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SIMPL
 TECHNICAL TRAINING PACK

SIMPL August 2014 2

INDEX

Topic Slide Numbers

Lubrication Fundamentals Part I 4-19
Lubrication Fundamentals Part II 20-46
Engine Oil Specifications Trends 47-71
Synthetics 72-79
Common queries 80-98
Brand related queries 99-121

SIMPL August 2014 3

 LUBRICATION FUNDAMENTALS-PART I

SIMPL June 2012 4

 FRICTION

To understand Lubrication it is important to understand FRICTION

 What is friction?

• Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of interacting surfaces,

fluid layers, and/or material elements moving against each other

Direction of motion

Force to overcome friction

Friction force

 Limiting Friction:
Friction acts in the opposite direction of motion. As the force is
applied in the direction of motion, frictional force also increases in
the opposite direction. The force at which the body just starts to
move is called the “limiting friction” . The energy to overcome
friction is effectively wasted
SIMPL
FRICTION
 CAUSES OF FRICTION
 Friction between two dry solid surfaces sliding over each other mainly arises
from adhesion and surface roughness.

 Even the smoothest surfaces have minute roughness, or asperities, on them.

Two solids touching each other are actually only in contact at the peaks of
their asperities.

SIMPL
FRICTION

 TYPES OF FRICTION

STATIC FRICTION SLIDING FRICTION

FRICTION

KINETIC FRICTION ROLLING FRICTION

FLUID FRICTION

SIMPL
 FRICTION

 Consequences of Friction
 We need friction for walking, braking a vehicle or lighting a match stick
 However sometimes we need to avoid it as extra work has to be done to overcome
it. This generates heat and wastes energy. Friction also increases wear that
frequently leads to failure of the machine

 Power losses: In modern cars approx. 20 % of power is wasted overcoming

friction: in a turbo-jet engine the power loss is around 1 – 2 %)
 Wear: This factor limits the design, performance, economy and lifetime of
most machines
SIMPL
 WEAR

Wear is defined as; “Damage to a solid surface, generally involving progressive

loss of material, due to relative motion between that surface and a contacting
substance or substances”.

SIMPL June 2012 9

LUBRICATION

 What is Lubrication
 Any procedure that reduces the friction between two moving surfaces is
lubrication. Any material which is used for this purpose is lubricant.

 How does Lubrication reduce friction?

 Lubrication provides a film to separate opposing surfaces and make for
easier movement. The force required to slide layers within the lubricant
film over one other is much lower than the force to overcome friction
between un-lubricated surfaces.

SIMPL
HOW IS FRICTION REDUCED?

There is less “friction” between fluid molecules moving over each other
than between the two surfaces moving across each other

Fluid
Molecules

SIMPL 9/8/2014 11
 TYPES OF LUBRICANT

 The most common type of lubricants are LIQUID

LUBRICANTS, generally based on hydrocarbons (although
water can also be used as a lubricant)

 There are also GASEOUS LUBRICANTS – eg air is used as a

lubricant for high speed computer disk applications

 There are also SOLID LUBRICANTS – eg MoS2, Boron

Nitride etc. Often used in niche applications, eg in space

 GREASE is a special case – when it is flowing, it is like a liquid.

When the joint is not moving, the grease acts like a solid. A certain
force needs to be applied to a grease to start it moving like a liquid.

SIMPL 9/8/2014 12
 WHY LUBRICATE? - REDUCE SLIDING FRICTION

 Separate moving metal parts

 Like between a Piston and Cylinder Wall

 Like between a Rotating Shaft and a Bearing

SIMPL
 WHY LUBRICATE? - REDUCE ROLLING FRICTION

 Like in a Roller Bearing

SIMPL
 WHY LUBRICATE? - CONTROL FRICTION

 Wet Clutches require controlling Friction – such as in an Automatic

Transmission or Limited Slip Differential
 Too little Friction will allow the clutch to slip and potentially burn up

SIMPL
 WHY LUBRICATE? - PROTECT AGAINST
CORROSION
 Engines generate moisture as a natural byproduct of combustion

 Transmissions and Axles can absorb moisture if submerged or

while splashing through large puddles
 Moisture can cause iron parts to rust

 Moisture can lead to acids which can corrode parts

 lubricants coat metal surfaces to give a physical

barrier against attack
 lubricants may contain inhibitors (bases) to
neutralise any corrosive chemicals (acids)

SIMPL
 WHY LUBRICATE? - KEEP CLEAN

 A machine will operate less efficiently if

it is contaminated with dust or dirt

 Lubricants can flush these contaminants

FILTER
out and remove them through a filter

PISTON
Dirty oil Clean oil

ring
 Some lubricants contain dispersants
which ‘suspend’ dirt particles in the oil

SIMPL
 WHY LUBRICATE? - COOL

 Oils reduce friction and thereby reduce the heat generated

 Oils flowing through an Engine or Gearbox acts like coolant to carry

heat away from hot hardware

 Antifreeze/Coolant helps Engine’s run at optimum temperature and

avoid overheating

SIMPL
 WHY LUBRICATE? - SEAL

 Engine oils help seal the combustion

chamber in an Engine

 Oils can condition Plastic and Rubber

Seals to keep them soft and pliable so
they don’t dry out and leak

SIMPL
 LUBRICATION FUNDAMENTALS – PART II

Lubricant Formulation and its

Properties

SIMPL June 2012 20

 HOW LUBRICANTS ARE MADE

Formulation
Crude Extraction of Base Oil Trials &
Refining Design & Blending Storage
Selection Crude Selection Approvals
Lab Testing

SIMPL 9/8/2014 21
WHAT IS IN A LUBRICANT?

SIMPL
 WHAT IS A BASE OIL
A base oil is defined as a refined petroleum fraction or a synthetic material that is produced to a
given set of specifications. The base oil is identified by a unique formula, product identification
number, or both.
Source:
API- figures based on 1995
average yields for U.S. refineries

That yields 1.9 liters of base oil

every crude oil barrel of 159 liters

SIMPL 9/8/2014 23
 CLASSIFICATION OF BASE OILS
 The American Petroleum Institute (API) has classified base oils into five categories based on their physical and chemical
characteristics.
 Groups I to III are mineral base stocks classified based on the levels of
 Sulfur : It is an impurity which is removed by refining. It affects lubricant performance and emissions.
 Percentage Saturates : Unsaturated HCs must be removed/converted to saturated molecules which are more
stable and provide good resistance to oxidation and sludge.
 Viscosity Index (VI) : It is the rate of change of viscosity with temperature. A base stock with a higher VI is
desirable.
 Group IV is a category dedicated to Polyalfaolefins (PAOs). These are synthetically produced base stocks.
 All the other base stocks not classified in the above categories form Group V

Group Typical Process Route Saturates (Vol %) Sulfur (Wt%) Viscosity Index
I Solvent refining <90 &/or >0.03 & ≥ 80 < 120

II Mild Hydrocracking and catalytic dewaxing ≥ 90 & ≤ 0.03 & ≥ 80 < 120

III Severe hydrocracking, catalytic dewaxing and/or ≥ 90 & ≤ 0.03 & ≥ 120
hydroisomerisation
IV Chemically engineered Polyalphaolefins (PAOs)

V Other Base Oils Not Group I, II, III or IV (Napthenics, Esters &
PAGs)

SIMPL June 2012 24

 ADVANTAGES OF SYNTHETIC BASE OILS
Mineral base oils contain more impurities than synthetic base stocks, and so are less
predictable in performance, less stable at high temperatures, and more prone to the
formation of deposits. The advantages of synthetic base oils over mineral base oils are
as below.

