EI External Corrosion Awareness

External corrosion
awareness handbook
A guide for visual recognition of external integrity
threats to upstream oil and gas production plant
Issued under licence to Chevron employees only.

IMPORTANT: This file is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. All rights reserved. It may only be used in accordance with
the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e: pubs@energyinst.org.uk t: +44 (0)207 467 7100
Copyright © 2010 by the Energy Institute, London.
The Energy Institute is a professional membership body incorporated by Royal Charter 2003. Registered charity number 1097899, England
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced by any means, or transmitted or translated into a machine language without the written
permission of the publisher.
ISBN 978 0 85293 548 4
Published by the Energy Institute
The information contained in this publication is provided as guidance only and while every reasonable care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of its
contents, the Energy Institute cannot accept any responsibility for any action taken, or not taken, on the basis of this information. The Energy Institute shall
not be liable to any person for any loss or damage which may arise from the use of any of the information contained in any of its publications.
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2
Contents
Page Page
Acknowledgements and foreword 4 Corrosion under insulation 17

Damaged cladding 18
Introduction 5 Corrosion under insulation 20
Scope 5
Intended users 5 Fatigue, vibration and fretting 23
Corrosion basics 6 Fatigue and vibration 24
Controlling corrosion 7 Fatigue and fretting 26
Atmospheric external corrosion 8 Corrosion of stainless steels 27

Gratings and railings 10 SS vessels and pipework 28
Handrails, decks and supports 11 SS pipework and tubing 29
Pipework and vessels 12 SS tubing 30
Bolting 14
Electrical equipment 15 Bibliography 31
Miscellaneous 16

the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e: pubs@energyinst.org.uk t: +44 (0)207 467 7100 3
Acknowledgements
The development of this handbook was undertaken on described herein be seen as exhaustive. Users should
behalf of the Corrosion Management Working Group notify and consult with the relevant technical engineering
(CMWG) and funded by the Energy Institute’s (EI) Technical authority/discipline specialists for investigation of potential
Programme. The Institute wishes to record its appreciation threats or actual degradation that may be observed.
of the work carried out by Dave Moore of Lloyd’s Register This document is for guidance only, and while every
EMEA for compiling this handbook and members of the reasonable care has been taken to ensure the accuracy and
CMWG, including the Health and Safety Executive (HSE), relevance of its content, the Energy Institute, its sponsoring
who provided valuable direction, photographic examples companies, the author and the CMWG members, shall not
and technical input. be liable to any person for any loss or damage which may
arise from the use of any of the information contained in
Foreword any of its publications.
This publication was compiled to enhance the awareness of This handbook may be reviewed from time to time and
corrosion for a large cross-section of personnel within the it would be of considerable assistance for any future
upstream oil and gas industry. It is intended to supplement revision if users would send comments or suggestions for
the EI Guidance for corrosion management in oil and gas improvements to:
production and processing1 and the Corrosion threats
handbook2, which summarises internal corrosion threats for The Technical Department
oil and gas process systems. Energy Institute
Whereas the published guidance is intended primarily for 61 New Cavendish Street
duty holders, managers of operations, engineering and London
maintenance functions, the handbooks are aimed primarily W1G 7AR, UK
at those working on site who are operating and maintaining
the process plant and visitors undertaking specific support e: technical@energyinst.org
tasks.
The information in this handbook should not be used to
1. Guidance for corrosion management in oil and gas production and
the exclusion of established and applicable codes, standards processing. EI, 2008. ISBN 978 0 85293 497 5
and criteria; nor should the threats and their manifestation 2. Corrosion threats handbook – Upstream oil and gas production plant. EI,
2008. ISBN 978 0 85293 496 8
4
Introduction Scope
Atmospheric external corrosion is a threat to structural items This handbook is intended as an aid to personnel on
(including structural steelwork, handrails, walkways, stairs, upstream oil and gas production and processing facilities,
pipe supports, fittings, brackets, struts and cable trays), particularly those located offshore and coastal onshore
process equipment (including pipes, valves, bolted flanges, terminals. Common forms of external corrosion are provided
vessels), mechanical and electrical equipment on offshore together with information on:
oil and gas installations and onshore upstream terminals.
Although the threat of corrosion applies mainly to carbon • What to look for.
steels, certain threats also apply to corrosion-resistant • Where to look.
materials and aluminium alloys. • What can be done to manage the threat.
Effective control of corrosion and its contribution towards
the maintenance of asset integrity has multiple benefits:
Intended users
• Reduction in risk and environmental hazard from On-site personnel are very much the ‘eyes’ on the plant.
leaks and structural failures. There have been many examples of individuals, who were
• Assists with compliance with statutory and not specialists in corrosion or integrity management,
corporate health, safety and environmental noticing and reporting defects, which, had they not
requirements. been detected, may have led to significant failures. Such
• Increased plant availability. contributions provide an additional defence and assist
• Reduction in unplanned maintenance. with realising effective control of degradation caused by
• Assists with life extension of ageing assets. atmospheric corrosion. Some facilities have introduced a
• Improvement in the working environment. more formal area inspection process, involving teams of
personnel walking sections of the plant in turn, specifically
to look for integrity defects. However, by raising general
awareness, it is hoped that formal programmes of inspection
will be enhanced further through everyday observation by
all on-site personnel.

