Hazelmere Avenue Water Supply System

Megan Bowman Project Report #1

Abstract
In this project, a water supply system was designed for a city block in Cleveland and was
modeled in EPA net to simulate flow and pressure in the system at the minimum and maximum
demand for showerheads while meeting specific design requirements. These requirements
were that the system must be within federal regulations for flow rates at showerheads, have 3
to 5 loops with 15 to 20 houses, and maintain water pressure at the house connection to the
main between 45 and 80 pounds per square inch (PSI) during the demand periods. The
minimum demand for this system is modeled using 2 houses with their showers on at the
federal regulation flow rate, and a maximum demand for the system with all house showers on
at 50 percent of the federal regulation flow rate. The system designed in this report consists of
3 loops, 27 houses, one reservoir with a head of 50 meters to create pressure in the system,
uses copper pipes with varying diameters for the entire system, ignores topography, minor
losses, differences in home heights assuming all are 5 meters tall with main lines 1 meter deep,
and assumes there is only a single pipe from the main to the top-floor shower at each house.
Running this system using these design parameters and assumptions, the system achieved all
design requirements. The flows and pressure through the system are discussed in this report as
well as the system design and subsequent limitations.

Introduction
A water supply system was modeled for a city block in Cleveland, Ohio with 27 houses, at
maximum and minimum demand. The goal of this system is to supply shower heads on the
second floor of the houses in the system when there are the minimum and maximum demand.
This system must be within regulations for flow rates at showerheads, have 3 to 5 loops with 15
to 20 houses, and maintain water pressure at the house connection to the main between 45
and 80 pounds per square inch (PSI) during maximum and minimum demand periods. To
maintain these regulations, a reservoir needs to be included in the system and needs to have a
certain elevation to represent the city water supply and achieve the pressure requirements for
the system. By maintaining these regulations, we can conserve large amounts of water and
energy while minimizing cost for homeowners and federal, state, and local governments
(Waterpik® Product Support, 2019). The design of this project was conducted in EPA net using
Darcy-Weisbach (D-W) head loss formula, which can be found in the Appendix, and liters per
second (LPS) for the flow rate to model the system. In designing this project, requirements such
as water pressure, flow, demand, pipe material, diameter, and length were considered as well
as pipe location, number of loops and construction needed to supply the homes. The system
should be easily accessible to the city, with minimally invasive construction on resident

1
properties and minimal losses in the pipes from friction while still meeting the design
requirements. The pipes of the main need to be within city standards and feed smaller pipes
going to each home. The main pipe supplying the city block needs to be supplied with sufficient
pressure from the reservoir placed a few blocks away. By maintaining these design parameters,
the city block should be able to stay within country and city limits for flow rates and water
pressure operating at maximum and minimum demand while also fulfilling the requirements of
the system and satisfying the residents of the city block.

Methods
The location of the system is between the two side streets Hazelmere Avenue and Clairview
Avenue and the two main roads of W 140th street and W 142nd street in Cleveland, Ohio. The
system main pipes were designed along all four roads surrounding the city block and through
the property lines dividing the backyards of the homes on the main roads from the homes on
the side streets. The main lines were then connected to the homes and from the homes up to
the second-floor shower. This system can be seen in Figure 1 and Figure 2 below. The lengths of
the pipes needed were obtained from measuring the street lengths, and distance from the
street to the homes using google maps. This system design ignores topography and assumes
that all houses are two-floors tall or 5 meters above the ground with the mainline running 1
meter deep. The elevations for the system set the main pipe datum to zero to represent 1
meter below ground for the whole system, and the subsequent shower heads on the second
floor of the houses are 6 meters above the zero datum or main pipe. The main lines on
Hazelmere and Clairview are 190 meters long, the main lines on W 140th, W 142nd, and between
property lines are 92 meters. The home pipes are 20 meters from the main and pipes from the
home to the second floor are 6 meters long. These lengths can also be found in further detail in
Table 2 and Table 4 below.
The diameters of pipes were chosen based on the city requirements of the mains being
between 8 and 16 inches, and the home pipe diameters being 2 inches or less (City of
Cleveland, 2017, pp. 16, 26). The main pipe diameter used for the system was 12 inches or
304.8 millimeters and the houses pipe diameter of 1 inch or 25.4 meters (all conversions used
in this report can be found in the Appendix). To meet the design requirements of the system,
copper pipes were used in three loops around the city block with their placement described
previously. The roughness of copper pipes was obtained from the standard roughness table for
use with D-W, being 0.000005 feet or 0.0015 mm (Bengtson). The cost of this system was
calculated using the $6.57 per foot of a 1-inch copper pipe on PlumbersStock and $301.58 per
3456 square inches of copper sheet on OnlineMetals (PlumbersStock, 2020) (OnlineMetals,
2020) The cost of 1-inch pipes in the system was calculated using the price of the 1-inch pipe
multiplied by the total feet of 1-inch pipes used in the system, which is 702 meters, or roughly
2303 feet resulting in a cost of $15,130.71. The cost of the main pipes in the system was
calculated using the price of the copper sheets multiplied by the total surface area needed for
all the main lines in the system, which is 1,407,038 square inches as seen in Equation 1 below,