 Better thermal & oxidation stability – leads to longer oil life

 Improved viscosity-temperature behaviour – wider operating
temperature range
 Better viscosity retention (as very less/no Viscosity Modifiers
reqd.) – Protection throughout the drain period
 Reduced vibration – Smooth driving experience
 Less sludge formation – Clean and responsive engine
 Better low temperature properties – Reliable cold starting
 Better at reducing friction – improved fuel economy
 Less volatile – low oil consumption

SIMPL June 2012 26

WHAT IS IN A LUBRICANT?

PPD

Viscosity
Antifoam
Modifier

Antioxidant
Additives Dispersant

Corrosion
Antiwear
Inhibitor

Detergent

SIMPL
 Lubricant Properties
VISCOSITY
Viscosity is one of the most important physical properties of an oil.
 Viscosity is defined as a of a fluid's resistance to flow and internal friction.

 A low viscosity oil is thin and flows easily (e.g water)

 A high viscosity oil is thick and flows slowly (e.g honey)

Water Honey
Viscosity is defined as
 Kinematic Viscosity - Fluids resistance to flow
under influence of gravity
 Units = Centistokes (cSt) or mm2/s

 Absolute (Dynamic) Viscosity = Kinematic Viscosity

x Fluid Density
 Units = Centipoise (cP) or mPa.s

SIMPL June 2012 28

 Lubricant Properties
VISCOSITY INDEX
 Viscosity of an oil is inversely proportional to temperature, i.e. it decreases with increase in
temperature and vice versa (see graph)
 The rate of change of viscosity with temperature is defined as the Viscosity Index (VI) of the
oil. The higher the VI the less an oil will change its viscosity with change in temperature

HIGH
Viscosity

LOW

FLOW TEMPERATURE

Temperature

June 2012 29
SIMPL
 Lubricant Properties
WHY DO WE NEED AN OIL WITH HIGH VISCOSITY INDEX
TOO THICK TOO THICK
VISCOSITY

Add Viscosity
Modifiers

TOO THIN TOO THIN

SIMPL June 2012 30
 Lubricant Additives
WHAT IS A VISCOSITY MODIFIER

 Viscosity modifiers are additives used to improve the viscosity index of an oil.
 They are long chain, high molecular weight, oil soluble polymers.
Adding viscosity modifiers improves the viscosity index by compensating the decrease in viscosity with
increase in temperature.

 This allows for the formulation of multigrade oils that can perform in winter and summer conditions.
 The viscosity modifiers allow multigrade oils to provide both adequate viscosity at high temperatures for
engine protection and also low viscosity at low temperatures for improved pumpability.

SIMPL June 2012 31

 Lubricant Properties
SHEAR STABILITY
For viscosity index improved fluids it is particularly important to consider how viscosity changes
with ageing fluid
Where’s the Mechanical Shearing?
 The Valve train and Oil Pump chop the Oil’s Viscosity Modifier into little pieces

Why’s Mechanical Shearing Bad?

 The chopped Viscosity Modifier molecules cannot provide consistent Viscosity with temperature
variation.
What Causes Unexpected Mechanical Shearing?
 Happens anytime the Engine is running

 Use of low quality viscosity modifier

What Protection is Available?

 Shear Stable Viscosity Modifiers Piston ring zones
Valve train
 Synthetics tend to use no/less Viscosity Modifier
• Gearbox
•Oil Pump

SIMPL
 UNDERSTANDING MULTIGRADE OILS

100C

40C

SAE 40 SAE 15W-40 SAE 5W-40

SIMPL June 2012 33

 ADVANTAGES OF MULTIGRADE OILS
Protection during start-ups/low temperatures
 Oil starvation at engine top during start-up is a major cause of wear-related engine failures.
 The low viscosity of multigrade engine oils ensures good low temperature pumbability.

Overheating Protection
 As multigrade oils would be more viscous (thick) at temperatures higher than 100 C they
would better protect engine components against wear by maintaining adequate film.
Extended Drain Intervals
 The oil thinning due to shearing of viscosity modifiers is compensated by oil thickening due
to insolubles and oxidation resulting in a consistent viscosity over longer ODI

Reduced Oil Consumption

 This reduction in consumption is caused by the impact of the viscosity modifying polymer on
the diesel lubricant

Reduced Fuel Consumption

 Fuel consumption is reduced with the use of multigrade oils because they have a lower
average viscous drag

SIMPL June 2012 34

 VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATION FOR AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICANTS

 SAE grade depends on both low and high temperature properties

 Table SAE J300 is for Crankcase lubricants while SAE J306 is for Automotive Gear
Lubricants
 The SAE grade of a lubricant is written as: SAE xW-y, where x is related to low temperature
viscosity, y is related to high temperature viscosity
 The larger the numbers, the higher the viscosity

 Therefore an SAE 20W-50 oil has a higher viscosity than an SAE 5W-30

 The SAE viscosity classification says NOTHING about oil quality

SIMPL June 2012 35

SAE VISCOSITY GRADES FOR ENGINE OILS (J300)
SAE J300 Low Temperature (°C) Viscosity Kinematic Viscosity High Shear Viscosity (cP) at
Viscosity Grade (cP), Max (cSt) at 100°C 150°C, Min
Cranking Pumping Min Max

0W 6200 at -35 60000 at -40 3.8 - -

5W 6600 at -30 60000 at -35 3.8 - -

10W 7000 at -25 60000 at -30 4.1 - -

15W 7000 at -20 60000 at -25 5.6 - -

20W 9500 at -15 60000 at -20 5.6 - -

25W 13000 at -10 60000 at -15 9.3 - -

20 - - 5.6 <9.3 2.6

30 - - 9.3 <12.5 2.9

3.5 (SAE 0W-40, 5W-40, 10W-
40 - - 12.5 <16.3 40 grades)
3.7 (SAE 15W-40, 20W-40,
40 - - 12.5 <16.3 25W-40, 40 grades)

50 - - 16.3 <21.9 3.7

60 - - 21.9 <26.1 3.7

SIMPL June 2012 36
SAE VISCOSITY GRADES FOR TRANSMISSION OILS (J306)
SAE J3006 Viscosity Grade Low Temperature (°C) Kinematic Viscosity (cSt) at 100°C
Viscosity (cP), Max
Min Max

