Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Automation of Railway Gate
Automation of Railway Gate
Chapter: 1
Introduction
1. Introduction of Project:
The basic requirement of a railway engine or bogie for its locomotion is the
continuity of the railway track which in this form and railway track network
which spreads across the country, and in doing so it intersects various cities
and towns and thereby also intersects all the roads coming across the railway
track.
In this project we are concerned with providing an automatic railway gate
control at unmanned level crossings replacing the gates operated by gate
keepers and also the semi-automatically operated gates. It deals with two
things. Firstly, it deals with the reduction of time for which the gate is being
kept closed. And secondly, to provide safety to the road users by reducing the
accidents that usually occur due to carelessness of road users and at times
errors made by the gangman. By employing the automatic railway gate control
at the level crossing the arrival of train is detected by the sensor placed 7km
before railway gate crossing. Once the arrival is sensed, the sensed signal is
sent to the microcontroller and it sends the signal after 2.5 second to motor
buzzer indication and light signals on both sides of railway gate crossing
provided to the road users indicating the closure of gates.
The departure of the train is detected by sensors placed at about 30m after the
gate crossing. The signal about the departure of the train is sent to the
microcontroller after 1.5 second, which in turn operates the motor and opens
the gate. Thus, the time for which the gate is closed is less compared to the
manually operated gates since the gate is closed depending upon the telephone
call from the previous station. Also reliability is high as it is not subjected to
manual errors.
As it is to be understood by everyone that the railway being mass transport has
to be given priority as compare to personal or road transport which is
comparatively smaller one and has to be allowed to be pass first as compare
to personal or road transport.
Not having a thorough understanding of the above concept and miscalculating
often the speed of the train it is that there is collision between the train and
men operated means. As regards to animals stringing on the track this project
has a limitation.
2. Assumptions:
3. List of Component:
1. AVR iBoard
2. Tsop Sensor
3. Bump Sensor
4. Motors
5. Relay Circuit
6. Power Supply
7. Train Kit
8. Plywood
9. Tool Kit
Chapter: 2
Literature Review
Indian Railway system has developed a capacity to carry 441.58 million tons
of originating revenue earning traffic which in terms of transport output is
284.27 billion NTKms (net tone kilometers). During 1998-99 the revenue
earning freight traffic moved by Railways was 420.9 million tons growing at
the rate of 7%. The total passenger traffic in the year 1998-99 was 4411
million tons.
Application Ideas
• Obstacle detection
• Shaft encoder
• Fixed frequency detection
A bump sensor is probably one of the easiest ways of letting gate Boom know
it's collided with something. The simplest way to do this is to fix a micro
switch to the pillar of gate in a way so that when it collides the switch will get
pushed in, making an electrical connection. Normally the switch will be held
open by an internal spring.
Tactile Bump Sensors are great for collision detection, but the circuit itself
also works fine for user buttons and switches as well.
There are many designs possible for bump switches, often depending on the
design and goals of the robot itself. But the circuit remains the same. They
usually implement a mechanical button to short the circuit, pulling the signal
line high or low. An example is the micro switch with a lever attached to
increase its range, as shown above. Tactile switches only work if you’re motor
can stop instantaneously (like when moving slowly).
There are several versions below, depending on how you plan to use the
circuit and your available switches. For the resistor use a very high value, such
as 40kohms.
Voltage
Voltage
goes low
goes high
with contact
with contact
The following diagram shows a typical circuit for a micro switch bump sensor.
The resistor is important because it holds the signal line at ground while the
switch is off. Without it the signal line is effectively 'floating' because there is
nothing connected to it, and may cause unreliable readings as the processor
tries to decide if the line is on or off.
Port B
0….3 Motor Drivers
4 Switch 1 (Active low)
5, 7 programmer
6 LED D2 (Active High)
Port C
O LCD Control pin
1 LED D1 (Active high)
2 LCD Control pin
3 Buzzer (Active high)
4…7 LCD Data pins
Port D
0 USART RXD
1 USART TXD + LED D3
2, 3 Switch 2, 3
4….7 Motor drivers A
PIN CONFIGURATION:
RESET: Reset Input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse
length will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running.
AVCC: AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It should
be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it
should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter.
AREF: AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.
or one of these small micro controllers (e.g. Atmel AVR, Microchip PIC) getting
more and more popular.
The MAX232 and MAX232A were once rather expensive ICs, but today they are
cheap. It has also helped that many companies now produce clones (i.e. Sipex). These
clones sometimes need different external circuitry, e.g. the capacities of the external
capacitors vary. It is recommended to check the data sheet of the particular
manufacturer of an IC instead of relying on Maxim's original data sheet.
