MAE 180A: Spacecraft Guidance I, Summer 2009 Homework 2 Due Tuesday, July 14, in class. Guidelines: Please turn in a neat and clean homework that gives all the formulae that you have used as well as details that are required for the grader to understand your solution. Show all work. Required plots should be generated using computer software such as Matlab or Excel. Answers should ‘be written in the blank spaces provided in these homework sheets. Use the back of the page in case ‘you need additional space (not recbmmended to use more space than provided), for which a clear indication should be written to warn the reader of the presence of text there. Vector quantities are denoted in bold letters in what follows. Student’s Namez..... JAVIER. Student’s ID:. og) Question 1 (pts). State in words the six fundamental orbital parameters and the geometrical meaning for each of them. For a circular orbit, provide a list with the parameters that are undefined and those | that best describe the orbit geometry and spacecraft location. 1) Senin ma zee Axis’! DEF WES THe SIRE oF THE comic ORBIT. 2) eccenmmciry Sei) RERMES THE SHAPE OF THE cowie ORR Ir ME ANGLE BETWEEN THE MIRTH-FOLE AUS AND 3) wetination ~ THE ANGVAR MomEwrun 4) loverrune oF THE AScEMD MG wobe “2". THE ANGLE BETWEEN THE Ling Of NODES AND THE VERUAL EQUMOx DIRECTION Ss) eee re ee Swit: THe Awele RETWEBW THE Live oF wenes AND THE PERIAPSIS DIRECTION. 6): Te Ot eee SO". THE ANELE BETWEEN THE PERAPSIS DIRECTION Awb THE PoSIT/ON VECTOR. For A CIRCULAR ORBIT, Ww AND @P ARE VMEFINED , SINCE THERE (S NO PERIAPSI<. TO LOCATE THE SPACECRAFT ALONG THE ORBIT, ue CU Oa, Tie tide iowelniee Arieroch ho", Wiicif'is tue audipe SL AND THE ANGIE BETWEEN THE LINE OF NODES AND THE POS/TION VETIR eb FIR A CIRCUAR ORBIT: @, 6, %, 2, ww (umrérwer) avn bo .Student's Name: 20 Question 2 (A pts) Select the true answer (only one) out of the choices from the list provided for each question. A complementary and brief mathematical proof of your answer on the available space would be welcome, but it is not needed in order to get full credit. 3.1 An equatorial retrograde orbit has an inclination i of a) 45° b) 90° < 3.2 The topocentric-horizon system of coordinates a) is an inertial system. Mf is a non-inertial system. ©) does not rotate with the Barth. ) is irrelevant for spacecraft orbital calculations. 3.3 The latitude of the Cape Canaveral launch site used by NASA is 28°, which represents the a) geocentric latitude of the site. b) geocentric longitude of the site. Df geodetic latitude of the site. 4) topocentric longitude of the site. 3.4 A sidereal day is 1) longer than a mean solar day since the Earth is not a perfect sphere Def shorter than a mean solar day. c) equal to a mean solar day. ) longer than a mean solar day because of the orbital path of the Earth around the Sun and the rotation of the Earth about its polar axis. 3.5 The longitude of the ascending node of an equatorial orbit is a) always 0°. b) 90°. WL andefined. 4) -90°Student’s Name: 3.6 The fundamental plane in the geocentric-equatorial system of coordinates is, a) the ecliptic. b) the galactic equator. ©) the orbit plane. Wh the catestial equator 3.7 A satellite launched from Cape Canaveral (latitude 28°30’ N, longitude 80°33’ W) a) can be directly inserted into an equatorial orbit without any additional orbital maneuvers if the launch azimuth angle is conveniently chosen. cannot be directly inserted into an equatorial orbit without additional orbital maneuvers, re- gardless of the launch azimuth angle. ©) is always painted in pink color to facilitate the visual tracking from the Earth's surface. 4) is always inserted into a i = 0° inclination orbit because of local policies of the base. 3.8 Without any additional maneuvers, a space capsule launched by Eurpean Space Agency from the Baikonur Cosmodrome (latitude 45°54’ N, longitude 63°18’ E) in Kazakhstan can be directly inserted into an orbit of minimum inclination 4 as cos (s) « Slt e+ (Le) EA iv Weumenee: 4 = 63°18", Di = 4554" 4) i= 00. 