70W -55 4.1 -

75W -40 4.1 -

80W -26 7.0 -

85W -12 11.0 -

80 - 7.0 <11.0

85 - 11.0 <13.5

90 - 13.5 <18.5

110 - 18.5 <24.0

140 - 24.0 <32.5

190 - 32.5 <41.0

250 - 41.0 -

SIMPL June 2012 37

ISO (INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANISATION)
VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATION
ISO VISCOSITY Kinematic Viscosity (cSt) at 40°C
GRADE (ISO VG)
Min Max Mid-point
2 1.98 2.42 2.20
3 2.88 3.52 3.20
5 4.14 5.06 4.60
7 6.12 7.48 6.80
10 9.00 11.00 10.00
15 13.50 16.50 15.00
22 19.80 24.20 22.00
32 28.80 35.20 32.00
46 41.40 50.60 46.00
68 61.20 74.80 68.00
100 90.00 110 100
150 135 165 150
220 198 242 220
320 288 352 320
460 414 506 460
680 612 748 680
1000 900 1100 1000
1500 1350 1650 1500
SIMPL June 2012 38
WHAT CAN HAPPEN IF AN OIL DOES NOT HAVE
APPROPRIATE VISCOSITY CHARACTERISTICS?

VISCOSITY TOO HIGH VISCOSITY TOO LOW

Poor Oil Flow Poor Lubrication
Energy loss High Friction & Wear
Start-up problems Excess Heat

SIMPL June 2012 39

 Lubricant Properties
OXIDATIVE STABILITY
What is Oxidation
 Oxidation is the reaction of Lubricant with oxygen which usually occurs at high
temperatures
 Combustion chamber temperature ~ 1370 C!
 Piston Rings ~ 200-230 C
 Oil in Pan ~120 C

Why’s Oxidation undesirable

 Oxidation is the most important life-limiting factor.. With every 10 C rise in temp above 60
C the rate of oxidation doubles. Uncontrolled oxidation causes
 Acid formation
 Sludge and varnish formation
 Oil thickening
 Lubricant decomposition

What causes overheating?

 Engine cooling system fails
 Engine knocking
SIMPL
 Lubricant Additives
ANTIOXIDANTS

What are Antioxidants

 Antioxidants are additives that inhibit or prevent the reaction of oxygen with the lubricant.
 They are also called 'oxidation inhibitors’.

Description and mode of action of two types of antioxidants

 Organic peroxides
 Block the chain (oxidation) reaction
 Most effective below 95°C

 Metal deactivators (passivators)

 React with metal surfaces to form protective coating and block their catalytic effect on
oxidation
 Most effective at higher temperatures

SIMPL
 Lubricant Additives
POUR POINT DEPRESSANT

Pour point is an indicator of the ability of an oil to flow at cold

operating temperatures. It is the lowest temperature at
which the fluid will flow when cooled under prescribed
conditions.

 Oils with low pour points remain fluid at lower operating temperatures

 When an oil is used at a temperature below its pour point, it may not flow due to
congealing. Due to the lack of oil circulation it becomes difficult to start the
equipment.

 A pour point depressant is an additive that is used to lower the pour point of a
lubricant in order to improve its flow at low temperatures.

 Pour point depressants prevent oil from congealing at low temperatures

SIMPL June 2012 42

 DETERGENTS & DISPERSANTS
 Excess deposits will stop piston rings from moving and sealing and also act as an
an abrasive, which can lead to increased wear.
 Detergents are powerful surface active chemicals that stop the debris adhering to
the surface.
 Detergents are Used to Keep Parts Clean.

 Dispersant additives dissolve soot and keeps it in suspension not allowing it to

agglomerate and form sludge

Acceptable Unacceptable
Acceptable Unacceptable

SIMPL June 2012 43

 ANTIWEAR ADDITIVES
 Where’s the Pressure?
 There is a line of contact pressure between the camshaft and the follower. Due
to the High Force on the small area, pressures can increase tremendously
 Why’s Pressure Bad?
 This High Pressure can squeeze the oil out from between the parts.
 What uauses unexpected pressure?
 Metal on Metal Contact
 What Protection is Available?
 Antiwear Additives and Extreme Pressure Additives React with the Metal
Surfaces to Create a Sacrificial Chemical Coating that can Handle the Pressure

SIMPL
Cam lobe wear
 IMPORTANCE OF TBN

 Total Base Number (TBN) is not a measure of oil quality

 TBN indicates the power to fight acidity and corrosion

 TBN is determined by the amount of magnesium and calcium additives which can
form ash leading to the formation of deposits in piston rings.
 High TBN is not necessarily good.

 TBN RETENTION IS MORE IMPORTANT

SIMPL June 2012 45

 OTHER IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF LUBRICANTS
 Pour point is the lowest temperature at which oil will flow, when cooled
without disturbance under prescribed conditions
 Flash point is the lowest temperature of a liquid at which the vapor above the
liquid can be ignited when a flame is momentarily applied

SIMPL June 2012 46

 ENGINE OIL SPECIFICATION TRENDS

SIMPL
 INDUSTRY WIDE ORGANISATIONS

API - (American Petroleum Institute)

ACEA - (Association des Constructeurs Europeans d’Automobiles -
European)
ILSAC - (US-Japanese sponsored OEM Factory Fill organisation)
SAE - (Society of Automotive Engineers)
JALOS - (Japan Lubricating oil Society)
JASO - (Japanese Automobile Standards Organisation)
JSAE - (Japan Society of Automotive engineers)

SIMPL
OEM SPECIFICATIONS

BMW
Ferrari
Ford
Daimler-Benz
Porsche
PSA
Renault
Rover
VW

SIMPL
 “INTERNATIONAL” SPECIFICATIONS

API and ILSAC in the US and ACEA in Europe are the main
specifications used to qualify auto and truck engine oils throughout the
world. There are large areas of common ground however and the
approach is similar in each case; the differences relate to some of the
engines used in the evaluations

API ACEA ILSAC

Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Diesel Gasoline
from SA CA from A1 B1 from GF-1
to SN CJ-4 to A5 B5 to GF-5

+ Individual OEM requirements

SIMPL
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS INVOLVED IN SETTING AND
ADMINISTRATING STANDARDS IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY

All specifications are International in as much that the OEM will

demand performance to their own and to national standards,
wherever in the world their engines are used

In the USA, the gasoline or “service” lubricants are given a series of

letters through the latest high performance API SN. The equivalent for
diesel, or “commercial” vehicles uses the letter C instead of S; to the
latest category API CJ-4

In Europe there are three letter systems; ACEA A1 through 5 for PCMO
– gasoline, B1-5 for PCMO – diesel and E1-5 for HDDEO

SIMPL
WHAT DO THE ACEA SPECS MEAN?

ACEA stands for Association des Constructeurs Europeans d’Automobiles. It

means European Automobile Manufacturers Association. It has two
sequences, A for petrol and B for diesel.