The original manufacturer (and now some clone manufacturers, too) offers a large
series of similar ICs, with different numbers of receivers and drivers, voltages, built-
in or external capacitors, etc. E.g. The MAX232 and MAX232A need external
capacitors for the internal voltage pump, while the MAX233 has these capacitors
built-in. The MAX233 is also between three and ten times more expensive in
electronic shops than the MAX232A because of its internal capacitors. It is also more
difficult to get the MAX233 than the garden variety MAX232A.
MAX232 (A) DIP Package
+---v---+
C1+ -|1 16|-Vcc
V+ -|2 15|- GND
C1- -|3 14|-T1out
C2+ -|4 13|- R1in
C2- -|5 12|-R1out
V- -|6 11|-T1in
T2out -|7 10|-T2in
R2in -|8 9|- R2out
+-------
DESCRIPTION
The Device is a monolithic integrated high voltage, high current four channel driver
designed to accept standard DTL or TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads (such
as relays solenoids, DC and stepping motors) and switching power transistors.
To simplify use as two bridges each pair of channels is equipped with an enable input.
A separate supply input is provided for the logic, allowing operation at a lower
voltage and internal clamp diodes are included.
4.9.3 RELAY:
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to
operate a switching mechanism, but other operating principles are also used. Relays
find applications where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal, or
where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.
Fig1.9 Simple
electromechanical relay
Types of Relay
o Latching relay
o Reed relay
o Mercury-wetted relay
o Polarized relay
o Machine tool relay
o Contactor relay
o Solid-state relay
o Solid state contactor relay
o Buchholz relay
o Forced-guided contacts relay
Applications
An electric motor uses electrical energy to produce mechanical energy, very typically
through the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors. The
reverse process, producing electrical energy from mechanical energy, is accomplished
by a generator or dynamo. Traction motors used on vehicles often perform both tasks.
Many types of electric motors can be run as generators, and vice versa.
Electric motors are found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and
pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives. They may
be powered by direct current (for example a battery powered portable device or motor
vehicle), or by alternating current from a central electrical distribution grid. The
smallest motors may be found in electric wristwatches. Medium-size motors of highly
Types of Motors
Industrial motors come in a variety of basic types. These variations are suitable for
many different applications. Naturally, some types of motors are more suited for
certain applications than other motor types are. This document will hopefully give
some guidance in selecting these motors
AC Motors
DC Motors
Brushless DC Motors
Servo Motors
Brushed DC Servo Motors
Brushless AC Servo Motors
Stepper Motors
Linear Motors
DC Motor
A series-wound motor is referred to as a universal motor when it has been designed
to operate on either AC or DC power. The ability to operate on AC is because the
current in both the field and the armature (and hence the resultant magnetic fields)
will alternate (reverse polarity) in synchronism, and hence the resulting mechanical
force will occur in a constant direction. The DC motor is one of the earliest motor
designs. Today, it is the motor of choice in the majority of variable speed and torque
control applications.
Why to use DC motor
Easy to understand design
Easy to control speed
Easy to control torque
Simple, cheap drive design
Specification of Motor:
DC Motor
10 RPM
1.5-12 Volt Supply Required
Chapter: 3
Description of work
&
Implementation
Details
The detailed description of the working of the above model can be explained
under various heads.
The road user signals can freely move through the gate as buzzer is made ‘OFF’ since
there is no approach of train and road users need not be warned.
Detection of a train approaching the gate can be sensed by means of tsop sensors
placed on 7km before the railway gate crossing. Departure of train detected by sensor
place 30 meter after the gate.
5) Gate Opening:
When the train departure is sensed by the sensors, after 1.5 second signal is given to
the Microcontroller which operates the motor action in reverse direction and the gates
are opened.
5.1 ALGORITHM:
STEP 1: Start.
STEP 2: Set the variables.
STEP 3: Make initial settings of the signals for the train and road users.
STEP 4: Check for the arrival of the train in either direction by the sensors. If the train
is sensed go to step 5 otherwise go to step 4.
STEP 5: Make the warning signal for the road users.
STEP 6: Close the gate and stop the buzzer warning.
STEP 7: Check for the train departure by the sensors.
STEP8: Open the gate.
STEP 11: Go to STEP 3.
STEP 12: Stop.