Corrosion basics
External corrosion is usually a form of oxygen corrosion. Generally marine atmospheric external corrosion rates are
Corrosion occurs where a metal is continuously or quite low, i.e. not more than 0.2 mm/yr, however, some
intermittently wetted with aerated water. Water is the conditions cause much higher rates, even up to 1 mm/yr.
key to most external corrosion: aqueous corrosion cannot Metal loss rates of up to ~1.5 mm/yr have been reported in
occur if a metal is not in contact with water. Therefore, a some cases of CUI.
key aspect of recognising conditions likely to give rise to
corrosion, is the understanding that any circumstance which Stainless steels, including duplex stainless steels, whilst
increases the ‘time-of-wetness’ of a metal will increase the generally more resistant to corrosion than carbon steel,
rate of metal loss. Typically, these conditions include: are not immune to corrosion, as they can be susceptible
to localised (pitting, crevice and cracking) corrosion. This
• Plant exposed to marine environments. is especially the case under deposits, or in crevices. At
• Damaged or missing cladding on insulated plant. temperatures over approximately 50ºC and when in the
• Leaks or dripping rainwater onto structures, presence of chlorides (e.g. from seawater or salt deposits),
pipework or vessels. austenitic stainless steels (SS) (e.g. 316L) under stress
• Water traps causing water to pool. (residual or applied) are susceptible to stress corrosion
• Salt deposits. (Salt retains water even under cracking (SCC) and can fail. Duplex SSs are considered to
nominally dry conditions.) be susceptible to external SCC above a temperature of
approximately 80°C.
A key influence on corrosion is temperature. Basic
kinetics show that aqueous corrosion rates increase with
temperature. This, combined with time-of-wetness,
contributes to the high rates of corrosion often found
in systems insulated for heat retention or personnel
protection. Thus, corrosion under insulation (CUI) remains
one of the most significant challenges in external corrosion
management.
6
Controlling corrosion
Corrosion management should be part of the overall As plant ages and indications of corrosion become more
management system governing the operation of a facility. widespread, it becomes more important to be able to
The corrosion management system itself will have a assess the anomalies and to highlight those defects that
defined structure with specific roles and responsibilities, are likely to be significant. On many facilities, it would be
and will comprise corrosion risk assessments, mitigation possible to overwhelm the integrity management system by
and inspection activities, performance criteria and review unnecessary reporting of minor defects. In this context, the
processes. However, whilst formal inspection is part of the handbook will aid identification of significant, reportable
management system, it is recognised that plant personnel defects, which are likely to have an adverse impact on
can make a valuable contribution to monitoring the integrity within the short or medium term.
corrosion status of a facility. Perhaps the most significant
contribution that plant personnel can make to corrosion
control is to report any condition that causes concern.
Reporting routes will vary from facility to facility and are

typically via:
• Team Leader, e.g. Maintenance, Operations Team

Leader;
• Inspection Engineer / Offshore Inspection Engineer;
• Integrity Engineer / Superintendent / Coordinator;
• unsafe condition reports (UCRs);
• suggestion schemes;
• corrosion damage reports (CDRs).