Ax/Bx
A is for B is for diesel
petrol/gasoline

ACEA has specifications like A1/B1, A3/B3, A3/B3/B4 & A5/B5. A

new C sequence C1, C2 and C3 was also developed for engines
requiring ‘Low SAPS’ oils.
Continued……

SIMPL August 2014 52

 ACEA SPECIFICATION : MORE INFO
The following four categories have been linked :
A1/B1, A3/B3, A3/B3/B4, A5/B5
Testing requirements are simply Ax+By – there has been no rationalisation
1 Nov 2004
For gasoline engines

ACEA “Ax” Categories For gasoline and diesel engines

For diesel engines ACEA “Ax/Bx” Categories

ACEA “Bx” Categories Catalyst compatible oils for gasoline &
Diesel engines with after treatment devices

ACEA “Cx” Categories

SIMPL
WHAT DO THE ACEA SPECS MEAN?

A1/B1 Low friction; low viscosity. Unsuitable for use in some engines. Consult
owner manual.
A3/B3 For high performance gasoline engines and car & light van diesel
engines
A3/B4 For high performance gasoline and direct injection diesel engines, also
or suitable for applications described under A3/B3
A3/B3/B4
A5/B5 Low friction; low viscosity in high performance gasoline engines and
car & light van diesel engines

A5/B5
A1/B1
Fuel Economy

C1, C2
Performance
Overview
A3/B3
- A3/B3/B4
C3, C4

Performance
SIMPL August 2014 54
 ACEA CATEGORIES – FOR LIGHT DUTY PCMO

ACEA GASOLINE RATINGS FOR LIGHT DUTY PCMO

A1 Low friction; low viscosity
A2 General use with regular oil changes
A3 High performance and/or extended oil change intervals
A4 For gasoline direct-injected engines
A5 Low friction; low viscosity; extended oil change intervals

ACEA DIESEL RATINGS FOR LIGHT DUTY PCMO

B1 Low friction; low viscosity
B2 General use with regular oil changes
B3 High performance and/or extended oil change intervals
B4 For gasoline direct-injected engines
B5 Low friction; low viscosity; extended oil change intervals

SIMPL
 INTRODUCTION OF ACEA “C”

A new C sequence has been developed comprising three

Performance Categories : C1, C2 and C3

Targeted at engines equipped with the latest styles of after

treatment device and requiring ‘Low SAPS’ oils

Like the A/B combinations, C oils will meet the combined needs
of the diesel and gasoline passenger car fleet

The base performance requirement is identical to A5/B5

SIMPL
 PERFORMANCE OVERVIEW OF A/B AND C SEQUENCES

A/B: standard high SAPS

A1/B1 A5/B5
C: Mid- to low-SAPS
Fuel Economy

C1, C2

A2/B2 A3/B3/B4
C3, C4
obsolete
SAPS limits
Sulphated Ash < 0.5% < 0.8%
Performance
Phosphorus < 0.05% 0.07-0.09%

Sulphur < 0.2% < 0.3%

> 2.9 cP* cP C1 C2

> 3.5 cP n/a C3

SIMPL
 LIGHT DUTY PCMO SPECIFICATION OVERVIEW

Two broad elements

 Consolidation of the existing A and B Sequences to reduce the
number of oil performance categories and improve the general
quality of oil in the European market
 Introduction of a new C Sequence targeted at vehicles equipped with
the latest aftertreatment devices such as advanced three-way catalysts
and particulate traps
Each class of lubricant will be used in Euro IV vehicles but it is unclear
which OEMs will use what

SIMPL
JASO SPECS SIGNIFICANCE

JASO means Japanese Automobile Standard Organization. JASO

specifications for motorcycle oils are widely used.

• JASO MA – Important specification for clutch performance. For engines

where the wet clutch, gearbox and engine used the same oil.
• JASO MB – This lower standard is for bikes that use separate oils for the
engine, clutch and gearbox.

JASO MA is further divided into MA1 and MA2 based on friction

performance. A rough representation is shown in the next page. An oil
without a JASO specification should not be used in a Motorcycle!

Continued……

SIMPL August 2014 59

JASO ENGINE OIL SPECIFICATIONS

Test Method Parameters Purpose

JASO M328-95 Toyota 3A Valve train wear

1452 cc engine, 200hr test, oil-to-bearing temp 60- resistance
65 deg C
JASO M333-93 Toyota 1G-FE High temperature
1988 cc engine, 48 or 96hr test, 149 deg C oil-to- oxidation stability
bearing temp, 120 degC coolant temp
JASO M331-91 Nissan VG-20E Low and high
1998 cc engine, 200hr test, 50-117 deg C oil-to- temperature
bearing temp, 38-100 degC coolant temp detergency
JASO M328-95 Nissan KA-24E Valve train wear
(also Seq IV-A) 2389 cc engine, 100 test, 47-63 deg C oil-to- resistance
bearing temp, 50-55 deg C coolant temp

SIMPL
JASO SPECS SIGNIFICANCE

JASO MA

Too less friction Too much friction

JASO MA2
JASO MA1

In bikes with higher power, MA2 oils like

AX7 and Ultra give a better performance
than AX5 and AX3

SIMPL August 2014 61

MEANING OF GL STANDARDS FOR GEAR OILS

GL standards for gear oils were introduced by API according to severity of

conditions and type of transmission.

API GL-1, GL-2 and GL-3 are inactive.

API GL-4: Intended for axles spiral bevel gears operating under moderate to
severe conditions of speed and load. These oils may be used in manual
transmission and transaxle applications.

API GL-5: Intended for gears, particularly hypoid gears, in axles operating
under various combinations of high-speed/shock load and low-speed/high-
torque conditions

GL-5 is designed for more severe conditions than GL-4 and is specifically
made for axle lubrication. But GL-5 is not recommended for use in GL-4
applications like gearbox since the excessive additives can harm the gears.
Always refer to the manufacturer’s recommendation.

SIMPL August 2014 62

MEANING OF NLGI FOR GREASES

Grease is a semi-solid lubricant composed of base oil, additives and a

thickener. The thickener in grease is added in most cases to help keep the
lubricant in place in applications where a fluid lubricant would run off, like
wheel hubs.

Because greases are different from oils, their property is not measured by
viscosity but by consistency. It defines how hard the grease is, the NLGI 000
greases have a consistency similar to cooking oil, while the NLGI consistency
of 6 grease is similar to a block of cheese.

• Low consistency rolling bearing greases, classified as NLGI 1 greases, are

preferred for low ambient temperatures and oscillating applications.
• The most common greases, used in normal bearing applications, have an
NLGI grade of 2.
• NLGI 3 greases are recommended for large bearings, vertical shaft
arrangements, high ambient temperatures or the presence of vibration.

SIMPL August 2014 63

 AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE - API

•The American Petroleum Institute is the primary trade association to the oil
industry in America

•Members driven they provide companies the opportunity to participate in

shaping API programs and policy priorities

•The API engine classification system was established in the late 1960’s to
ensure that lubricants met minimum defined standards.

