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Gujarat Technological University: Unit: 1 Information Communication Networks
Gujarat Technological University: Unit: 1 Information Communication Networks
UNIT : 1 INFORMATION
COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
Prepared by,
Vaibhavi D Joshi
Sal Institute of Diploma Studies
(Information Technology)
BASIC TERMS
• What is Data?
• Data is a raw and unorganized fact that
required to be processed to make it
meaningful.
• Data contains numbers, statements, and
characters in a raw form.
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BASIC TERMS
• What is Information?
• Information is a set of data which is processed
in a meaningful way according to the given
requirement.
• Information is processed, structured, or
presented in a given context to make it
meaningful and useful.
BASIC TERMS
• What is a Network?
• A network consists of two or more computers
that are linked in order to share resources
(such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or
allow electronic communications.
• The computers on a network may be linked
through cables, telephone lines, radio waves,
satellites, or infrared light beams.
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BASIC TERMS
• What is Communication?
• Communication is the process of sending and
receiving messages through verbal or
nonverbal means, including speech, or oral
communication; writing and graphical
representations (such as graphics, maps, and
charts); and signs, signals.
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BASIC TERMS
• Type of network based on communication
channel :
BASIC TERMS
• What is Wireless Communication?
• “Wireless” as the term refers, uses air as a
medium to send electromagnetic waves or infrared
waves.(No need of wire or any physical media) •
Wireless devices have antennas for
communication.
• Wireless connectivity provides a major benefit of
user mobility and ease of deployment. • Wireless
becomes more useful in areas where Wires can’t be
reached.
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BASIC TERMS
• Data can be text,audio,video,picture.
BASIC TERMS
• Data can be
1. Analog
2. Digital
BASIC
Analog Signals
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TERMS Digital
Signals
BASIC TERMS
• What Is Bit?
• Bit is smallest element of data.
• Each individual unit of digital data is known as
bit.
• What is Bit Rate?
• It is numbers of bits transmitted during one
second.(in bps-bit per second)
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BASIC TERMS
• What is Bit Interval?
• It is the time required to send one single bit.
• It is inverse of Bit rate.
• What is Baud Rate?
• It is the numbers of signals to represent those
bits transmitted during one second.
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BASIC TERMS
• What is Symbol Rate ?
• It is Bit Rate/ No of bits transmitted with each
symbol.
• As shown in fig Bit Rate = 5 & per symbol
table Rate = 5
• Symbol Rate = Baud Rate
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BASIC TERMS
• What is Bandwidth ?
• It is a data transfer capacity of computer
network in bits per second(bps).
• It is a measure of how much information a
network can transfer.
• Eg. Person 1 downloading Files
Uploading
Person 2
BASIC TERMS
• What is Throughput?
• It is the average Rate of successful data
transfer through connection.
• Note:
• BW = Theoretical amount
• Throughput = Actual Amount
BASIC TERMS
• What is Data transfer?
• It is the quantity of data transferred over a given
period of time.
• What is Bandwidth Efficiency?
• It refers to the information rate that can be
transmitted over a given BW in a specific
communication system.
• It is also known as spectrum efficiency. • BW
efficiency = Bit Rate/ Minimum BW (bps/hz)
BASIC TERMS
• What is Modulation & Demodulation? •
Modulation is the process of influencing data
information on the carrier, while demodulation is
the recovery of original information at the distant
end from the carrier.
• A modem is an equipment that performs both
modulation and demodulation.
• Both processes aim to achieve transfer
information with the minimum distortion,
minimum loss, and efficient utilisation of
spectrum.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF
MODULATION PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI
VAIBHAVI D JOSHI
Carrier signal
Low frequency signal
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BASIC TERMS
• Carrier Signal
• The high frequency signal which has a certain
phase, frequency, and amplitude but contains no
information, is called a carrier signal. •
Modulated Signal
• The resultant signal after the process of
modulation, is called as the modulated signal.
This signal is a combination of the modulating
signal and the carrier signal.
Conversation Techniques
From To Approach Example Digital Digital Encoding Transmitter
Conversation Techniques
– Digital/Digital
• Unipolar
• Polar
– NRZ (Non Return to Zero)
» NRZ-L
» NRZ-I (Inverse)
– RZ (Return To Zero)
– Biphase
» Manchester
» Differential Manchester
• Bipolar
– AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion)
– B8ZS (Bipolar 8 – Zero substitution)
– HDB3 (High Density Bipolar 3)
PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI
Conversation Techniques
– Analog/Digital
• Step 1 PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation)
• Step 2 PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)
– Digital/Analog
• ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying)
– QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)
• FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)
• PSK (Phase Shift Keying)
– QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)
– Analog/Analog
• AM (Amplitude Modulation)
• FM (Frequency Modulation)
• PM (Phase Modulation)
Conversation Techniques
• DIGITAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES:
– ASK – Amplitude Shift Keying
– FSK – Frequency Shift Keying
– PSK – Phase Shift Keying
DIGITAL MODULATION
TECHNIQUES: ASK
• Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) is a type
of Amplitude Modulation which represents
the binary data in the form of variations in
the amplitude of a signal.
• Following is the diagram for ASK
modulated waveform along with its input.
PREPAREDBYVAIBHAVI DJOSHI
ASK
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ASK
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ASK
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ASK
• https://academo.org/demos/amplitude
modulation/
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FSK
• Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) is the digital
modulation technique in which the frequency of
the carrier signal varies according to the
discrete digital changes. FSK is a scheme of
frequency modulation.
• Following is the diagram for FSK modulated
waveform along with its input.
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JOSHI FSK
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FSK
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FSK
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PSK
• The phase of the output signal gets shifted
depending upon the input. These are mainly of
two types, namely BPSK and QPSK, according to
the number of phase shifts.
• Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is the digital modulation
technique in which the phase of the carrier signal
is changed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at
a particular time.
• PSK technique is widely used for wireless LANs,
bio-metric, contactless operations, along with
RFID and Bluetooth communications.
PSK
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PSK
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JOSHI PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI
D JOSHI