in 2010. The word itself was
designated the "word of the year" by the Oxford English Dictionary in 2013.

2. Shelfies. Pictures of one's own possessions, also posted to social networking sites.
Shelfies get their name from their appearance: objects artfully arranged on a shelf, a
tray, or some other horizontal surface (see "Me, My Shelfie*, and I" by Dale Hrabi,
Wall Street Journal, 04/26-27/2014). Note that there's an alternative definition of
shelfie, offered by Elaine Showalter in her essay, "Rise of the Shelfie" (Chronicle of
Higher Education, 05/23/14) -- as a special form of the reading memoir" in which
the author selects a shelf of books, sometimes at random, and then writes a book
about his or her reactions to reading them. Examples are: The Year of Reading
Proust: A Memoir in Real time (1997) and From LEQ to LES: Adventures in Extreme
Reading (2014) both by Phyllis Rose (the latter really exemplifies this version of the
"shelfie" concept).

William James was onto something with his concept of the material self, and that is
that our possessions, like our avatars, are expressions of our selves. At least some of our
possessions are, quite literally, expressions of ourselves - -what we might call the material
culture of the self.

Developmental psychologists (and parents) note that object attachment begins very
early in life (think of your childhood teddy bear); and while attachment to specific objects
(like that teddy bear) may drop off in later childhood, our attachment to certain objects
remains very strong throughout life. Our possessions help define who we are. Russell Belk,
a specialist in consumer behavior, calls this the extended self (e.g., Belk & Tian, 2005). To
some extent, we are what we own. So much so, that we can be traumatized when we lose
them, or they are taken from us.

Certainly we are reluctant to give them up. In a classic study, Kahneman and his
colleagues (1990) gave college students coffee mugs embossed with their college logo, and
then allowed them to trade them in a kind of experimental marketplace. Interestingly, they
found that the students were very reluctant to sell their mugs -- even though they hadn't
owned one before the experiment, and they hadn't paid anything for them in the first place.
Selling prices were very high, and buying offers were very low. This is known as the
endowment effect -- a reflection of loss aversion. The subjects simply didn't want to lose
something that they now owned.

Those interested in more details may wish to watch Christian Jarrett’s lecture on Why are
we so attached to our things?, click on this link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2_by0rp5q0

FILIPINO VALUES and TRAITS

Ambivalence best characterize Filipino values and traits. As quoted by Fr. Gorospe
(1969) “Filipino values are ambivalent in the sense that they are potential for good or evil”.
These values may help or hinder personal and national development depending on how
they are understood & practiced or lived. As cited by Bautista, G. (2013), Filipinos have
strengths and weaknesses.

Strengths of the Filipino Character

1. Pakikipagkapwa-Tao. Means opening yourself to others and feels one with others
with dignity and respect life as fellow human beings.
2. Family Orientation. A genuine and deep love for family.
3. Sense of Humor. Filipinos have a cheerful and fun-loving approach to life and its up
and down, Pleasant Disposition, a Sense of Humor and Propensity for happiness that
contribute not only to the Filipino charm but also to the Filipino Spirit.

37
 4. Flexibility, Adaptability, Creativity. Easy to adapt, blend to other culture,
practice other tradition, speak and study other languages and even diff.
environment or climate.
5. Hard work or Industry. Capacity for hard work given to raise one's standard living
of a decent life for one's family.
6. Faith and Religiosity. Faith in God - accepting reality to comprehend as a human
created by God. "Pampalakas-loob"
7. Ability to Survive

Weaknesses of the Filipino Character

1. Extreme Personalism. Always trying to give personal interpretation to actions

(Mahilig sa "baka"); thank you with "but" (compliment-criticism-compliment).
2. Extreme Family Centeredness. Very strong family protection whether it is in good
or bad condition and situation (consentidor) (overprotected); political dynasty
3. Lack of Discipline. Very relaxed attitude but POOR Time Management (the famous
Filipino Time); Impatient and unable to delay gratification or reward; Love to take
short-cuts or 'palusot' system.
4. Passivity and Lack of Initiative. Strong reliance to others fate (Makapag-Asawa ng
Mayaman - or Manalo sa Lotto) (Mayaman-Mapera-Abroad naman si Mommy and
Daddy/Lola and Lolo or Tito or Tita or Pinsan or Ninong etc.); Ningas Kugon.
5. Colonial Mentality. Patriotism vs Active awareness - (mas maganda and magaling
kasi ang ibang bansa, mas masarap); Too much appreciation to other nationality and
foreign products than native one (local vs imported).
6. Kanya-Kanya Syndrome aka “Crab Mentality”. Self-serving attitude that
generates feeling of envy and competitiveness towards others (status vs prestige).
7. Lack of Self-analysis and Self-reflection. Superficial and flighty or dreamy

ESTABLISHING A DEMOCRATIC CULTURE

As cited by Balkin J. (2018), American legal scholar, Democratic Culture is about

individual liberty as well as collective self-governance; it concerns each individual's ability
to participate in the production and distribution of culture. Removing the political,
economic, and cultural elitists from their thrones and allowing everyone a chance to
participate in the production of culture.