API Certification Mark API Service Symbol

“Starburst” “Donut”
SIMPL
API – “SERVICE” SPECIFICATIONS
PRIMARILY BUT NOT EXCLUSIVELY FOR GASOLINE ENGINES
SA Oldest and least technically
SB demanding specification

SC
SD
SE
SF
SG
SH
SJ
SL
SM Latest and most demanding specification = SN
SN

SIMPL
 API SPECIFICATION: PASSENGER CAR ENGINE OILS

Category Status Service

SN Currnet For all engines currently in use
SM Current For 2011 and older automotive engines
SL Current For 2004 and older automotive engines
SJ Current For 2001 and older automotive engines
For 1996 and older engines. Valid when preceded by current C
SH Obsolete
categories.
SG Obsolete For 1993 and older engines
SF Obsolete For 1988 and older engines
SE Obsolete For 1979 and older engines
SD Obsolete For 1971 and older engines
SC Obsolete For 1967 and older engines
For 1963 and older engines. Use only when specifically
SB Obsolete
recommended by the Manufacturer
For 1930 and older engines, no performance requirement. Use only
SA Obsolete
when specifically recommended by the manufacturer
SIMPL
API S CATEGORY- PERFORMANCE COMPARISON

SIMPL
ILSAC RATINGS
INTERNATIONAL LUBRICANT STANDARDIZATION AND APPROVAL COMMITTEE

 GF-1-First used in 1993

 GF-2-updated in 1997
 GF-3-Updated in 2000
 GF-4-Updated in 2004
 GF-5-Out now for use in 2011+ engines

“Star Burst” is always on the front of the container.

GF means gasoline fueled engines

Star Burst indicates that the oil is of a good quality and meets the GF
rating. Usually, only 0W, 5W and 10W oils will have this symbol.

SIMPL
 MAJOR OEM SPECIFICATIONS FOR PCMO

OEM Specs
GM Dexos 1 & Dexos 2
Mercedes MB 229.1
Benz MB229.3
MB 229.31
MB 229.5
MB 229.51
Volkswagen VW 501.01
VW 502.00
VW 504.00
VW 505.00
VW 505.01
VW 507.00
Renault RN0700
Service Fill RN0710
RN0720

SIMPL
RELATIVE PERFORMANCE OF EACH API CATEGORY

Used Oil Oxidation

Viscometrics
Oil Aeration

Sludge Shear Stability

CI-4
Ring and CH-4
Filter Plugging
Liner Wear CG-4
CF-4
Oil CF
Consumption Piston Deposits

Valve-train Corrosion
Wear Soot
Thickening
SIMPL
 MAJOR OEM SPECIFICATIONS FOR HDDEO
OEM Specs OEM Specs
GM Dexos 1 & Dexos 2 Caterpillar ECF 1a, 2 & 3
Mercedes MB 228.0 Cummins 20078
Benz MB228.1 20081
MB 228.2 DDC 93K214
MB 228.3 93K215
MB 228.31 93K218
MB 228.5
MB 228.51 Mack EO-N PP 03
EO-O VDS-4
MAN 270/271
M 3275 Scania LDF 1 & 2
M 3277
M 3477
M 3757
Volvo Drain VDS
Specifications VDS 2
VDS 3
VDS 4
Scania
SIMPL
LDF 1 & 2
 SYNTHETICS

SIMPL August 2014 72

WHAT EXACTLY DO YOU MEAN BY THE TERM
SYNTHETIC?

• Synthetic lubricants are called so since they are made from a synthetic base oil
• Synthetic oils are manufactured from crude oil or gas using advanced chemical
processes. Whereas, mineral base oils are purified from crude oil.
• They are of higher purity and quality than mineral base oils, which means fewer
unwanted components. With more uniform and consistent molecular composition,
they provide higher performance levels than mineral base oils.

Mineral base oil Mineral base oil

Synthetic base oil Synthetic base oil

SIMPL August 2014 73

CUSTOMER HAS USED SYNTHETIC FOR THE FIRST TIME
AND THERE IS NO OIL AFTER 2000 KMS OR SO

• Synthetic oils, such as Helix Ultra 5W-40 or Advance Ultra 10W-40, are thinner oils
compared to conventional 15W-40 or 20W-40 oils.
• In older engines, due to improper maintenance or tough driving conditions, wear
occurs which increases clearances between engine parts. There is no standard for
this, some engines wear out at even 40,000 kms whereas others are in good
condition even after 1,00,000 kms.
• If synthetic oils are used in these engines, due to lesser viscosity, oil will easily escape
through those clearances and will start burning or leaking. This will lead to decrease
in oil level.
• Best way to handle this to tell a first time synthetic user to keep checking oil level
every 250 km or 500 kms so that he knows if it is suitable or not for him.
• If it is running fine, there is nothing better than using a Helix or Advance Ultra!!!

SIMPL August 2014 74

DOES USING A SYNTHETIC MOTOR OIL HELP TO EXTEND
THE OIL DRAIN INTERVAL?

• ODI recommendation to customers is based upon the OEM.

• The main advantage of synthetic is smoother ride, better pickup, more
engine life and fuel economy benefit. Also the workshop will want the
customer to keep coming to the workshop. The product has to primarily
sold on this basis.
• Using Helix Ultra, it is known to have extended drain intervals up to a level
of 25,000 KMs in vehicles of our customers. But communication to
customer can only be given after confirmation from Technical services
personnel.

SIMPL August 2014 75

HELIX HX8 0W20 AND HELIX ULTRA 5W40 ARE BOTH
FULLY SYNTHETIC OILS BUT WHY IS HX8 CHEAPER?

• HX8 0W20 is only specified for specific petrol models of Maruti Suzuki
which have been released after 2012 with K-12 series engines. It is not
recommended for any other vehicles.
• The specification is Suzuki SM, it does not have any API or ACEA
specifications to support usage in other vehicles. Even HX5 has an SN
rating.
• And since it is a vey low viscosity oil, usage is not recommended in other
vehicles as this might be highly unsuitable for them.
• Even though it is fully synthetic, it is cheaper because the additives were
chosen by Maruti specifically for those engines. Helix Ultra and HX7 have
performance levels attested by many OEM specifications.

SIMPL August 2014 76

HELIX HX8 MGDO 5W40 & ULTRA 5W40 ARE BOTH
FULLY SYNTHETIC OILS BUT HX8 MGDO IS CHEAPER?

• HX8 MGDO is recommended for diesel vehicles of Maruti Suzuki and has
only a limited number of specifications without any performance claims.
• Helix Ultra has a performance claim of being 65% better than the industry
standards. And that no other motor oil can keep the engine closer to
factory clean. It also is multi-fuel and can be used in petrol, diesel and gas
engines for ultimate performance.

SIMPL August 2014 77

IS MOBIL 0W40 A SUPERIOR SYNTHETIC GRADE OIL
COMPARED TO HELIX ULTRA 5W-40?