2
resulting in a cost of $122,781.98. This resulted in a total material cost of $137,912.69. These
calculations can be found in further detail in the Appendix.
Equation 1
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒 = 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 12 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 948 𝑚 ∗ 3.28084 ∗ 12 = 37,322.84 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
𝑚 𝑓𝑡
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒 ~ 1,407,038 𝑖𝑛2
The water flow rate requirements for showerheads in the US is a maximum of 2.5 gallons per
minute (GPM), or 0.1575 LPS (Waterpik® Product Support, 2019). The City of Cleveland requires
water pressure in the main pipeline between 40 to 140 PSI (City of Cleveland, p. 5). The house
connections for this project, being the nodes of the shower heads, need to maintain pressure
between 45 to 80 PSI. To maintain these standards, a system pressure of 70 PSI was chosen and
converted to a total head of roughly 50 meters for the system reservoir as seen in Equation 2
below. The system reservoir was set up 200 meters away from the system. To model the
system, two static demand patterns were run to represent the maximum and minimum
demand for the system. The maximum demand modeled was for half of the houses in the
system to have their showers on. Using a static system, rather than setting 50 percent of the
houses to the maximum demand of 0.1575 LPS, every shower head in the system was set to
half the demand of the showerhead flow rate requirement, 0.07875 LPS, to represent the
maximum demand. For the minimum demand, two shower nodes in the system had their
demand set to the showerhead flow rate of 0.1575 LPS.
Equation 2
𝑃
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 =
𝛾
𝑙𝑏𝑓 1𝑁 1 𝑖𝑛2 𝑁
𝑃 = 70 2 ∗ ∗ = 482,632.8884
𝑖𝑛 0.2248 𝑙𝑏𝑓 0.00064516 𝑚2 𝑚2
𝑁
𝛾 = 9810
𝑚3
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 ~50 𝑚

3
Figure 1: Node IDs for System at Minimum and Maximum Demand
This figure depicts the pipe system over the city block with the nodes, or junctions, labeled with
their ID numbers. These IDs can be used for reference in the upcoming tables.

Figure 2: Link IDs for System at Minimum and Maximum Demand

This figure depicts the pipe system over the city block with the pipes, or links, labeled with their
ID numbers. These IDs can be used for reference in the upcoming tables.