3.9 The vernal equinox direction 1) represents the intersection between the ecliptic plane and the Greenwich meridian, b) always points towards the Sagittarius constellation. ©) is always normal to the ecliptic plane. DrCepresents the intersection between the ecliptic plane and the celestial equator. 3.10 The precession motion of the Earth axis of rotation makes the vernal equinox direction to a) rotate counter-clockwise if viewed from the north pole. DW rotate clockwise if viewed from the north pole. o) stay in the same position forever. 4) the precession motion of the Earth does not affect the orientation of the vernal equinox.Student’s Name: Problem (50 pts) A radar site at Cape Canaveral (latitude 28.5° N, longitude 80.5° W) detected a spacecraft passing directly overhead with the following data: p =0.5 DUg, Az = 45°, EI = 90°, for position relative to the radar site, and /=0 DUg/TUg, Az = 0, EI =3 rad/TUs, for velocity relative to the radar site, where p, Az and El are the position, and the azimuth and elevation angles relative to the radar site (see figure). Assume that the longitude of the radar site with respect to the vernal equinox direction is @ = 45° at the time of observation. orbital path C=Cape Canaveral Oa radar station vernal-equinox direction P=Spacecraft Figure 1: The figure shows the latitude of the radar site L, and its longitude 0 with respect to the vernal equinor direction. The {5, E, Z} system is the topocentric-horizon coordinate system, and the {I, J, K} is the geocentric-equatorial coordinate system. (Continue next page)Student’s Name: JAVIER UR BAY Part I (25pt) ‘a) Determine the components of the spacecraft position vector p in the topocentric-horizon coordinate system : s ~ gens les)G (Aa) E+ Gear (Ez) om (Aa) E+ (sm (ELIE = OSE Wy b) Determine the components of the spacecraft velocity vector J in the topocentric-horizon coordinate mn ee ee ee : wan ge -¥ cos f6E «02 (Az) + ¥ Exam (Ex) cos (Az) t (AR cosfEt)om (Aa) (06 ex Sess (€) (As) EXE sin (E)am (An) + (Az cos (Aa) cos (82) = ~4.0 & «fo ) + pet ep (er)=0 c) Obtain the spacecraft position vector r from the center of the Earth - assuming that the Earth is perfectly spherical - in the topocentric-horizon coordinate system. mae .DUg — = > FR eR Ao z + A= @) Transform the r vector into geocentric-equatorial coordinates. es sub eocG sul SAO ~ wosl srascrornariey mateix: B= fo eae e - cap les® caslseO Ge b 0.34 0.34 -0-88 ¥. 0.74 ot oO 0.62 0-62 ON se re BY 0-74 0.62 So SO Hat Tse =D Tsce = oa Si er ele -0-88 ° 0.48 wa = 0-98F 40.3 40.2 DUSStudent’s Name: SAVER URZAY ) Determine the absolute velocity v of the spacecraft in terms of geocentric-equatorial coordinates. RS 134 0-74 062 1.06 Fiest caLeutare eo Deis =i] Se sheen Vere -0-98 9 0.48 ° = MAME ~ 0.395 ~ 0-938 Due Aus ~ * = oun s 4. & ten Vie = ae t BQ ATen = + 4 ms fe ‘© Be (ee eee | 0.93 0.97 0.72 Seay ee a = 40S E-0.34F~ 0.93% De /ry, = Yq - 0-O54T4 0.0547 = —— £) Calculate the local Greenwich Sidereal Time (GST) in hours and minutes. with RESPECT TO | CREEWWICH MERIDIAN @- Oy + catirore with pe HS 16° 80.5 °W => ea i % ese AW = B86 Ae Oy= 125.5% = 125-5° ihe Part II (25pt). For this second part, if you have not been able to calculate the absolute position ce yen) and velocity vectors of the spacecraft, you can assume that r = 0.671 + 0.673 + 0.55K and v = wei" | 0.611 — 0.013 — 0.74K, which may not be the right results for Part I, but still you can obtain full ae credit in this part if you solve it consistently. va or Fh) Calculate the specific mechanical of the spacecraft. {3 Bh 22K a c tet i) Caloulate the specific angular momentum of the spacecraft. = a 2 Fa tava —O-62T 4-625-4-29% Due /tVe 4j) Determine the eccentricity vector and characterize the shape of the orbit. a4 [mM A) F- (9) | = NMP 4 0.0087 = = 482 F4 3F 4 LOTR — e+ S/= 2.44» HvesRBoLic 6 ————Student’s Name: SAVIER _URZAY. ) Calculate the perigee and apogee altitudes of the orbit. Pe wa 246". 