• Oil viscosity does not directly relate to quality

• Mobil 1 0W-40 does not have any performance claim except for API and
OEM specifications.
• Helix Ultra 5W-40 comes with PurePlus technology. We have proven that
NO OTHER MOTOR OIL CAN KEEP ENGINES CLOSER TO FACTORY
CLEAN.
• Mobil 1 only says that engines will remain as good as new, but we have
used industry tests to prove it. Helix Ultra claims 65% better piston
cleanliness than the toughest industry standard.
• 0W and 5W viscosities do not represent a significant change in viscosity as
both of them are very low viscosities by themselves.

SIMPL August 2014 78

SHELL HELIX ULTRA – FUEL EFFICIENCY

2.2% fuel economy is a conservative figure that was reached after stringent
engine tests. Best thing to do would to convert a few customers in your market
to Helix Ultra and take their feedback on increase in mileage. It will be
considerably better than 2.2%, you can use that as an example for other
customers in your market.

SIMPL August 2014 79

 COMMON QUERIES

SIMPL August 2014 80

WHY IS START-UP PROTECTION NEEDED?

• More than 75% of wear happens during start up in an engine. Because

during start up, the engine will take some time to reach the critical parts in
an engine.

• In premium oils like Helix HX7, Helix Ultra, Advance AX7 and Advance
Ultra, due to lesser viscosity and better flow of synthetic/semi-synthetic oils,
start up protection of the engine is much better than normal mineral oils.

SIMPL August 2014 81

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AX5 20W50,
20W40, 10W30?

Different viscosities have been made so that they are applicable according to
requirements of different bike manufacturers. Refer the recommendation sheet
for more clarity.

SIMPL August 2014 82

WHY SHOULD YOU UPGRADE FROM 20W40 TO 15W40
IN THE OD SEGMENT?

In newer vehicles, especially tractors, it is important to use a higher

performance engine oil to get good performance and engine life. All the
higher grades are available in 15W40 viscosity only. All 20W40 HDDEOs
are of lower grade like CF-4. Use Rimula R3X or R4 for best results in 15W40
oils.
Main advantages are:
• Longer engine life: Overhauling period will increase, and regular
maintenance like bearing wear will be avoided.
• No loss of power: Pickup will be maintained.
• Better flow: Lesser diesel will be consumed, direct savings. Better protection
at startup because of lesser viscosity.

SIMPL August 2014 83

WHY CAN I NOT USE HDDEO IN A BIKE?

• Engine oils in bike have to lubricate the engine, gearbox and the clutch.
HDDEO oils are not designed for lubricating the engine only.
• MCOs have JASO MA/MA2 specifications for good clutch performance.
HDDEO do not have this.
• A bike runs at about 10,000 rpm and more whereas a truck runs at max
3.5 to 4,000 rpm, so a truck oil in a bike will not give good performance.
• HDDEO is made for diesel engines to handle soot and has high additive
content, this will not be correct for a bike.

SIMPL August 2014 84

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ENGINE OILS FOR DIESEL AND
PETROL VEHICLES AND HOW ARE WE MULTI-FUEL?

• All diesel engines make soot, which is a form of carbon. Soot comes from
semi burnt diesel and mixes with the engine oil in all conditions. Engine oils
for diesels engines thus are equipped to handle soot and a petrol engine oil
will not do.
• If we use diesel engine oils in petrol engines, they might not give good
performance due to the excessive additive content in diesel engine oils.
• Shell scientists have worked on this for quite sometime and have worked a
way to balance chemistry so that the same oil can give desired
performance in petrol as well as diesel engines, due to which we have
multi-fuel capability in all Helix products.

SIMPL August 2014 85

WHAT IS SOOT?

What is Soot?

Semi burnt diesel is called Soot. It

is a form of carbon. All diesel
engines make soot.

Because of the construction and operation of a diesel engine, it produces

particulates called soot, which comes from semi-burnt or partially burnt diesel.
All diesel engine oils are equipped to handle soot. But in engines with EGR,
this soot loading is so high that only CI-4 Plus oils can handle it.

SIMPL August 2014 86

EXCESS OIL CONSUMPTION ON UPGRADING FROM
20W40 TO 15W40 IN HDDEO?

In older engines, the parts are worn and the clearances must have increased.
Since 15W40 has a slightly lesser viscosity than 20W40, it flows much faster
at lower temperature. Due to this, some oil consumption might be possible. But
if the tractor is well maintained and in good conditions with any existing oil
consumption issues, 15W40 oils will perform very well. Especailly R3X and
R4.

SIMPL August 2014 87

WHAT IS THE MEANING OF API SN/CF IN HELIX ULTRA

• It means that the oil will give you highest performance in petrol vehicles
(due to API SN) and will cover the basics for diesel vehicles (due to API CF).
In general, API CF specification is obsolete.
• To understand actual performance in diesel vehicles, we have to look the
ACEA specifications. Ultra has A3/B3/B4 which means it can be used in
high performance direct injection diesel engines (like CRDi and TDI
engines). Refer to the owners manual for minimum spec required.
• In case the query is, why SN/CF and why not SN/CH-4, it is because it is
not necessary. In case any manufacturer, like in TATA cars, asks specifically
for a CH-4 oil, we can offer the HX5 Diesel version.

SIMPL August 2014 88

OIL TURNING BLACK

 This is an indication that the oil is doing it’s job by ensuring that soot
particles and other contaminants remain suspended in the oil.

 If these contaminants are not suspended in the oil they are likely to cause
sludge deposits blocking oil ways and risking engine failure.

SIMPL August 2014 89

OIL CONSUMPTION

Engine oil consumption is caused by

 Broken or worn piston rings

 Worn valve guides

 Scored, polished or lacquered cylinder liners

 Worn turbocharger bearing or seals

 Leakages in the engine

Ask questions…
 Do you record oil consumption?
 How is it currently being measured?
 Has it been measured before?

honing marks intact Bore-polishing

SIMPL August 2014 90
OIL THICKENING

Engine oil thickening before the suitable drain interval can

be due to the following reasons
 Overheating causing the oil to degrade

 Excess soot loading on the oil (Soot is partially burnt

diesel. It is a form of carbon)

Prevention
 Avoid driving if engine overheats
 Use right grade of engine oil and regular oil drain

Remedies
 Check engine and coolant system for overheating
 Select right grade, eg. Rimula R4 CI-4 Plus for BS IV
vehicles

SIMPL August 2014 91

LOW ENGINE OIL PRESSURE

Oil pressure is determined by viscosity or thickness of the oil

Lower oil pressure can happen when:
 A low viscosity oil is used
 Fuel dilution has reduced the viscosity of the oil
 Engine bearing clearances are worn

Prevention
 Regular oil drain
 Regular oil analysis

Remedies
 Use higher viscosity oil
 Complete check-up of engine

SIMPL August 2014 92

EXHAUST SMOKE - BLACK

Caused by excess fuel that entered the

cylinder area and didn’t burn completely.
• Lead to drop in engine performance,
reduce fuel economy and black smoke
• Excess fuel can leak into the cylinder if:
 The carburetor is out of adjustment.