4
Results
In running this system in EPA net for the two static systems modeling maximum and minimum
demand, the system maintained all requirements. The pressure at the house connection to the
main, being the shower node, was between 45 to 80 PSI, or roughly 31.6 meters to 56 meters.
This means that the elevation head of the reservoir maintains the regulations. When running
the minimum demand system, the water pressure in the system during this ranged from 43.83
meters at the nodes with showers turned on, to 50 meters as seen in Table 1 below. The flow
rates ranged from -0.12 LPS to 0.31 LPS as seen in Table 2 below. The maximum demand
system had water pressure ranging from 43.95 meters at nodes with showerheads turned on,
to 50 meters as seen in Table 3 below, and flow rates ranging from -0.86 LPS to 2.13 LPS as
seen in Table 4 below.
Table 1: Node Data for Minimum Demand
Node Data for Minimum Demand
Elevation Base Demand Pressure Elevation Base Demand Pressure Elevation Base Demand Pressure
Node ID m LPS m Node ID m LPS m Node ID m LPS m
Junc 1 0 0 50 Junc 33 0 0 50 Junc 63 6 0.1575 43.83
Junc 2 0 0 50 Junc 34 0 0 50 Junc 64 0 0 50
Junc 3 0 0 50 Junc 35 0 0 50 Junc 65 6 0 44
Junc 5 0 0 50 Junc 36 0 0 50 Junc 66 0 0 50
Junc 7 0 0 50 Junc 37 0 0 50 Junc 67 6 0 44
Junc 8 0 0 50 Junc 38 0 0 50 Junc 68 0 0 50
Junc 9 0 0 50 Junc 39 0 0 50 Junc 69 0 0 50
Junc 10 0 0 50 Junc 40 0 0 50 Junc 70 0 0 50
Junc 11 0 0 50 Junc 41 0 0 50 Junc 71 0 0 50
Junc 12 0 0 50 Junc 42 0 0 50 Junc 72 0 0 50
Junc 13 0 0 50 Junc 43 6 0 44 Junc 73 0 0 50
Junc 14 0 0 50 Junc 44 0 0 50 Junc 74 0 0 50
Junc 15 0 0 50 Junc 45 6 0 44 Junc 75 0 0 50
Junc 16 0 0 50 Junc 46 0 0 49.87 Junc 76 0 0 50
Junc 17 0 0 50 Junc 47 6 0.1575 43.83 Junc 77 6 0 44
Junc 18 6 0 44 Junc 48 0 0 50 Junc 78 0 0 50
Junc 19 0 0 50 Junc 49 6 0 44 Junc 79 6 0 44
Junc 20 6 0 44 Junc 50 0 0 50 Junc 80 0 0 50
Junc 21 0 0 50 Junc 51 6 0 44 Junc 81 6 0 44
Junc 22 6 0 44 Junc 52 0 0 50 Junc 82 0 0 50
Junc 23 0 0 50 Junc 53 6 0 44 Junc 83 6 0 44
Junc 24 6 0 44 Junc 54 0 0 50 Junc 84 0 0 50
Junc 25 0 0 50 Junc 55 6 0 44 Junc 85 6 0 44
Junc 26 6 0 44 Junc 56 0 0 50 Junc 86 0 0 50
Junc 27 0 0 50 Junc 57 6 0 44 Junc 87 6 0 44
Junc 28 6 0 44 Junc 58 0 0 50 Junc 88 0 0 50
Junc 29 0 0 50 Junc 59 6 0 44 Junc 89 6 0 44
Junc 30 0 0 50 Junc 60 0 0 50 Junc 90 0 0 50
Junc 31 0 0 50 Junc 61 6 0 44 Junc 91 6 0 44
Junc 32 0 0 50 Junc 62 0 0 49.87 Resvr 4 50 #N/A 0

This table details the elevations, base demand, and pressures for the static system at minimum
demand. At nodes where there is a demand for the showerhead, the pressure is 43.83 meters.
At the nodes for the house connected to the shower node, the pressure is 49.87 meters. At all
other nodes at the zero datum, the pressure is 50 meters, while the nodes at an elevation of 6
meters have a pressure of 44 meters. The reservoir for this system, which represents the inflow
from the city water supply, has an elevation of 50 meters which is directly related to a total
head at the reservoir of 50 meters and has a pressure of 0 meters.