Atmospheric external corrosion
What to look for Where to look Managing the threat

Coating degradation / damage All pipework and vessels Report:
(for guidance on the extent of • coating degradation and
degradation, see BS EN ISO 4628/3) Structures (primary / secondary / damage;
tertiary (topsides and splash zone)): • significant loss of wall section;
Significant corrosion scale (>5 mm thick) • gratings, walkways and handrails • significant corrosion scale (>5
• support steelwork for walkways mm).
Significant loss of wall thickness / plate and gratings;
section • bolting and fittings (bolts with Maintain coatings
no threads, diameters reduced by
Grossly corroded bolting 10%); Avoid leaks onto surfaces
• cable trays;
Build-up of salty deposits on pipework • access ladders and escape to sea Prevent accumulation of salts on
/ vessels ladders. external surfaces (including stainless
steel) by washing with fresh water –
Water dripping onto structures and Pipe supports: or salt water, followed by fresh
equipment • u-bolts / support saddles; water rinse
• resting points and guides.
Corroded cladding Corrosion at pipe supports should be
Instrument tubing / hydraulic lines – controlled by:
Corrosion under adhesive pipework especially under clamps • Use of polytetrafluoro(ethylene)
identification markers (PTFE) / rubber saddles.
Electrical equipment, including: • Plugging welding vent holes in
• junction boxes; doubler plates with sealant to
• earth bonding fittings; prevent water ingress.
• casings for valve actuators, motors;
Atmospheric external corrosion 8

Field applied coatings (these can be • instrument housings / cabinets • Having pipe reinforcing plates at
more susceptible to degradation) and electrical junction boxes; the support locations.
• supports for gauges, light • Maintaining effective seals
Corroded stainless steel (see localised fittings. around pipe support edges.
corrosion section) • Applying appropriate coating.
Especially susceptible locations
include:
• prevalent weather-side;
• continuously wet areas e.g. leaks,
splash zones, water traps;
• trapped water from deluge
testing.
Leaks / spills of corrosive fluids, e.g.

well-treating acids, scale treatment
chemicals
Further reading:
Guidance for corrosion management in oil and
gas production and processing (EI, 2008. ISBN
978 0 85293 497 5)
BS EN ISO 4628 Part 3. Paints and varnishes.

Evaluation of degradation of coatings (BSI, 2003)
Guidelines for managing inspection of Ex

electrical equipment ignition risk in support of
IEC 60079-17 (EI, 2008. ISBN 978 0 85293 513 2)

the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e: pubs@energyinst.org.uk t: +44 (0)207 467 7100 Atmospheric external corrosion 9
Gratings and railings
Walkway grating – severe wastage Severe wastage of a walkway support
Severe wastage of an ‘I’ beam Coating degradation and corrosion of stairways

structural support (will be worst in splash zones)

Handrails, decks and supports
Handrail – severe wastage Handrail support footing – severe wastage
Corroded deck plate Crevice corrosion at a pipe support, where

corrosion has extended to the adjacent area
Pipework and vessels
Significant, reportable corrosion scab on pipework Small diameter pipework often has a greater
probability of failure from external corrosion
because of its lower wall thickness
Corrosion scab on a vessel shell Corrosion pit – 3 mm deep, after removal of the
corrosion scab shown in the adjacent photograph
Severe corrosion of a pipe clamp Corrosion of pipework initiated by a pipe clamp
Deposits on coated carbon steel pipework – likely to Persistent dripping causing corrosion of a
cause accelerated coating degradation and corrosion vessel shell
Bolting
No corrosion: Bolt coating intact. No evident Light corrosion: Some evidence of coating
coating breakdown or corrosion breakdown with little or no corrosion
Medium corrosion: Clear evidence of coating Heavy corrosion: Evident material loss.
breakdown and corrosion of bolting. No Bolting requires replacement
significant material loss (<10%)
Electrical equipment
Fractured earth bond fitting Corrosion of an electrical junction box due to

poor sealing and water ingress
Severe corrosion of a cable tray Severe corrosion of an environmental shelter

leading to corrosion of an electrical junction box
Miscellaneous
Field applied coatings (e.g. at welds, modifications) Scaffold poles in contact with a coated carbon
are especially susceptible to corrosion steel vessel – mechanical damage to coating
Corrosion under labels (e.g. pipework identification Failures of threaded plugs (external and internal corrosion)
markers found on SS or carbon steel equipment) – these can lead to significant incidents and injuries
Corrosion under insulation (CUI)