 A faulty fuel pump or a leaky fuel

injector

 Failing engine computer or computer

sensor

SIMPL August 2014 93

EXHAUST SMOKE - BLUE

• Caused by engine oil entering the

cylinder area and being burned along
with the fuel air mixture.
• Normally due to aging vehicles with
poor maintenance.
• Cylinder liner, piston ring, O-rings,
gaskets etc.. may have worn-off or failed.
• To reduce/stop the blue smoke:

 Do a complete overhaul to the

engine – replace relevant parts

 Use a higher viscosity oil e.g

Rimula R3+ 40
SIMPL August 2014 94
EXHAUST SMOKE - WHITE

• White smoke is STEAM.

• So, caused by water and/or antifreeze entering the cylinder and the result
of the engine trying to burn it with the fuel.

• Water enter the cylinder from:

 Faulty head gasket

 Cracked liner

 Air intake is

contaminated with water

 You drive into a river…

SIMPL August 2014 95

ENGINE OIL CONTAMINATION

Contaminant Effect
Water Enters through leaking/damaged gasket, as a blow-by or by
condensation. Accelerates sludge formation and rusts engine
components.
Fuel Mixes with oil due to faulty injection system or damaged gasket.
Fuel dilution reduces the oil viscosity reducing its lubrication
efficiency.
Incompatible Cross contamination can result in accelerated deposit formation,
Lubricants increased wear and changes to the viscosity of the lubricant

Engine Coolant It enters the system through faulty seal or a hole in the engine. It
oxidizes to form acids that corrode engine parts. Also water
reduces the lubrication efficiency.
Dirt & Dust Generally enter through air intake system (damaged or porous air
filter). Very abrasive and cause excessive wear.

SIMPL August 2014 96

WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF FRESH OIL COLOR (RED,
GREEN ETC)

Fresh oil colour depends on the source of base oil, degree of processing and
additives. Using dyes is a potential health and environment hazard.

SIMPL August 2014 97

WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF FRESH OIL SMELL

Fresh oil smell has no significance on oil quality – oil quality should be
checked by laboratory analysis only and can be understood by performance
specifications.

SIMPL August 2014 98

 BRAND RELATED FAQS

SIMPL August 2014 99

ABOUT SHELL
GENERAL FAQS AND SUGGESTED ANSWERS
 FAQ : QUALITY AND PRICE

Retailer : Your oil is very expensive compared to other International oil companies
Answer :-
• Globally we invested $ 1.3 billion (more than 6000 crores in 2013) and thus we
have the technology to make the best quality oils e.g. We have patented
Technology like PUREPLUS TECHNOLOGY to make lubricants
• Our plant at Taloja is fully robotised , has various quality certifications TS 16949
etc. and thus a excellent blending plant
• More than 200 scientists and engineers dedicated to lubricants R&D in the world
• Thus because of the high cost involved in production and technology investment
because of quality standards our oil is not cheap but is the best quality oil
• If you compare your Margin on selling us and the Headroom(Diff. between RBP
and MRP) we are amongst the best ; Cheap oils have low RBP but low Selling
price also

SIMPL
 FAQ :BRAND AWARENESS

Retailer : Your company has low brand awareness .How will I sell your products?
Answer :-
1. Burmah Shell was present in India till 1967. The then largest refinery in Gujarat was made
by Shell , we were pioneers in distributing cooking gas across India,1st flight in India run by
JRD Tata used Shell lubricants and fuel.

2. We have launched a extensive brand Visibility campaign (signages) in the last 2 years and
have aired TV ads for Shell Advance and Shell Rimula ; Thus our brand awareness is good
now for end consumers

3. We are the World's No. 1 and hence most people who know believe in the quality of our oil

4. Our FMRs organize BTL activations in the market aimed at brand awareness and tertiary
sales of our products thus we will help you to sell our products

5. Many Ustaad mechanics across India are enrolled in our MECHANIC SAMRIDDHI
PROGRAM (more than 50,000 mechanics across India) and they recommend Shell thus our
Brand awareness is improving rapidly

6. For bikers we launched a very successful online cmapaign YAYY Contest through which we
connected to thousands of bikers.
SIMPL
SHELL ADVANCE
GENERAL FAQS AND SUGGESTED ANSWERS
REQUIREMENT FROM MOTORCYCLE LUBRICANT

• Most Importantly: Same oil needs to work on :-

• Engine: Reduce friction and preventing metal to metal contact.

• Clutch: Provide optimum friction to prevent clutch slippage

• Gear: Absorb high pressure between gear teeth without shearing

 Thus a Motorcycle oil needs to be more adaptive than any other

category of Lubricants . That is why we offer Shell Advance which has
been tested on the racetracks in Ducati bikes and thus suitable for every
challenge

SIMPL
MCO - KEY COMPETITORS

Player Strengths Weaknesses

- No.1 Player Globally

- Distribution
Shell - Excellent Product Technology
- Awareness
- Large Offers for Trade

- Brand Strength - High Price

Castrol
- Distribution - Low Trade Margin

Elf - Moderate Quality Products - Low Brand Strength

-Distribution - Relatively Low Quality Product

Servo
- Dealer Offers - No direct consumer connect

SIMPL
MCO – BRAND MAPPING

Tier Shell Castrol Elf Valvoline IOCL

Top Ultra Power1 Racing Moto 4XT Tech - -

Servo 4T Synth
Premium AX7 Power1 - 4T Premium
& 4T Zoom

Mainstream AX5 Activ 4T Moto4 Gold 4T Champ 4T Servo 4T ECG

Entry Level AX3 Go! 4T Moto 4 Pro Champion 4T Servo Super 4T

Only Shell and Castrol have the complete Portfolio

Thus Shell can offer the product best suited to each biker’s need
SIMPL
90 % CLAIM - HOW WAS THE MILLWARD BROWN STUDY
CONDUCTED?

Millward - Brown conducted the study (One of the Top 3 research agencies of the world
This was basically a blind perception trial test wherein bikers were told to use a lubricant without
telling them the brand and then their feedback was taken
The study was conducted in 9 cities amongst bikers of age-group of 18-55
The various criterion on which they gave positive feedback on Shell Advance are :-

Bikers used Shell Advance and had an excellent riding experience

% of Bikers Agreeing
Parameter Affected by using Shell Advance
with it
Makes engine run smoothly 90%
Bikers experienced smoother gear shifts 89%
Provides optimal clutch performance 85%
SIMPL
WHY IS SHELL’S TECHNICAL ASSOCIATION WITH DUCATI A
DIFFERENTIATING FACTOR?

