Solid State 2

Crystal Systems
Anupam Gupta
B.Tech & M.Tech - IIT Delhi

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Crystalline solids can be studied based on smaller repeating units
which form the complete crystal
Crystalline solids can be studied based on smaller repeating units
which form the complete crystal
Crystalline solids can be studied based on smaller repeating units
which form the complete crystal
 Crystal Lattice

A regular three dimensional arrangement of points in space is called a Crystal Lattice.

Finding smallest possible GEOMETRICAL SHAPE which can act as a
repeating unit for a crystal
Finding smallest possible GEOMETRICAL SHAPE which can act as a
repeating unit for a crystal
Crystal Systems are defined based on “Parameters” of a Unit Cell

A unit cell is characterised by six parameters:

a, b, c, α, β and γ
Parameters of Crystal System
 Crystal System

Cubic Tetragonal Orthorhombic Monoclinic Triclinic Hexagonal Rhombohedral

 Parameters and Variation of 7 crystal systems

Axial distances
Crystal System Axial angles
or edge lengths

Cubic a=b=c α = β = γ = 900

Tetragonal a=b≠c α = β = γ = 900

Orthorhombic a ≠b≠c α = β = γ = 900

α = γ = 900
Monoclinic a≠b≠c
β ≠ 900

Triclinic a≠b≠c α ≠ β ≠ γ ≠ 900

α = β = 900
Hexagonal a=b≠c
γ = 1200

Rhombohedral or α = β = γ ≠ 900
a=b=c
Trigonal
 Trick to remember Parameters of 7 crystal systems

Axial distances
Crystal System Axial angles
or edge lengths

Cubic

Tetragonal

Orthorhombic

Monoclinic

Triclinic

Hexagonal

Rhombohedral or
Trigonal
Variations within a Crystal System
 Variations within a Crystal System

Primitive Unit Cells

When constituent particles are present only on the corner positions of a unit cell, it is
called as primitive unit cell.
 Variations within a Crystal System

Centred Unit Cells

When a unit cell contains one or more constituent particles present at positions other than
corners in addition to those at corners, it is called a centred unit cell. Centred unit cells are
of three types:
 Cubic System

Primitive Cubic

When constituent particles are present only on the corner positions of a unit cell, it is
called as primitive unit cell.
 Cubic System

Centered Cubic: Body Centered Cubic

a. Body-Centred Unit cells

Such a unit cell contains one constituent particle (atom, molecule or ion) at its
body-centre besides the ones that are at its corners.
 Cubic System

Centered Cubic: Face Centered Cubic

b. Face-Centred Unit cells

Such a unit cell contains one constituent particle present at the centre of each
face, besides the ones that are at its corners.
 Parameters and Variation of 7 crystal systems
Crystal System Possible Axial distances Axial angles Examples
Variations or edge lengths

Cubic Primitive, Body- NaCl, Zinc

Centred, Face- a=b=c α = β = γ = 900 blende, Cu
Centred

Tetragonal Primitive, Body- White tin, SnO2,

a=b≠c α = β = γ = 900
centred TiO2, CaSO4

Orthorhombic Primitive, Body- Rhombic

centred, Face- sulphur, KNO3,
a ≠b≠c α = β = γ = 900
centred, End- BaSO4
centred
 Parameters and Variation of 7 crystal systems

Crystal System Possible Axial distances Axial angles Examples

Variations or edge lengths

Monoclinic Primitive, End- α = γ = 900 Monoclinic sulphur,

a≠b≠c
centred β ≠ 900 Na2SO4.10H2O

Triclinic α ≠ β ≠ γ ≠ 900 K2Cr2O7,

Primitive a≠b≠c
CuSO4.5H2O, H3BO3

Hexagonal α = β = 900 Graphite, ZnO, CdS

Primitive a=b≠c
γ = 1200

Rhombohedral α = β = γ ≠ 900 Calcite (CaCO3),

or Trigonal Primitive a=b=c
HgS (cinnabar)
 Parameters and Variation of 7 crystal systems
Crystal System Axial distances Axial angles
or edge lengths

Cubic a=b=c α = β = γ = 900

Tetragonal a=b≠c α = β = γ = 900

Orthorhombic a ≠b≠c α = β = γ = 900

Monoclinic α = γ = 900
a≠b≠c
β ≠ 900

Triclinic a≠b≠c α ≠ β ≠ γ ≠ 900

Hexagonal α = β = 900
a=b≠c
γ = 1200

Rhombohedral or α = β = γ ≠ 900
a=b=c
Trigonal
Bravais Lattices
Contribution of Lattice Points in Unit Cell - Corner
Contribution of Lattice Points in Unit Cell
Contribution of Lattice Points in Unit Cell
Effective number of atoms in Unit Cell
Effective number of atoms in Unit Cell
Effective number of atoms in Unit Cell
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