Damaged cladding: All insulated plant Avoid insulation where possible, e.g.
• gaps or tears in cladding; use cages for personnel protection
• deformed metal cladding; Structures and equipment with PFP
• impact damage. Report / repair damaged or missing
Joint sealant condition, e.g. failed Focus on low points, but CUI can insulation
mastic seals occur at any orientation where water
can be trapped, e.g. top of large Report rust staining and salt
Missing cladding diameter horizontal vessel. Look encrustation from penetrations, vessel
Damaged or disbonded passive fire for water pooling at low points in supports, etc
protection insulation
Report wet insulation / PFP
Rust stains from under insulation and
Be aware that small bore pipework Maintain cladding and insulation / PFP
PFP
/ components (thin wall) may fail
Water traps: sooner than main pipework
• low points; Further reading:
• terminations; Guidance for corrosion management in oil and
Heat traced components – water can gas production and processing (EI, 2008 ISBN 978
• support rings; be trapped by the heat trace cables 0 85293 497 5)
• penetrations; Corrosion under insulation guidelines (European
• support brackets. Areas of personnel traffic Federation of Corrosion, 2008. No. 55; ISBN-13
978-1-84569-423-4
Salt encrustation around penetrations
Consider: The control of corrosion under thermal
Persistent dripping onto insulation insulation and fireproofing materials - A systems
Rust staining from insulated stainless • the impact of deluge testing on approach (NACE, 2004 RP0198)
steel equipment insulated equipment. Advice on acceptance criteria for damaged
• effects of prevalent weather-side. passive fire protection (PFP) coatings (HSE, 2007.
Corrosion of PFP steel mesh Offshore Information Sheet No 12)

the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e: pubs@energyinst.org.uk t: +44 (0)207 467 7100 Corrosion under insulation 17
Damaged cladding
No seals in the cladding at the flange or No overlap in the cladding of insulated pipework
penetration - allows water ingress – allows water ingress
Lack of sealing around this bracket Damaged seal and lower sheet overlapping
– allows water ingress upper sheet - allows water ingress
Corrosion under insulation 18

All types of cladding are susceptible to damage, An example of incomplete coverage of non-
e.g. mechanical damage to this ‘scrim’ clad vessel metallic cladding – allows water ingress
Cladding opened and not resealed – allows Even ‘closed cell’ insulation can trap and hold
water ingress water in contact with metal
Corrosion under insulation
CUI of carbon steel pipework caused by water CUI can occur at less usual locations, e.g. at the
entrapment at a low point. (This is a horizontal top of pipework or vessels.
section of 8 inch diameter pipework)
CUI of small bore pipework – greater probability of Aluminium equipment and structures can suffer
failure because it usually has lower wall thickness CUI, e.g. this helideck support corroded under
wet PFP
CUI of a separator shell caused by water CUI of a vessel shell. Cladding was sealed at the
entrapment where scrim cladding was sealed to grey line, trapping water. Note rust staining – an
vessel surface important sign
An example of cladding trapping water at a low Type of damage which can be caused by cladding trapping
point of a vertical pipework section water at a low point of a vertical pipework section.
Corrosion under insulation
Indicative rust staining on insulated valves. Insulation removed - severe CUI of valve bodies
Corrosion of PFP steel mesh Galvanically accelerated CUI. Water has been trapped
at the bottom of a carbon steel vessel at a location
where SS cladding is in contact with the vessel shell
Fatigue, vibration and fretting

Inadequately supported pipework Fretting. All systems, especially at: Identify and report excessive vibration
and tubing • pipe supports;
• through wall penetrations; Look out for and report poorly
Sources of intense vibration, e.g. • heat exchangers, baffles / tube supported pipework or equipment,
reciprocating compressors supports. e.g. missing, damaged or
malfunctioning supports
Cracks or weeps in pipework, Vibration / fatigue cracking. All
especially small bore and instrument systems, especially at: Review and modify supports
tubing • small bore pipework (<2 inches);
• instrument (impulse) tubing; Vibration monitoring and detailed
Cracking of structures, e.g. floating • heavy valves / fittings hanging analysis – see EI ‘AVIFF’ guidance
production facility structures, tanks from small bore connections;
and deck supports (look for cracks • corrosion-resistant alloy (CRA) Stress analysis by specialists
and rust staining) • pipework (tends to be thinner
wall than carbon steel). Risk-based inspection
Resonant vibration during upset
conditions Structural components of floating Adhere to EI ‘AVIFF’ guidance
production facilities:
Slug flow in pipework or vessels • structural nodes;
• deck stools;
Acoustic resonance in gas systems • tank frames.
Further reading:
Guidance for the avoidance of vibration induced
fatigue failure in process pipework (AVIFF) (EI.
2008. ISBN 978 0 85293 453 1)