5
Table 2: Link Data for Minimum Demand
Link Data for Maximum Demand
Flow Length Diameter Flow Length Diameter Flow Length Diameter Flow Length Diameter
Link ID LPS m mm Link ID LPS m mm Link ID LPS m mm Link ID LPS m mm
Pipe 2 -0.01 92 304.8 Pipe 28 0.08 20 25.4 Pipe 51 0.08 20 25.4 Pipe 74 0.08 20 25.4
Pipe 5 0.79 92 304.8 Pipe 29 0.08 6 25.4 Pipe 52 0.08 6 25.4 Pipe 75 0.08 6 25.4
Pipe 7 0.79 40 304.8 Pipe 30 0.79 9.5 304.8 Pipe 53 0.08 20 25.4 Pipe 76 0.08 20 25.4
Pipe 8 1.33 40 304.8 Pipe 31 0.71 13 304.8 Pipe 54 0.08 6 25.4 Pipe 77 0.08 6 25.4
Pipe 9 -0.01 40 304.8 Pipe 32 0.63 13 304.8 Pipe 55 0.17 16 304.8 Pipe 78 0.08 20 25.4
Pipe 10 0.01 40 304.8 Pipe 33 0.55 13 304.8 Pipe 56 0.09 15 304.8 Pipe 79 0.08 6 25.4
Pipe 11 0 13.5 304.8 Pipe 34 0.47 13 304.8 Pipe 57 0.02 15 304.8 Pipe 80 0.08 20 25.4
Pipe 12 -0.08 13 304.8 Pipe 35 0.4 13 304.8 Pipe 58 -0.06 15 304.8 Pipe 81 0.08 6 25.4
Pipe 13 -0.16 13 304.8 Pipe 36 0.32 13 304.8 Pipe 59 -0.14 15 304.8 Pipe 82 0.08 20 25.4
Pipe 14 -0.23 13 304.8 Pipe 37 0.24 13 304.8 Pipe 60 -0.22 16 304.8 Pipe 83 0.08 6 25.4
Pipe 15 -0.31 13 304.8 Pipe 38 0.16 9.5 304.8 Pipe 61 -0.23 9.5 304.8 Pipe 84 0.08 20 25.4
Pipe 16 -0.39 13 304.8 Pipe 39 0.08 20 25.4 Pipe 62 -0.31 13 304.8 Pipe 85 0.08 6 25.4
Pipe 17 -0.47 13.5 304.8 Pipe 40 0.08 6 25.4 Pipe 63 -0.39 13 304.8 Pipe 86 0.08 20 25.4
Pipe 18 0.08 20 25.4 Pipe 41 0.08 20 25.4 Pipe 64 -0.47 13 304.8 Pipe 87 0.08 6 25.4
Pipe 19 0.08 6 25.4 Pipe 42 0.08 6 25.4 Pipe 65 -0.55 13 304.8 Pipe 88 0.08 20 25.4
Pipe 20 0.08 20 25.4 Pipe 43 0.08 20 25.4 Pipe 66 -0.63 13 304.8 Pipe 89 0.08 6 25.4
Pipe 21 0.08 6 25.4 Pipe 44 0.08 6 25.4 Pipe 67 -0.71 13 304.8 Pipe 90 0.08 20 25.4
Pipe 22 0.08 20 25.4 Pipe 45 0.08 20 25.4 Pipe 68 -0.79 13 304.8 Pipe 91 0.08 6 25.4
Pipe 23 0.08 6 25.4 Pipe 46 0.08 6 25.4 Pipe 69 -0.86 9.5 304.8 Pipe 92 0.08 20 25.4
Pipe 24 0.08 20 25.4 Pipe 47 0.08 20 25.4 Pipe 70 0.08 20 25.4 Pipe 93 0.08 6 25.4
Pipe 25 0.08 6 25.4 Pipe 48 0.08 6 25.4 Pipe 71 0.08 6 25.4 Pipe 94 0.08 20 25.4
Pipe 26 0.08 20 25.4 Pipe 49 0.08 20 25.4 Pipe 72 0.08 20 25.4 Pipe 95 0.08 6 25.4
Pipe 27 0.08 6 25.4 Pipe 50 0.08 6 25.4 Pipe 73 0.08 6 25.4 Pipe 96 2.13 200 304.8

This table details the flow throughout the static system at minimum demand, lengths, and
diameters of the pipes. Main pipes that lead up to one of the two houses with a showerhead on
can be seen to have higher positive or negative flow rates than main pipes that do not supply
those houses. The main pipes that do not contribute to the houses with showers on can be
seen to have a flow rate of 0 LPS. The pipes running to the actual houses and supplying the
shower heads that are turned on can be seen to both have flow rates of 0.16 LPS at pipe 43, 44,
74, and 75. This directly corresponds to those showerheads having a base demand of 0.1575
LPS. Pipe 96 runs off the reservoir, which represents the inflow from the city water supply, has
a flow rate of 0.31 LPS. The lengths and diameters of the pipes do not have any discernable
correlation with the flow rates of the system and are provided in this table for context
purposes.