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS OF FILIPINOS (DALISAY, B. (2015))

1. Freedom of expression, of association, of mobility, of enterprise;
2. The right to vote; and
3. A presumptive equality under the law.

Moreover, Democratic culture is about equality in a society whereas everyone has

freedom to exercise all their rights especially the right to choose their leader or the right to
vote. For example, even your came from a poor family in a democratic culture you have the
right to vote and to choose the leader you want nobody can control even the family from
high status.

As cited by Dalisay, B. (2015), these are barriers to achieve democratic

culture:

a. Imbalance in our economic and social structure. Enlarging middle class

coming from the poor. As cited by Dalisay, B. (2015), one out of every 10
Filipinos now lives and works abroad in a decades-long diaspora that has
kept the Philippine economy afloat through remittances amounting to more
than $25 billion in 2013. This exposure to global culture and its elevation of
local aspirations will be a major force in reshaping the Filipino future. And
again, it is the middle class — the dwellers of the Internet and the Ulysses of
this new century — that will lead in this transformation, just as they have

38
 led the most important movements for political and social reform in our
history.
b. Corruption. Governmental or corporate abuse and wrongdoing, like the
billion-peso pork-barrel scam going all the way to the Senate and even
possibly higher.
c. Electoral reform — not just a reform of the electoral process, but a
reform of the voter’s mind — not to vote for popular candidates, but to
vote wisely, to see the vote as a chance to short-circuit a historical process
and to lay claim to one’s equality and patrimony.

And this is where culture comes in, as an instrument of social and political reform
and modernization. If we look at culture more proactively not just as a way of living but a
way of thinking, then there is much room for the promotion of true democracy through
cultural expression. Cultural expression doesn’t mean simply the writing of stories, poems,
plays, and essays. What is meant is the use of all media at our disposal — the arts, the press,
the Internet, whatever can influence the Filipino mind — to forge and sustain a set of core
values, of national interests that cut across family, class, and region.

III. THE DIGITAL SELF: SELF AND OTHER IN CYBERSPACE

With the dramatic rise of social media, you are more engaged in building your
identity - the establishing, renovating, maintaining and improving your sense of self-worth
and personal importance.

To introduce this topic, kindly click on the link below as this talk given by Ulrike
Schultze, Associate Professor in Information Technology and Operations Management at
Southern Methodist University, seek to answer the question "how are social media shaping
our identities, that is, who you are and who you can become?"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CSpyZor-Byk

As defined and explained by Technopedia, Cyberspace refers to the virtual

computer world, and more specifically, is an electronic medium used to form a global
computer network to facilitate online communication. Its core feature is an interactive and
virtual environment for a broad range of participants. The term cyberspace was initially
introduced by William Gibson in his 1984 book, “Neuromancer.” Gibson criticized the term
in later years, calling it “evocative and essentially meaningless.”

Nowadays, students are very fond of Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter which are
called “Social Networking Sites.” As defined by Webopedia, Social Networking Site
abbreviated as SNS, is the phrase used to describe any Web site that enables users to create
public profiles within that Web site and form relationships with other users of the same
Web site who access their profile. Social networking sites can be used to describe
community-based Web sites, online discussions forums, chat rooms and other social spaces
online.

As cited by Burke, F. (2013), Social media is the media (content) that you upload —
whether that’s a blog, video, slideshow, podcast, newsletter or an eBook. Consider social
media as a one-to-many communication method. Although people can respond and
comment, you own the content and have to produce (write/record/create) the media
yourself.

Once you decide what media you are going to use, begin with social networking
sites like Facebook and Twitter to engage with your audience. Social networking is all
about engagement — creating relationships, communicating with your readers, building
your followers as well as following and connecting with your online audience.

