Embryophytes Relationships and Characteristics

– Land Plants
thallose or foliose; rhizoids +, oil bodies +
perforated water-conducting cells; mycothallus with endophytic Glomeromycota

Liverworts

8000
gametangia protective structures +; gametangial ontogeny without apical cells
capsule without columella; elaters (unicellular); stomata –; lunularic acid

Setaphytes protonema thallose; leafy; lvs cells parenchymatous

rhizoids multicellular; mycorrhiza –

Mosses

13,000
seta + capsule with peristome and columella
elaters –; stomata on sporophyte
' Bryophytes'
thallus orbicular or strap-like, often rosettes; Nostoc in schizogenous slime cavities (mostly ventral via mucilage clefts); chloroplast usu. 1/cell with pyrenoid; oil droplets +; water-conducting cells –
antheridia 1–many, of endogenous origin; archegonia single, embedded on dorsal thallus surface
embryo >
seta –; sporophyte chlorophyllous, mostly horn-like, growing from basal foot by indeterminate, intercalary meristematic activity, columella well or poorly defined
Hornworts

300
stomata on sporophyte; pseudoelaters (mostly multicellular); spore production continuous; lignans +, flavonoids –
sporophyte 2n
in female
gametangium
alternation of lvs usually with single central, unbranched vein ("microphylls")
root dichotomous
Lycophytes

1300
generations
sporangia reniform, dorsiventral and transversely dehiscent, 1 (adaxial) per leaf
seedless
nonvascular sporangia in sori

Ferns
stomata sporangia primarily multilayered: eusporangial
spores as Tracheophytes tapetum plasmodial

13,000
dispersal units pseudoendospore +
Vascular Plants siphonostele (incl. horsetails)

vascular tissue: tracheids + sieve cells perennial ('woody')

Cycads + G
no bisexual strobili
sporophyte dominant, chlorophyllous dioecious
ovules/seeds

300
sporangia many NOT enclosed by carpel zooidogamy inkgo
archegonia embedded/sunken primarily anemophilous
pollen tube haustorial
primary endosperm
megaphylls loss of spermatozoids Conifers

700
nucellar siphonogamy
multiflagellate sperm Gymnosperms lvs morphologically diverse + Ephedra, Welwitschia, Gnetum
Spermatophytes 1000
Seed Plants
ANA

200
grade
eustele
secondary growth
ovules/seeds

Magnoliids

10,000
heterosporous
pollen
> 350,000
pollen tube benzylisoquinoline
with 2 gametes each herbaceous, perennial, rhizomatous, growth sympodial
alkaloids +
Angiosperms stem primary thickening meristem +

Monocots
dispersal unit: seed pollen tube growth

60,000
vascular development bidirectional, bundles scattered; vascular cambium 0
intragynoecial radicle not persistent, stem-borne roots numerous; pollen monosulcate
flw bisexual endosperm triploid
fruit
(ovules enclosed by carpel)

Fabids
loss of spermatozoids

50,000
pollen tube penetrating
stigma/style/nucellus/synergid
(complete siphonogamy)
vessels Rosids
Malvids
Theodor C. H. Cole, Dipl. Biol. pollenkitt

30,000
primarily zoophilous sepals: adaxial epi-
Prof. Dr. Hartmut H. Hilger stomata anomocytic dermis with special
double fertilization: microsporogenesis
Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS) triploid endosperm mucilage cells
© Cole TCH, Hilger HH (CC-BY) 2019

simultaneous
Institute of Biology – Botany pollen tricolpate lvs opposite
flw hypogynous
Lamiids

50,000
Freie Universität Berlin late sympetaly
Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany Eudicots C primordia distinct
lvs alternate; flw epigynous
• tree based on molecular phylogenetic data (2019) early sympetaly

Campanulids
• branch lengths deliberate, not expressing actual time scale style shorter than ovary

35,000
C primordium ring-shaped
• numbers of species (in gray) are approximate
Asterids endosperm copious; myricetin 0
References: APG IV 2016; Judd et al. 2016; Kubitzki 1998 ff; Simpson 2010;
Soltis et al. 2005/2011/2014/2018; Stevens 2018 (APweb)

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