the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e: pubs@energyinst.org.uk t: +44 (0)207 467 7100 Fatigue, vibration and fretting 23
Fatigue and vibration
Small bore off-take which cracked due to a Fatigue crack at a weld in a nozzle
heavy, unsupported valve and flanges
Fatigue crack at a weld in a nozzle Example of good practice – anti-vibration clamp

on small bore components – support requires
proper design
Fatigue, vibration and fretting 24
Fatigue crack of poorly supported tubing Fatigue crack of small bore tubing
Poorly supported tubing at risk of Good practice – supports for small bore flanged
fatigue cracking fittings on corrosion-resistant alloy pipework
the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e: pubs@energyinst.org.uk t: +44 (0)207 467 7100 Fatigue, vibration and fretting 25
Fatigue and fretting
Fatigue cracking at the toe of a structural Fretting between pipework and a flange
support bracket
Fretting at a deck penetration Fretting between pipework
Fatigue, vibration and fretting 26

Corrosion of stainless steels

Rust staining on, or originating SS steel and duplex SS vessels, Remove salt deposits
from, SS pipework, vessels or tubing, pipework and tubing, especially: Coat ‘at-risk’ SSs
especially:
Maintain coatings where appropriate
• under tubing clamps; • warm/hot systems (pitting
• pipe clamps and supports. and crevice corrosion at any Maintain insulation integrity
temperature. SCC at >50°C for Consider plugging trunnion weep
Salt deposits - especially on SS 316L SS and >80°C for duplex SS); holes to avoid water entrapment
• areas of stress concentration, e.g. Use chemically inhibited or grease-
Degraded coating on painted SS welds or high residual stress; packed clamps to reduce crevice
• instrument tubing / hydraulic corrosion of instrument tubing
Crevices between SS items and lines / chemical lines.
Eliminate crevice sites by clamp design
miscellaneous equipment – look for
rust staining Limiting stress and degree of cold
work, e.g. reworking instrument tubing
Unplugged or open weep holes in Select material grade compatible with
trunnion supports for SS pipework temperature/environment
(SS is not immune to corrosion or Further reading:
CUI. The threats are stress corrosion Guidance for corrosion management in oil and
cracking (SCC), pitting corrosion and gas production and processing (EI, 2008. ISBN
978 0 85293 497 5)
crevice corrosion)
Stress corrosion cracking of duplex stainless steel
piping systems in hot chloride service (HSE, 2007.
Offshore Information Sheet 7)
Review of external stress corrosion cracking of
22%Cr duplex stainless steel (HSE, 2003. Research
Report 129)
M-001: Materials Selection, (NORSOK, 2004)

the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e: pubs@energyinst.org.uk t: +44 (0)207 467 7100 Corrosion of stainless steels 27
SS vessels and pipework
Deposit build-up on SS pipework – increased Degraded coating on painted SS

probability of pitting and cracking
Pitting corrosion of an SS pressure vessel Pitting corrosion at a weld of an SS

pressure vessel
Corrosion of stainless steels 28

SS pipework and tubing
Pitting and cracking of SS pipework: this was Pitting and cracking of SS tubing
insulated and painted
Under clamp crevice corrosion of SS Crevice corrosion of SS instrument tubing

instrument tubing
the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e: pubs@energyinst.org.uk t: +44 (0)207 467 7100 Corrosion of stainless steels 29
SS tubing
Under deposit pitting corrosion of SS Through-wall pitting of SS tubing – humid,