39
FILIPINOS AS THE WORLD'S TOP SOCIAL MEDIA USER

As cited by ABS-CBN News (2019), Filipinos continue to reign supreme in terms of

social media use globally. A report by creative agency We Are Social and social media
management platform Hootsuite showed Filipinos spend the most time on the internet and
on social media sites. The "Digital 2019: Global Digital Overview" showed Filipinos spend an
average of 10 hours, 2 minutes on the internet via any device.The report also showed
Filipinos usually spend over 4 hours on social media daily, followed by Brazillians (3 hours,
34 minutes) and Colombians (3 hours, 31 minutes).
The worldwide average for social media use is at 2 hours, 16 minutes.

Facebook continues to dominate the internet as the top social media platform with over
2.71 billion users, followed by YouTube with 1.9 billion users, and messaging services
WhatsApp (1.5 billion) and Facebook Messenger with 1.3 billion users.

Recommended article for further reading, visit the link below:

There are 77 most popular social media sites that you should know about in 2020. If you’re
a marketer, some of these platforms can help you promote your brand and products. They
can also help you expand your network. If you’re an influencer or a consumer, you can use
these sites to connect with like-minded individuals and build better connections.
https://influencermarketinghub.com/social-media-sites/

Related video lectures/talks to watch in relation to the digital self:

• Social Media historian Allison Graham offers a witty and ironic view of a society that
feels alone together despite the hundreds of virtual connections we have online.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5GecYjy9-Q
• Scrolling through our social media feeds feels like a harmless part of our daily lives.
But is it actually as harmless at seems? Bailey Parnell, Social Media expert talks
about how social media hurts your mental health.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Czg_9C7gw0o
• Samia Khan discusses and demonstrates how social media has put your (virtual)
best face forward, inadvertently creating a multitude of one-sided conversations
where you display your successes but hide your personal lows.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2a7i-T_G4H0

40
References

Abdel-Khalek, Ahmed M. “(PDF) Introduction to the Psychology of Self-Esteem.”

ResearchGate, 1 Oct. 2016,
www.researchgate.net/publication/311440256_Introduction_to_the_Psychology_of_s
elf-esteem.

American Counseling Association. “Introductory Competencies for LGBTQ-Affirmative

Counseling.” American Counseling Association, 2020,
aca.digitellinc.com/aca/activities/view/5.

Balkin, Jack M. “Digital Speech and Democratic Culture.” NYU Law Review, 25 Sept. 2018,
www.nyulawreview.org/issues/volume-79-number-1/digital-speech-and-
democratic-culture/.

Bautista, Gerry. “Strengths and Weaknesses of the Filipino Character.” Evotista Avenue, 27
July 2013, evotistavenue.weebly.com/asean-youth-org/strengths-and-weaknesses-of-
the-filipino-character.

Camilo, Charmaine. “Barriers and Bridges to a Democratic Culture.” LinkedIn SlideShare, 2

Oct. 2012, www.slideshare.net/chariecamilo/barriers-and-bridges.
Dalisay, Butch. “Democracy and Cultural Expression.” Philstar.com, The Philippine
Star, 9 Feb. 2015, www.philstar.com/lifestyle/arts-and-
culture/2015/02/09/1421169/democracy-and-cultural-expression.

Danah M. Boyd, Nicole B. Ellison, Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and
Scholarship, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, Volume 13, Issue 1, 1
October 2007, Pages 210–230, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x

FHO, NCDPC. “What Is the Difference between Sex and Gender?: Department of Health
Website.” What Is the Difference between Sex and Gender? | Department of Health
Website, www.doh.gov.ph/node/1378.

Greenberg, Melanie. “The Science of Love and Attachment.” Psychology Today, Sussex
Publishers, 30 Mar. 2016, www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-mindful-self-
express/201603/the-science-love-and-attachment.

Javellana, Genesis M. “Influence of Media on Body Image Satisfaction among Adolescents.”

Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts and Sciences | Vol. 1, No. 1 | March 2014, Mar.
2014, oaji.net/articles/2015/1710-1440017133.pdf.

Live Life Get Active. “Body Image, Self-Esteem and the Influence of Society.” Live Life Get
Active, 16 Mar. 2020, livelifegetactive.com/blog/body-image-self-esteem/.

Mark, Kristen. “What We Can Learn From Sexual Response Cycles.” Psychology Today,
Sussex Publishers, 19 Nov. 2012, www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-power-
pleasure/201211/what-we-can-learn-sexual-response-cycles.

Sartwell, Crispin, "Beauty", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2017 Edition),
Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL =
<https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/beauty/>.