6
Table 3: Node Data for Maximum Demand
Node Data for Maximum Demand
Elevation Base Demand Pressure Elevation Base Demand Pressure Elevation Base Demand Pressure
Node ID m LPS m Node ID m LPS m Node ID m LPS m
Junc 1 0 0 50 Junc 33 0 0 50 Junc 63 6 0.07875 43.95
Junc 2 0 0 50 Junc 34 0 0 50 Junc 64 0 0 49.96
Junc 3 0 0 50 Junc 35 0 0 50 Junc 65 6 0.07875 43.95
Junc 5 0 0 50 Junc 36 0 0 50 Junc 66 0 0 49.96
Junc 7 0 0 50 Junc 37 0 0 50 Junc 67 6 0.07875 43.95
Junc 8 0 0 50 Junc 38 0 0 50 Junc 68 0 0 50
Junc 9 0 0 50 Junc 39 0 0 50 Junc 69 0 0 50
Junc 10 0 0 50 Junc 40 0 0 50 Junc 70 0 0 50
Junc 11 0 0 50 Junc 41 0 0 50 Junc 71 0 0 50
Junc 12 0 0 50 Junc 42 0 0 49.96 Junc 72 0 0 50
Junc 13 0 0 50 Junc 43 6 0.07875 43.95 Junc 73 0 0 50
Junc 14 0 0 50 Junc 44 0 0 49.96 Junc 74 0 0 50
Junc 15 0 0 50 Junc 45 6 0.07875 43.95 Junc 75 0 0 50
Junc 16 0 0 50 Junc 46 0 0 49.96 Junc 76 0 0 49.96
Junc 17 0 0 49.96 Junc 47 6 0.07875 43.95 Junc 77 6 0.07875 43.95
Junc 18 6 0.07875 43.95 Junc 48 0 0 49.96 Junc 78 0 0 49.96
Junc 19 0 0 49.96 Junc 49 6 0.07875 43.95 Junc 79 6 0.07875 43.95
Junc 20 6 0.07875 43.95 Junc 50 0 0 49.96 Junc 80 0 0 49.96
Junc 21 0 0 49.96 Junc 51 6 0.07875 43.95 Junc 81 6 0.07875 43.95
Junc 22 6 0.07875 43.95 Junc 52 0 0 49.96 Junc 82 0 0 49.96
Junc 23 0 0 49.96 Junc 53 6 0.07875 43.95 Junc 83 6 0.07875 43.95
Junc 24 6 0.07875 43.95 Junc 54 0 0 49.96 Junc 84 0 0 49.96
Junc 25 0 0 49.96 Junc 55 6 0.07875 43.95 Junc 85 6 0.07875 43.95
Junc 26 6 0.07875 43.95 Junc 56 0 0 49.96 Junc 86 0 0 49.96
Junc 27 0 0 49.96 Junc 57 6 0.07875 43.95 Junc 87 6 0.07875 43.95
Junc 28 6 0.07875 43.95 Junc 58 0 0 49.96 Junc 88 0 0 49.96
Junc 29 0 0 50 Junc 59 6 0.07875 43.95 Junc 89 6 0.07875 43.95
Junc 30 0 0 50 Junc 60 0 0 49.96 Junc 90 0 0 49.96
Junc 31 0 0 50 Junc 61 6 0.07875 43.95 Junc 91 6 0.07875 43.95
Junc 32 0 0 50 Junc 62 0 0 49.96 Resvr 4 50 #N/A 0