6. Diagram:
Chapter: 4
Advantages
&
Limitations
7.1 Advantages:
1. Reliability of boom operation on account automation is high as its manually
operation is eliminated
2. Improvement in safety of road passengers who use railway gate crossing.
3. Reduces the waiting time of road passengers.
7.2 Limitations:
1. It requires sensor to be kept at larger distance away from gate crossing and proper
wiring has to be provided to reach the signal till the railway, which will cost more.
2. Maintenance probably may be high.
3. The project provides encountered safety of animal who accidently stray across the
railway gate crossing.
CHAPTER: 5
Conclusion
8. Conclusion:
Chapter: 6
References
And Bibliography
9. References:
2. http://robosoftsystems.co.in/roboshop/index.php/sensors/sensor-
modules/single-tsop-sensor-module.html
3. http://robotiks4u.blogspot.com/2008/06/bump-sensor.html
4. http://www.societyofrobots.com/sensors_tactbumpswitch.shtml
5. http://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/doc2466.pdf
9.1 Bibliography
Appendix
Appendix: A:
10.1 Projectile:
Name Email Id
1. Mulla Umer Q umer_mulla@rediffmail.com
2. Mundkar Satish satishmundkar@gmail.com
3. Munnoli Mahesh maheshmnnl@gmail.com
4. Bochare Ramdas ramdasbochare@yahoo.co.in
5. Akkalkote Rameshwar
akkalkote.rameshwar@gmail.com
Guide:
Prof S.B.Mishra
sunilbajarangmishra@yahoo.com
Co-Guide
#include<avr/io.h>
#include<util/delay.h>
void close(void)
{
CLEARBIT(PORTD,4);
SETBIT(PORTD,5);
CLEARBIT(PORTD,6);
SETBIT(PORTD,7);
}
void stop(void)
{
CLEARBIT(PORTD,4);
CLEARBIT(PORTD,5);
CLEARBIT(PORTD,6);
CLEARBIT(PORTD,7);
}
void open(void)
{
SETBIT(PORTD,4);
CLEARBIT(PORTD,5);
SETBIT(PORTD,6);
CLEARBIT(PORTD,7);
}
void dright(void)
{
CLEARBIT(PORTD,4);
SETBIT(PORTD,5);
SETBIT(PORTD,6);
CLEARBIT(PORTD,7);
}
void dleft(void)
{
SETBIT(PORTD,4);
CLEARBIT(PORTD,5);
CLEARBIT(PORTD,6);
SETBIT(PORTD,7);
}
void one(void)
{
do
{
close();
}while(!(CHECKBIT(PINA,2)));
stop();
while(1)
{
if (!(CHECKBIT(PINA,4)))
{
do
{
_delay_ms(150);
}while(!(CHECKBIT(PINA,4)));
_delay_ms(2500);
if ((CHECKBIT(PINA,4)))
{
do
{
open();
}while(!(CHECKBIT(PINA,6)));
stop();
return(0);
}
}
}
}
void two(void)
{
do
{
close();
}while(!(CHECKBIT(PINA,2)));
stop();
while(1)
{
if (!(CHECKBIT(PINA,1)))
{
do
{
_delay_ms(150);
}while(!(CHECKBIT(PINA,1)));
_delay_ms(2500);
if ((CHECKBIT(PINA,1)))
{
do
{
open();
}while(!(CHECKBIT(PINA,6)));
stop();
return(0);
}
}
}
}
int main(void)
{
int j=0;
SETBIT(DDRD,4);
SETBIT(DDRD,5);
SETBIT(DDRD,6);
SETBIT(DDRD,7);
CLEARBIT(PORTD,4);
CLEARBIT(PORTD,5);
CLEARBIT(PORTD,6);
CLEARBIT(PORTC,7);
CLEARBIT(DDRA,1);
CLEARBIT(DDRA,2);
CLEARBIT(DDRA,3);
CLEARBIT(DDRA,4);
CLEARBIT(DDRA,5);
CLEARBIT(DDRA,6);
SETBIT(PORTA,1);
SETBIT(PORTA,2);
SETBIT(PORTA,3);
SETBIT(PORTA,4);
SETBIT(PORTA,5);
SETBIT(PORTA,6);
while(1)
{
if (!(CHECKBIT(PINA,1)))
_delay_ms(2500);
if (!(CHECKBIT(PINA,1)))
{
one();
}
if (!(CHECKBIT(PINA,4)))
_delay_ms(2500);
if (!(CHECKBIT(PINA,4)))
{
two();
}
}
return(0);
10.3 Expenditure:
6 Other 2000/-
TOTAL 4725/-
10.4 PHOTOS:
10.4.1: Amdar Praniti Sushilkumar Shinde and our College Secretary Mane
Madam