Santelices, Sofia. “What Contraceptives Are Available in the Philippines?” Preen.ph, 26 Sept.
2019, preen.ph/101062/what-contraceptives-are-available-in-the-philippines

Singh, Sanjay. “The Concept of Physical Self in Psychology.” Psychology, www.all-about-

psychology.com/the-concept-of-physical-self-in-psychology.html.

Todd, Nivin. “Sexual Response Cycle: Sexual Arousal, Orgasm, and More.” WebMD, WebMD,
7 Sept. 2018, www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/guide/sexual-health-your-guide-
to-sexual-response-cycle.

41
Vista, Emmerson. “(PDF) Updates on Sexually Transmitted Infections in the Philippines.”
ResearchGate, Unknown, 14 Nov. 2018,
www.researchgate.net/publication/328929338_Updates_on_Sexually_Transmitted_In
fections_in_the_Philippines.

Wilder , Kristi. THE IMPACT OF BODY IMAGE ON SELF-ESTEEM . Dec. 2008,

alfredadler.edu/sites/default/files/Kristi%20Wilder%20MP%202008.pdf.

Wolfe, Tom. “The Self.” Self, 10 Feb. 2019,

www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~jfkihlstrom/SocialCognitionWeb/Self/Self_supp.htm.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wgt8QUHQjw8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQ2qIjfYfAM&t=29s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aoKbMPyBwF8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYfoGTIG7pY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=meobjAtEW5U&pbjreload=101

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HBlsiHPdp4k

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2_by0rp5q0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CSpyZor-Byk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5GecYjy9-Q

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Czg_9C7gw0o

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2a7i-T_G4H0

42
ASSESSING LEARNING

Activity 4

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ___________________________

Year/Section: _______________________________ Score: _________________________

Direction: Complete the list below that will highlight your strengths and qualities. Answer
precisely.

Things I am good at: Compliments I have received:

1. ________________________________ 1. _____________________________

2. ________________________________ 2. _____________________________

3. ________________________________ 3. _____________________________
_____ __

What I like about my appearance: Challenges I have overcome:

1. ________________________________ 1. _____________________________

2. ________________________________ 2. _____________________________

3. ________________________________ 3. _____________________________
__

I’ve helped others by: Times I’ve made others happy:

1. ________________________________ 1. _____________________________

2. ________________________________ 2. _____________________________

3. ________________________________ 3. _____________________________
_____ ____

What I Value the most: Times I’ve made others happy:

1. ________________________________ 1. _____________________________

2. ________________________________ 2. _____________________________

3. ________________________________ 3. _____________________________
_____ ____

43
 Activity 5

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ___________________________

Year/Section: _______________________________ Score: _________________________

Direction: Below is The Five Love Languages Test By Dr. Gary Chapman. Read each pair of
statements and circle the one that best describes you.

1. A. I like toreceive notes of affirmation from you.

E. I like it when you hug me.

2. B. I like to spend one‐on‐one time with you.

D. I feel loved when you give me practical help.

3. C. I like it when you give me gifts.

B. I like taking long walks with you.

4. D. I feel loved when you do things to help me.

E. I feel loved when you hug or touch me.

5. E. I feel loved when you hold me in your arms.

C. I feel loved when I receive a gift from you.

6. B. I like to go places with you.

E. I like to hold hands with you.

7. A. I feel loved when you acknowledge me.

C. Visible symbols of love (gifts) are very important to me.

8. E. I like to sit close to you.

A. I like it when you tell me that I am attractive.

9. B. I like to spend time with you.

C. I like to receive little gifts from you

10. D. Iknowyoulovemewhenyouhelpme.
A. Your words of acceptance are important to me.

11. B. I like to be together when we do things.

A. I like the kind words you say to me.

12. E. I feel whole when we hug.

D. What you do affect me more than what you say.

13. A. I value your praise and try to avoid your criticism.

C. Several inexpensive gifts mean more to me than one large expensive gift.

14. E. I feel closer to you when you touch me.

B. I feel close when we are talking or doing something together.

15. A. I like you to compliment my achievements.

D. I know you love me when you do things for me that you don’t enjoy doing.

16. E. I like for you to touch me when you walk by.

B. I like when you listen to me sympathetically.

17. C. I really enjoy receiving gifts from you.

D. I feel loved when you help me with my home projects.

18. A. I like when you compliment my appearance.

B. I feel loved when you take the time to understand my feelings.

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19. E. I feel secure when you are touching me.
D. Your acts of service make me feel loved.