This table details the elevations, base demand, and pressures for the static system at maximum
demand. At nodes where there is a demand for the showerhead, the pressure is 43.95 meters.
At the nodes for the house connected to the shower node, the pressure is 49.96 meters. At all
other nodes at the zero datum, the pressure is 50 meters. The reservoir for this system, which
represents the inflow from the city water supply, has an elevation of 50 meters which is directly
related to a total head at the reservoir of 50 meters and has a pressure of 0 meters.
Table 4: Link Data for Minimum Demand
Link Data for Minimum Demand
Flow Length Diameter Flow Length Diameter Flow Length Diameter Flow Length Diameter
Link ID LPS m mm Link ID LPS m mm Link ID LPS m mm Link ID LPS m mm
Pipe 2 -0.02 92 304.8 Pipe 28 0 20 25.4 Pipe 51 0 20 25.4 Pipe 74 0.16 20 25.4
Pipe 5 0.11 92 304.8 Pipe 29 0 6 25.4 Pipe 52 0 6 25.4 Pipe 75 0.16 6 25.4
Pipe 7 0.11 40 304.8 Pipe 30 0.19 9.5 304.8 Pipe 53 0 20 25.4 Pipe 76 0 20 25.4
Pipe 8 0.2 40 304.8 Pipe 31 0.19 13 304.8 Pipe 54 0 6 25.4 Pipe 77 0 6 25.4
Pipe 9 -0.02 40 304.8 Pipe 32 0.19 13 304.8 Pipe 55 0.05 16 304.8 Pipe 78 0 20 25.4
Pipe 10 0.02 40 304.8 Pipe 33 0.03 13 304.8 Pipe 56 0.05 15 304.8 Pipe 79 0 6 25.4
Pipe 11 -0.08 13.5 304.8 Pipe 34 0.03 13 304.8 Pipe 57 0.05 15 304.8 Pipe 80 0 20 25.4
Pipe 12 -0.08 13 304.8 Pipe 35 0.03 13 304.8 Pipe 58 -0.11 15 304.8 Pipe 81 0 6 25.4
Pipe 13 -0.08 13 304.8 Pipe 36 0.03 13 304.8 Pipe 59 -0.11 15 304.8 Pipe 82 0 20 25.4
Pipe 14 -0.08 13 304.8 Pipe 37 0.03 13 304.8 Pipe 60 -0.11 16 304.8 Pipe 83 0 6 25.4
Pipe 15 -0.08 13 304.8 Pipe 38 0.03 9.5 304.8 Pipe 61 -0.12 9.5 304.8 Pipe 84 0 20 25.4
Pipe 16 -0.08 13 304.8 Pipe 39 0 20 25.4 Pipe 62 -0.12 13 304.8 Pipe 85 0 6 25.4
Pipe 17 -0.08 13.5 304.8 Pipe 40 0 6 25.4 Pipe 63 -0.12 13 304.8 Pipe 86 0 20 25.4
Pipe 18 0 20 25.4 Pipe 41 0 20 25.4 Pipe 64 -0.12 13 304.8 Pipe 87 0 6 25.4
Pipe 19 0 6 25.4 Pipe 42 0 6 25.4 Pipe 65 -0.12 13 304.8 Pipe 88 0 20 25.4
Pipe 20 0 20 25.4 Pipe 43 0.16 20 25.4 Pipe 66 -0.12 13 304.8 Pipe 89 0 6 25.4
Pipe 21 0 6 25.4 Pipe 44 0.16 6 25.4 Pipe 67 -0.12 13 304.8 Pipe 90 0 20 25.4
Pipe 22 0 20 25.4 Pipe 45 0 20 25.4 Pipe 68 -0.12 13 304.8 Pipe 91 0 6 25.4
Pipe 23 0 6 25.4 Pipe 46 0 6 25.4 Pipe 69 -0.12 9.5 304.8 Pipe 92 0 20 25.4
Pipe 24 0 20 25.4 Pipe 47 0 20 25.4 Pipe 70 0 20 25.4 Pipe 93 0 6 25.4
Pipe 25 0 6 25.4 Pipe 48 0 6 25.4 Pipe 71 0 6 25.4 Pipe 94 0 20 25.4
Pipe 26 0 20 25.4 Pipe 49 0 20 25.4 Pipe 72 0 20 25.4 Pipe 95 0 6 25.4
Pipe 27 0 6 25.4 Pipe 50 0 6 25.4 Pipe 73 0 6 25.4 Pipe 96 0.31 200 304.8

This table details the flow throughout the static system at maximum demand, lengths, and
diameters of the pipes. Main pipes that lead up to houses with a showerhead on can be seen to
have higher positive or negative flow rates than main pipes that do not supply those houses.
The main pipes that do not contribute to the houses with showers on can be seen to have a
7
flow rate of 0 LPS. The pipes running to the actual houses and supplying the shower heads that
are turned on can be seen to both have flow rates of 0.08 LPS. This directly corresponds to
those showerheads having a base demand of 0.07875 LPS. Pipe 96 runs off the reservoir, which
represents the inflow from the city water supply, has a flow rate of 2.13 LPS. The lengths and
diameters of the pipes do not have any discernible correlation with the flow rates of the system
and are provided in this table for context purposes.