instrument tubing marine environment
Corrosion of stainless steels 30

Bibliography
Atmospheric external corrosion: Fatigue, vibration and fretting:
Guidance for corrosion management in oil and gas production and processing Guidance for the avoidance of vibration induced fatigue failure in process
(EI, 2008. ISBN 978 0 85293 497 5) pipework (‘AVIFF’) (EI, 2008. ISBN 978 0 85293 453 1)
BS EN ISO 4628 Part 3. Paints and varnishes. Evaluation of degradation of Corrosion of stainless steel:
coatings (BSI, 2003) Guidance for corrosion management in oil and gas production and processing
(EI, 2008. ISBN 978 0 85293 497 5)
Guidelines for managing inspection of Ex electrical equipment ignition risk in
support of IEC 60079-17 (EI, 2008. ISBN 978 0 85293 513 2) Stress corrosion cracking of duplex stainless steel piping systems in hot
chloride service (HSE, 2007. Offshore Information Sheet 7)
Corrosion under insulation:
Guidance for corrosion management in oil and gas production and processing Review of external stress corrosion cracking of 22%Cr duplex stainless steel
(EI, 2008 ISBN 978 0 85293 497 5) (HSE, 2003. Research Report 129)
Corrosion under insulation guidelines (European Federation of Corrosion, M-001: Materials Selection, (NORSOK, 2004)
2008. No. 55; ISBN-13 978-1-84569-423-4
The control of corrosion under thermal insulation and fireproofing materials -

A systems approach (NACE, 2004. RP0198),
Advice on acceptance criteria for damaged passive fire protection (PFP)

coatings (HSE, 2007. Offshore Information Sheet No 12)

This publication has been produced as a result of work carried out within Energy Institute
the Technical Team of the Energy Institute (EI), funded by the EI’s Technical
Partners. The EI’s Technical Work Programme provides industry with cost 61 New Cavendish Street
effective, value adding knowledge on key current and future issues affecting London W1G 7AR, UK
those operating in the energy sector, both in the UK and beyond.
Additional copies and other EI publications are available online from: t: +44 (0) 20 7467 7157
f: +44 (0) 20 7255 1472
www.energypublishing.org
e: pubs@energyinst.org
or the EI’s book distributors, Portland Customer Services: www.energyinst.org
t: +44 (0) 1206 796 351

Registered Charity Number 1097899
e: sales@portland-services.com
ISBN 978 0 85293 548 4


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External corrosion

Issued under licence to Chevron employees only.

ISBN 978 0 85293 548 4

Published by the Energy Institute

Further copies can be obtained from:

Electronic access to EI and IP publications is available via our website,

Acknowledgements and foreword 4 Corrosion under insulation 17

Atmospheric external corrosion 8 Corrosion of stainless steels 27

Issued under licence to Chevron employees only.

Issued under licence to Chevron employees only.

Reporting routes will vary from facility to facility and are

• Team Leader, e.g. Maintenance, Operations Team

Issued under licence to Chevron employees only.

What to look for Where to look Managing the threat

Atmospheric external corrosion 8

Leaks / spills of corrosive fluids, e.g.

BS EN ISO 4628 Part 3. Paints and varnishes.

Guidelines for managing inspection of Ex

Issued under licence to Chevron employees only.

Walkway grating – severe wastage Severe wastage of a walkway support

Severe wastage of an ‘I’ beam Coating degradation and corrosion of stairways

Atmospheric external corrosion 10

Handrail – severe wastage Handrail support footing – severe wastage

Corroded deck plate Crevice corrosion at a pipe support, where

Fractured earth bond fitting Corrosion of an electrical junction box due to

Severe corrosion of a cable tray Severe corrosion of an environmental shelter

What to look for Where to look Managing the threat

Issued under licence to Chevron employees only.

Corrosion under insulation 18

What to look for Where to look Managing the threat

Issued under licence to Chevron employees only.

Fatigue crack at a weld in a nozzle Example of good practice – anti-vibration clamp

Fretting at a deck penetration Fretting between pipework

Fatigue, vibration and fretting 26

What to look for Where to look Managing the threat

Issued under licence to Chevron employees only.

Deposit build-up on SS pipework – increased Degraded coating on painted SS

Pitting corrosion of an SS pressure vessel Pitting corrosion at a weld of an SS

Corrosion of stainless steels 28

Under clamp crevice corrosion of SS Crevice corrosion of SS instrument tubing

Under deposit pitting corrosion of SS Through-wall pitting of SS tubing – humid,

Corrosion of stainless steels 30

The control of corrosion under thermal insulation and fireproofing materials -

Advice on acceptance criteria for damaged passive fire protection (PFP)

Issued under licence to Chevron employees only.

t: +44 (0) 1206 796 351

Issued under licence to Chevron employees only.

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