20. D. I appreciate the many things you do for me.

C. I like receiving gifts that you make.

21. B. I really enjoy the feeling I get when you give me your undivided attention.
D. I really enjoy the feeling I get when you do some act of service for me.

22. C. I feel loved when you celebrate my birthday with a gift.

A. I feel loved when you celebrate my birthday with meaningful words (written or
spoken.)

23. D. I feel loved when you help me out with my chores.

C. I know you are thinking of me when you give me a gift.

24. C. I appreciate it when you remember special days with a gift.

B. I appreciate it when you listen patiently and don’t interrupt me.

25. B. I enjoy extended trips with you.

D. I like to know that you are concerned enough to help me with my daily task.

26. E. Kissing me unexpectedly makes me feel loved.

C. Giving me a gift for no occasion makes me feel loved.

27. A. I like to be told that you appreciate me.

B. I like for you to look at me when we are talking.

28. C. Your gifts are always special to me.

E. I feel loved when you kiss me.

29. A. I feel loved when you tell me how much you appreciate me.
D. I feel loved when you enthusiastically do a task I have requested.

30. E. I need to be hugged by you every day.

A. I need your words of affirmation daily.

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 Direction: Count and add the total number of your answers below. The highest number
corresponds to your primary love language. Read the interpretation of your result.

A. Words of Affirmation B. _______Quality Time C.______ Receiving Gifts

D. Acts of Service E. ________Physical Touch

Love Language Interpretation

Source: https://cratedwithlove.com/blog/five-love-languages-and-what-they-mean/

Words of Affirmation
This love language expresses love with words that build up your partner. Verbal
compliments don’t have to be complicated; the shortest and simplest praises can be the
most effective. Words mean a lot if your partner has this love language. Compliments and an
“I love you” can go a long way. On the other hand, negative or insulting comments can hurt
your partner and it could take them longer to forgive than others.

Acts of Service
Your partner might have this love language if their motto is “Actions speak louder than
words.” This love language expresses itself by doing things that you know your spouse
would like. Cooking a meal, doing the laundry, and picking up a prescription are all acts of
service. They require some thought, time, and effort. All of these things should be done with
positivity and with your partner’s ultimate happiness in mind to be considered an
expression of love. Actions out of obligation or with a negative tone are something else
entirely.

Receiving Gifts
This love language isn’t necessarily materialistic. It just means that a meaningful or
thoughtful gift makes your partner feel loved and appreciated. As simple as picking up a
pint of their favorite ice cream after a long work week can make a huge impact. This is
different than Acts of Service, where you show affection by performing actions to help your
partner.

Quality Time
This love language is all about undivided attention. No televisions, no smartphones, or any
other distractions. If this is your partner’s primary language, they don’t just want to be
included during this period of time, they want to be the center of your attention. They want
their partners to look at them and them only. This doesn’t mean that you don’t curl up on
the couch to watch Netflix or HBO; it just means that you need to make sure to dedicate time
together without all of the distractions. That will help them feel comforted in the
relationship. Every time you cancel a date, postpone time together or aren’t present during
your time together, it can be extremely hurtful to your partner as it can make them feel like
you care more about other things or activities than them.

Physical Touch
To people with this love language, nothing is more impactful than the physical touch of their
partner. They aren’t necessarily into over-the-top PDA, but they do feel more connected and
safe in a relationship by holding hands, kissing, hugging, etc. If Physical Touch is your
partner’s primary love language, they will feel unloved without physical contact. All of the
words and gifts in the world won’t change that. They want to feel you close by, not just
emotionally, but physically.

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 Activity 6

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ___________________________

Year/Section: _______________________________ Score: _________________________

Direction: Create a 3–5-minute video answering the following questions.

1. What are your reflections on the result of your assessment on language of love? Do you
agree with it? Why? Why not?

2. Cite a situation briefly where your primary language of love was manifested.

3. Do you believe that knowing your love languages will help you to be a better person?
How?

4. What do you think is the effect of this revelation to your relationship with other people?

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 Activity 7

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ___________________________

Year/Section: _______________________________ Score: _________________________

Instructions: Using the Language of Love Quiz, find out the love languages of five (5) people
who are very close to you. After checking and evaluating their scores, create a 3-minute
video about your insights on the importance of knowing and understanding one’s love
language.

Rubrics:

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 Activity 8

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ___________________________

Year/Section: _______________________________ Score: _________________________

Directions: Create a three (3) minute vlog about yourself as to how the virtual world
influenced your personality and upload it in the folder of our FB group.

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