Discussion
Through modeling this system in EPA net using the parameters discussed in this report, we
were able to successfully design a system that meets all the design requirements discussed.
These design requirements included using the federal requirement for flow rates at
showerheads, have two to three loops with 15 to 20 houses, maintain water pressure at the
house connection to the main between 45 and 80 pounds per square inch (PSI) during
maximum and minimum demand which was achieved. Some other assumptions used were to
assume there is only a single pipe from the main to the top-floor shower at each house, assume
all homes are 5 meters tall with mains 1 meter deep, and to set up a system reservoir to create
pressure in the system. If this system were to be implemented for the city block, there would
be some limitations, however. Firstly, the use of copper piping throughout the entire system
would not be financially reasonable outside of the homes and would not be within regulations
for the City of Cleveland. Copper piping was chosen due to it having a low roughness to
minimize losses and to make it easier to design the system using only one material. Instead,
cement-lined ductile iron pipe or PVC pressure rated pipe would be used for the main pipes in
the system which would subsequently change the cost of the project as well as the roughness
of the system affecting the calculations for the system by a small amount (City of Cleveland,
2017, p. 27). This system as designed in EPA net also ignores minor losses in the system,
topography, all other pipes in the house and assume there is only a single pipe from the main to
the top-floor shower at each house, differences in home heights, and variations in shower head
flow rates. The system was designed using these parameters for simplicity. These limitations
would change the demand, flow, pressures, and calculations for the system but likely not in a
highly consequential way whereas the system would no longer run successfully. The pipe layout
of this system is also not likely to be implemented. In reality, the pipes for the system would
not be placed on home property lines as it would make construction and maintenance difficult.
This was designed for the system to meet the 3 to 5 loop criteria, which is also unlikely. In
reality, one city block would consist of one loop with the main pipes underneath the roads.
Lastly, the simulation ran the system for maximum demand by setting all the house to 50
percent of the demand, instead of half of the houses to 100 percent demand. This would
change flows and pressures throughout the system but would likely not negatively affect the
system in any way.

8
Bibliography
Bengtson, H. H. (n.d.). Spreadsheets for Pipe Flow-Friction Factor. CED Engineering. Retrieved
from
https://www.cedengineering.com/userfiles/Spreadsheet%20Use%20for%20Pipe%20Flo
w-Friction%20Factor%20Calculations.pdf
City of Cleveland. (2017). Cleveland Division of Water Design and Construction Manual.
Retrieved from
http://www.clevelandwater.com/sites/default/files/Construction_Manual%20-
%20Updated.pdf
City of Cleveland. (n.d.). Obtaining Water Service from the Cleveland Water - Residential.
Retrieved from
http://www.clevelandwater.com/sites/default/files/ResApplicationInstructions.pdf
OnlineMetals. (2020). 0.02" Copper Sheet 110-H02. Retrieved from
https://www.onlinemetals.com/en/buy/copper/0-02-copper-sheet-110-h02/pid/19855
PlumbersStock. (2020). 1" Type K Copper Pipe - 5' Length. Retrieved from
https://www.plumbersstock.com/pick1-1in-type-k-copper-pipe-20ft-
only.html?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&adpos=&scid=scplp131&sc_intid=13
1
Waterpik® Product Support. (2019). Shower Head GPM - What It Means & Why It’s Important
To You. Retrieved from https://www.waterpik.com/shower-head/blog/shower-head-
gpm/

9
Appendix
Darcy- Weisbach Head Loss Formula:
𝑓𝐿
ℎ𝐿 = 2
𝑄2
2𝑔𝐷𝐴

1 𝑘⁄
= −2log ( 𝐷)
√𝑓 3.7

Conversions Used:
1 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ = 25.4 𝑚𝑚
1 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡 = 304.8 𝑚𝑚
1 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡 = 3.28084 𝑚
2.5 𝑔𝑎𝑙 3.78 𝐿 𝑚𝑖𝑛
∗ ∗ = 0.1575 𝐿𝑃𝑆
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑎𝑙 60 𝑠
Cost Calculation:
Main Pipe:
$301.58
∗ 1,407,038 𝑖𝑛2 = $122,781.98
3456 𝑖𝑛2
House Pipes:
$6.57
∗ 2303 𝑓𝑡 = $15,130.71
𝑓𝑡
Total Cost:
$122,781.98 + $15,130.71 = $137,912.69

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