4.6% bU® THEN rp £ - 4.50DU™ — Hp= Fp-l@= 0.5 DUG > are => THE Aposes 1S UMBERWED GINCE THE ORBIT |S H¥PERGOL*IC. 1) Obtain the orbit inclination. Is it a retrograde or direct orbit?. 205 (1) = re -424 =~ 0-594 426.7 hy 2G REtROGRARG ORBIT % — m) Calculate the longitude of the ascending node, the argument of the periapsis, and the true anomaly at epoch yong vectors He KAN ~ 4.6254 0.625 quan cosa Mes Me. Os 200.5° (mco) Im] 4.32 Soret ach = (H364" (e,20) cos (A). SF. Bb wd + Pu” » THE SPACECRAFT lelirl 2404s a 1S AT PER cee n) Determine the argument of latitude at epoch, the true longitude at epoch and the longitude of the periapsis Une We Om Aus. 9° Q = UotR: 3444" Te Ltwe Stt-4 ©) What minimum set of parameters, of those calculated above, would you choose in order to determine the orbit orientation, orbit geometry and object location?. FoR INSTA Ce 678,55, wane. ree, 4,Student’s Name: e) Determine the absolute velocity v of the spacecraft in terms of geocentric-equatorial coordinates. £) Calculate the local Greenwich Sidereal Time (GST) in hours and minutes. we 2) Part I (25pt). For this second part, if you have not been able tg calculate the absolute position aa ‘and velocity vectors of the spacecraft, you can assume that r = 0.671 + 0.673 + 0.55K and v oswe 0.611 — 0.013 — 0.74K, which may not be the right results for Part I, but still you can obtain full =<) credit in this part if you solve it consistently. wee / | “h) Calculate the specific mechanical of the spacecraft. fi, OMe = - 0.48 due f, 4 Z OT TWe 4) Calculate the specific angular momentum of the spacecraft. Be Fade - 0-49 540-833 - OU j) Determine the eccentricity vector and characterize the shape of the orbit. Ap B)e- eve] gt 5) ex [e]= 0.0094 — BLUPTIc (ALMOET CIRCULAR) 6 0-076 F +0.0495 4 0-0002RStudent's Name: ¢) Determine the absolute velocity v of the spacecraft in terms of geocentric-equatorial coordinates. £) Calculate the local Greenwich Sidereal Time (GST) in hours and minutes. Part II (25pt). For this second part, if you have not been able t calculate the absolute position ‘and velocity vectors of the spacecraft, you can assume that r = 0.671 + 0.673 + 0.55K and v 0.611 — 0.013 — 0.74K, which may not be the right results for Part I, but still you can obtain full credit in this part if you solve it consistently. h) Calculate the specific mechanical of the spacecraft. = -0.48 due f 3 OF TWe fa Ome = zi 4) Calculate the specific angular momentum of the spacecraft. Be Fade - 0-49 540-833 -O4U j) Determine the eccentricity vector and characterize the shape of the orbit. Pi) (v7 | Fr p ex [e|= 0.0094 — BLPTic (ALNDET CIRCULAR) 6 6-5 762 ~0.0493 + 0.00028Student’s Name: k) Calculate the perigee and apogee altitudes of the orbit. prlhf. 4.05% = Ato DUe Hi qu pe he 1.09 DUQ © Hes “p-%@= 0.0% dy ie fos P= 1 DUG Has rere. 0-44 Bly ie — ee 1) Obtain the orbit inclination. Is it a retrograde or direct orbit?. 7 eee eee fee cee, ~ otf. et Trl (08 RETROGRADE ORBIT (C72) 2 m) Calculate the longitude of the ascending node, the argument of the periapsis, and the true anomaly ehrepoch, Win Vemne Ao Rane 0.627 0-445 RP. -O:88 = -0-B6 = Ae 20-4 (mie) 0.46 MoG = ~ 0-008 | _o.9q ~ w= 174.8" Inlet 0.46 -0.00%4 — SP - 0.0084 0.84 + Oz 327. 8° fellr{ 0.0044- dog == n) Determine the argument of latitude at epoch, the true longitude at epoch and the longitude of the periapsis. Z 502.6%: 442.6° Ve anv tsa Upes 352.7" Te News 384.9" = 24.9 ©) What minimum set of parameters, of those calculated above, would you choose in order to determine the orbit orientation, orbit geometry and object location’. FOR INSTANGS. pre, Bot) Oy ae v