Solid State 1

Classification of Solids
Anupam Gupta
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Solid State
 Solids - General Characteristics

Properties

Mass, Shape,
Volume

Rigidity

Space between
particles

Interparticle force
Example Which of the following conditions favours the existence of a
substance in the solid state?

A. High temperature
B. Low temperature
C. High kinetic energy
D. Weak cohesive forces
 Categorisation of Solids

Crystalline Amorphous
 Crystalline vs Amorphous Solids

Crystalline Solids Amorphous Solids

Regular internal arrangement of Irregular internal arrangement of
particles particles
 Crystalline vs Amorphous Solids

Crystalline Solids Amorphous Solids

Regarded as true solids Regarded as supercooled liquids or
pseudo solids
 Crystalline vs Amorphous Solids

Crystalline Solids Amorphous Solids

Undergo regular cleavage Undergo irregular cleavage
 Crystalline vs Amorphous Solids

Crystalline Solids Amorphous Solids

Anisotropic in nature Isotropic in nature
 Crystalline vs Amorphous Solids

Crystalline Solids Amorphous Solids

Anisotropic in nature Isotropic in nature
 Crystalline vs Amorphous Solids

Crystalline Solids Amorphous Solids

Sharp melting point Melt over a range of temperature

Definite heats of fusion Don’t have definite heats of fusion

Example Which of the following is not a characteristic of a crystalline solid?
A. Definite and characteristic heat of fusion
B. Isotropic nature
C. A regular periodically repeated pattern of arrangement of
constituent particles in the entire crystal
D. A true solid
Example Which of the following is an amorphous solid?
A. Graphite (C)
B. Quartz glass (SiO2)
C. Chrome alum
D. Silicon Carbide(SiC)
Example Which of the following is true about the value of refractive index
of quartz glass?
A. Same in all directions
B. Different in different directions
C. Cannot be measured
D. Always zero
Classification of Crystals
 Classification of Crystals - Ionic

Crystal Unit
Binding forces Properties Examples
Classification Particles

Ionic Positive and Ionic bonds ● Hard and brittle NaCl, PbS
negative ● High melting
ions points/ heats of
fusion
● Poor thermal and
electrical
conductors in solid
state
 Classification of Crystals

Crystal Unit
Binding forces Properties Examples
Classification Particles

Molecular Non - polar Weak Dispersion ● Soft H2, Cl2, I2

molecules Forces or London ● Low melting points
forces ● Poor thermal and
electrical
conductors
 Classification of Crystals

Crystal Unit
Binding forces Properties Examples
Classification Particles

Molecular Polar Dipole - dipole ● Soft Solid SO2,

molecules forces ● Moderate melting Solid NH3
points
● Poor thermal and
electrical
conductors
 Classification of Crystals

Crystal Unit
Binding forces Properties Examples
Classification Particles

Molecular Hydrogen Hydrogen bonds ● Moderately high Ice, Dry ice

bonded melting points
● Poor thermal and
electrical
conductors
 Classification of Crystals
Crystal Binding
Unit Particles Properties Examples
Classification forces

Covalent Atoms that are Covalent ● Very hard Diamond,

connected in bonds ● Very high melting Graphite
covalent bond points
network ● Poor thermal and
electrical
conductors
Graphite
 Classification of Crystals

Crystal Binding
Unit Particles Properties Examples
Classification forces

Cations in Metallic ● Soft to very hard All metallic

Metallic electron cloud bonds ● Low to very high elements, for
melting points example, Cu,
● Excellent thermal Fe, Zn.
and electrical
conductors.
Example Which of the following is a network solid?

A. SO2 (Solid)
B. I2
C. Diamond
D. H2O (Ice)
Example Which of the following is not the characteristic of ionic solids?
A. Very low value of electrical conductivity in the molten state.
B. Brittle nature
C. Very strong forces of interactions
D. Anisotropic nature
Example Graphite cannot be classified as __________.

A. Conducting solid
B. Network solid
C. Covalent solid
D. Ionic solid
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