Shell has been in a exclusive technical partnership and is the only oil
recommended by Ducati
Ducati has been using our fuel and lubricants exclusively since 1999 in races
Thus Shell Advance has been based on the research on lubricant usage on racetracks
and thus we are transferring race-track technology for use on roads
No other leading competitor can claim to be as technically competent in this aspect

SIMPL
SHELL RIMULA
GENERAL FAQS AND SUGGESTED ANSWERS
 SHELL RIMULA - BRAND MAPPING
API
specifications Castrol Shell Elf Gulf Servo Valvoline Veedol

Super Duty Premium Blue Max-Pro Long

CI4 + 15W40 RX Super Turbo R4,T4 Performance 3D VLE - Plus drain
All Fleet Turbo
CRB Turbo , RX Super Fleet Pride XL , ,All Fleet
CH4 15W40 Supermax R3X , T3 HDB Turbo Turbo Premium (N) Premium -
XHD Supreme
15W40 ,
Super fleet
,Cargo power
,Super Diesel Pride TC ,
CF4 15W40 RX Super R2 X ,T2 Rubia 4200 Plus Premium TC Genuine HDB Prima

CRB Plus , CRB XHD Supreme All Fleet Multi ,

CF4 20W40 Prima R1 Multi HDB Ultra 20W40 - Tractor Plus HDB Prima
Tractor Guard Super Plus,
SDMO ,XHD Premium HDB 20W40
CF 20W40 Diesel Oil 20W40 - Rubia 2500 Plus 20W40 XLD Multi CD PLUS
Tractor Guard HDC 40 ,HDC
SAE 40 Diesel Oil 40 R2 40 HDC 40 40 , SDMO 40 Pride 40 All Fleet Mono Fleet 40

SIMPL
AND WHAT MAKES SHELL RIMULA THAT EFFECTIVE?

Much of the ‘action’ in a diesel engine involves the piston

Aside from reducing friction and providing cooling, there are THREE
types of protection that diesel engine lubricants give
 Protection from acids and corrosion

 Protection from deposits and sludge

 Protection from wear

!
Acids
!
Deposits
!
Wear

SIMPL
SPECIAL DETERGENT QUALITIES OF SHELL RIMULA HELPS
TO PREVENT ACID CORROSION

In Shell Rimula energised detergent

molecules neutralise acids

1. Nitrogen and oxygen in 2. Acids attack metal engine 3. Shell Rimula oils’ adaptive
air and sulphur in diesel components. Left unchecked, acid technology acts fast to
enter the cylinder attack can lead to bearing failure neutralise acids

SIMPL September 8, 2014 112

SHELL RIMULA PREVENT DEPOSITS AND SLUDGE
HARMING THE ENGINE
1. Shell Rimula contains energised detergent molecules
that adapt to protect hot piston surfaces

2. Shell Rimula is even more

important for turbocharged
engines which run hotter
and are therefore prone 4. … or removed and
to piston deposits wrapped up by
adaptive molecules

3. Carbon is blocked…

SIMPL September 8, 2014 113

SHELL RIMULA ALSO WORKS TO PREVENT SOOT PARTICLES
FORMING SLUDGE WHICH BLOCKS VITAL OIL DUCTS… BUT HOW?

1. Combustion releases some carbon

particles (soot) into the oil

2. These particles can

stick together to form
spongy particles

There can be up
to 3 kilos of soot
in a Euro 3 4. Shell Rimula oils’ energised
engine! dispersant molecules are ready
3. These spongy particles settle on to wrap up carbon particles
engine surfaces as a thick sludge before sludge can form
SIMPL September 8, 2014 114
SHELL RIMULA ALSO PROTECTS AN ENGINE FROM
WEAR… BUT HOW?
1. Metal-to-metal contact can occur in
high-pressure, low-oil-flow areas

3. In addition to giving chemical 2. Energised anti-wear

anti-wear protection, Shell molecules in Shell Rimula
Rimula oil has specialised oil lay down an anti-wear
molecules that help to prevent film. This film prevents
metal-to-metal contact metal-to-metal contact

SIMPL September 8, 2014 115

HOW IS RIMULA R4 15W40 THE MOST PREMIUM OIL IN THE CI4+ CATEGORY

SIMPL
SHELL HELIX
GENERAL FAQS AND SUGGESTED ANSWERS
 HELIX-SHELL PUREPLUS TECHNOLOGY

+
Innovation
=
Proven expertise Factory clean
Shell PurePlus Technology Active Cleansing Technology Shell Helix Ultra

Synthetics Reimagined and Reinvented

Shell has developed an entirely new way to produce synthetic base oils, from natural gas. Shell PurePlus Technology is a
revolutionary gas-to-liquids process that converts natural gas into a crystal-clear base oil with virtually none of the impurities found
in crude oil. This means that Shell can make amazingly pure synthetic motor oils
The benefits of Shell PurePlus Technology
Compared with traditional Group II and Group III base oils, base oils formulated using unique Shell PurePlus Technology provide
enhanced performance in three areas:
 Enhanced Viscosity – to maintain oil’s performance in extreme temperatures
 Reduced Friction – to enable better fuel economy.
 Lower Volatility – for reduced oil consumption.
The Shell Helix Ultra Advantage
With Shell PurePlus Technology we can develop superior lubricants for the most advanced engines, making Shell Helix Ultra our
most-advanced motor oil ever. The unique combination of Shell PurePlus Technology and Active Cleansing Technology enables Shell
Helix Ultra to provide even higher levels of cleansing and protection, meaning that no other motor oil keeps your engine closer to
factory clean.

SIMPL
HOW IS SHELL HELIX HX5 THE MOST PREMIUM MINERAL
OIL

HX5 comes in SN grade ;others have lower grade

HX5 comes in A3/B3 specs. ; others have A2/B2

SIMPL
 HELIX-BRAND MAPPING

Viscosity Shell Elf Castrol Others

20W50 Helix HX3 Quartz 3000 GTX Gulf MultiG

15W40-Diesel Helix Diesel HX5 Quartz 5000 GTD /GTX Diesel -

15W40 Helix HX5 Quartz 5000 NA -

10W30 Helix HX5 - - Mobil Super 10W30

Mobil Super 10w40

10W40 Helix HX7 Quartz7000 Magnatec 10W40
Mobil Super 5W40
Mobil 1 0W40
5W40 Helix Ultra Quartz 9000 Energy EDGE

SIMPL
HELIX HX8 0W20 AND HELIX ULTRA ARE BOTH FULLY SYNTHETIC OILS BUT I
WILL HX8 SINCE IT IS CHEAPER

Helix HX8 0W20 is meant for use in some K series engine-make cars of Maruti but
Helix Ultra can used for all cars
Helix Ultra is now based on patented GTL base-oil based PUREPLUS TECHNOLOGY-
This is the 1st time a lubricant has been made from purest base-oil which was made
from natural gas-Thus Helix Ultra is one of the most advanced synthetic lubricants
available
Helix Ultra is a most advanced fully synthetic motor oil because “NO OTHER MOTOR
OIL CAN KEEP ENGINES CLOSER TO FACTORY CLEAN “ .

SIMPL