Earth Science – Midterm

Ganadin, Rishi Denice S.

 Non-Metallic – makinang
e.g. resinous, silky, earth, pearl scent, greasy,
MINERALS dull
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building blocks of rocks, deposited in/on Earth’s surface D. Color and Streak
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a naturally-occurring, generally inorganic solid that has an ordered  color is the main obvious mineral property but not reliable,
internal structure and definite chemical composition may other chem na nilagay = iba na kulay. usually
- -ite – common suffix of mineral, “belonging to” identified
FIVE CRITERIA OF MINERALS  streak is the real color
1. Solid E. Hardness
 all liquids and gases are not minerals  resistance of mineral for being scratch
 ice formed from glaciers is mineral but water is not  is the measurement of the strength of the chemical bonds in
2. Naturally-Occurring its structure
 steel and synthetic diamond are created artificially, and  Mohs Scale (1812, Friedrich Mohs) is a relative measure of
therefore, are not minerals hardness using common minerals and standard minerals to
3. Inorganic represent a specific hardness value, linear, sclerometer
 minerals are limited to substances e.g.
 Coal is composed of remains of plants and other inorganic  if nascratch massoft sa pinangscratch
compounds; it is not a mineral (plants are organic)  pero pag hindi mas-hard.
 Pearl is made when a clam is irritated  diamond can scratch quarts kasi masmalaki mohs
https://pearls.com/pages/how-pearls-are-formed hardness niya.
4. Has a fixed chemical formula, made of specific elements
 should express the exact chemical formula with the
elements and compounds in specific ratios
 if may something na dinagdag na ibang klase ang atom, not
mineral
 Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (CHON) – inorganic
if may ganito. Oxygen pwede but depende sa gamit
 Bone – major component: calcium, but inorganic. May
nitrogen, iron…
 Why Mineral Water? H2O pag tinanggal, mineral matitira
5. Specific Atomic Arrangement
 If atoms are loose or not fixed it is not purely solidified
that’s why it is not a mineral
 the atoms in minerals are organized in a regular repetitive
geometric patterns or crystal structure
 Volcanic Ash is amorphous (loose) and has no form, is not
considered as mineral
 substances that fulfill all the requirements but do not have
an ordered internal structure are called mineraloids (e.g.  only diamond can cut itself
plastic)
F. Density
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS  same weight, diff. density
- 4000 minerals with unique set of physical properties  most common minerals have a specific gravity of 2.7
- based on atoms  gold has a specific gravity of 19
- internal structure affects the mineral
 kapag minadaling patigasin yung tubig may space pa rin yung atoms
A. Crystal Form and Habit kasi biglaan kaya lumulutang
 since minerals have their definite chemical composition, it  mas intact – mas mataas specific gravity
forms a structure which crystalizes into specific crystal
form  specific gravity – a measure of the density of the mineral. it is the
 arrangement of atoms – crystal form weight of a mineral relative to the weight of an equal volume of
six crystal structures: cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, water
hexagonal, monoclinic, triclinic  the abundance of variety of minerals are controlled by their
 habit is the outward appearance of the mineral’s crystal chemistry, which is dependent on elemental abundances on earth.
form about 98% of earth’s crust
common shapes: acicular, dendritic, reniform, prismatic, tabular
B. Cleavage and Fracture 1. Silicates (SiO44-)
 the manner which a mineral break is dependent on o silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
 its molecular bonding and structure o the major rock-forming
e.g. Diamonds – mahirap basagin kasi ang nagbobond minerals
hydrogen o most silicate minerals are
 cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to break along planes formed by cooling of
of weakness, kung nasaan weakest area molten rocks
 fracture – paano nagbreak, bonds of atoms (excellent, good, 2. Oxides
poor, absent) e.g. padiagonal nagbreak o consists of metal cations bonded to oxygen anions (O2-)
C. Luster o they are mostly of metallic elements
 indicates how light is reflected off a surface of a mineral e.g. NA – how to transform it from atom to ion
 Metallic – polished metal if tatanggalin electron (e-) magiging cation (positive)
O+ + Fe-
 3. Sulfides of cooling
o consists of metal cations bonded to sulfide (S2-)  have large crystals (because of slow cooling), smooth
o they are common ore minerals along with oxide 2. Extrusive Igneous Rocks
e.g. Fe2+ + S2-  volcanic rocks
 when molten rocks began to be exposed to wind
4. Sulfates  have small crystals compared to intrusive (because of wind,
o consists of metal cations bonded to the (So42-) anionic rapid cooling), rough
group
o common ore minerals along with oxides Sedimentary Rocks
5. Halides  result from uplift and weathering, transported and deposited in diff.
o composed of halogen ion, such as chlorine/fluorine, which areas
forms halite (NaCl) rock salt/fluorite (CaF2)  lithification – process by which the sediments are transformed into
o relatively small solid sedimentary rocks, parang pulbo
6. Carbonates (CO3-2)  compaction – one of the most common ways of lithification, occurs
o characterized by the presence of carbonic ion which bonds when files of sediments accumulate and the materials below are
elements such as calcium or magnesium to form calcite or compacted by the weight of the overlying layers, pressure
dolomite  cementation – water seeps through pore spaces between particles,
7. Native metals fills the open spaces then binds the particles together
o single metal only  strata – layer upon layer of sediments
8. Phosphates
o minerals that have PO4 as anion Metamorphic Rocks
o typically, vitreous to dull, often strongly colored above  came from pre-existing rocks such us igneous, sedimentary, or even
average in density and average in hardness metamorphic rocks
 parent rocks – pre-existing rocks
ROCKS  metamorphism – process of transformation of a parent rock into a
- naturally-occurring coherent aggregate of minerals or solid materials texturally and mineralogically new rock, agents: heat (most
such as natural gas or organic matter important), pressure cause by stress, chemically-active fluids
 foliation – metamorphic layering
Rock Cycle  described primarily by their foliation and grain size
- model that describes all the processes by which rocks are formed,
modified, transported, decomposed. melted, and reformed
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Factors considered:
 geological processes – diff. event naturally
e.g. weathering, erosion
 factors involve

IGNEOUS TO SEDIMENTS
GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES TRIGGERING FACTORS
WEATHERING change in temperature
EROSION wind, landslide, flashflood
TRANSPORTATION (one place to another) flashflood, high water current
DEPOSITION (natigil at naipon) same with transportation

GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES TRIGGERING FACTORS

BURIAL (natabunan) landslide, flashflood
COMPACTION -
CEMENTATION -
SEDIMENTS TO SEDIMENTARY

SEDIMENTARY TO METAMORPHIC (reform)

 mother rock to new rock

 factors: pressure and temperature
Igneous Rocks  reform the material no to extend na matutunaw (pag natunaw magma
 latin word: ignis – means “fire” means igneous na)
 formed by volcanic activity  deeper burial
 molten rocks from magma
 may be characterized by their texture and composition METAMORPHIC TO SEDIMENTARY
 cooling and solidifies through the process of crystallization
 uplift (most important), w.e.t.d., lithification (b.c.c.)
1. Intrusive Igneous Rocks SEDIMENTARY TO IGNEOUS
 plutonic rocks Additional:
 when molten rocks meta to ext. ig – melting > v.e. > cooling  melting > magma > cooling > intrusive > naexpose sa hangin > extrusive
undergo the process meta to int. ig – melting > cooling
int. to meta – d.b. > metamorphism or up > b
ext. to meta – burial > meta
 IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC
Granite Siltstone Marble
Obsidian Limestone Quartzite
Basalt Conglomerate Gneiss
Pegmatite Halite or rock salt Slate
Pumice Sandstone Schist
Shale