Construction and Building Materials 131 (2017) 641–654

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Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Prediction of self-compacting recycled concrete mechanical properties

using vibrated recycled concrete experience
González-Taboada Iris a, González-Fonteboa Belén a,⇑, Pérez-Ordóñez Juan Luis b, Eiras-López Javier a
a
School of Civil Engineering, Department of Construction Technology, University of A Coruña, E.T.S.I. Caminos, Canales, Puertos, Campus Elviña s/n, 15071 La Coruña, Spain
b
School of Building Engineering, Department of Construction Technology, University of A Coruña, E.U. Arquitectura Técnica, Campus Zapateira s/n, 15071 La Coruña, Spain

h i g h l i g h t s

Hardened-state behaviour of self-compacting recycled concrete (SCRC) was analysed.

Recycled aggregate affects SCC basic hardened properties to a similar extent as vibrated concrete.

Prediction of some of the most important hardened properties of SCRC was analysed.

Correction coefficients can be used with the same accuracy in vibrated RC and SCRC.

Specific expressions for vibrated RC can be accepted to predict SCRC properties.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: According to literature review, self-compacting concrete (SCC) is expected to present properties in
Received 1 August 2016 hardened-state similar to those of its equivalent vibrated concrete. Therefore, this work aims to prove
Received in revised form 20 September that, then, it will be possible to predict the self-compacting recycled concrete (SCRC) properties (com-
2016
pressive strength, fc, modulus of elasticity, Ec, and splitting tensile strength, fsp) using proposed expres-
Accepted 23 November 2016
Available online 2 December 2016
sions adjusted with vibrated recycled concrete.
Therefore, a wide experimental program has been developed and more than 50 SCRCs have been tested
at different ages (fc, Ec, fsp). The experimental results have been used to analyse the accuracy of different
Keywords:
Self-compacting recycled concrete
prediction expressions that had been adjusted using a database created with published results regarding
Database vibrated recycled concrete.
Mechanical properties Results aim to conclude that the expressions can be used with the same accuracy in vibrated recycled
Recycled aggregate concrete as in SCRC. Therefore, the incorporation of recycled concrete coarse aggregate affects SCC to a
similar extent as it affects vibrated concrete.
Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Background and objectives
Recycled concrete use has grown up in the last years supported
by a great scientific experience. A significant number of research
papers has been published regarding recycled concrete mechanical
properties and this has reduced the uncertainty related to its per-
formance. Therefore, it is easy to create a database [1–81] that
includes these published results in order to draw general conclu-
sions regarding recycled concrete (RC).
On the other hand, many studies deal with hardened properties
of self-compacting concrete (SCC), comparing them with the ones
of its equivalent vibrated concrete. Regarding this subject, some
authors indicate that changes in mixture design and in fluidity of
SCC can influence its hardened properties, which can diverge from
what is commonly expected from vibrated concrete of normal con-
sistency [82]. However, most of studies state that, if a SCC is well
designed, it can provide similar mechanical properties to its equiv-
alent vibrated concrete [83].
Therefore, considering this hypothesis, self-compacting recy-
cled concrete (SCRC) is expected to present properties in
hardened-state similar to those of its equivalent vibrated recycled
concrete, being then possible to study the SCRC hardened-state
behaviour analysing the vibrated recycled concrete one, where
the experience is wide.

⇑ Corresponding author. 1.1. Background

E-mail addresses: iris.gonzalezt@udc.es (I. González-Taboada), bfonteboa@udc.
es (B. González-Fonteboa), jlperez@udc.es (J.L. Pérez-Ordóñez), jeiras@udc.es (J. The analysis made in vibrated recycled concrete [14,84,86,87]
Eiras-López). states that compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and split-

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.112
0950-0618/Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
642 I. González-Taboada et al. / Construction and Building Materials 131 (2017) 641–654
ting tensile strength of recycled concretes decrease as recycled
concrete coarse aggregate percentage increases. These reductions
are mainly due to the weak interface (ITZ) between recycled aggre-
gate and new cement paste. The properties of this ITZ depend on
different features, concluding that quality of recycled aggregate
and also mixing procedure are two of the main ones. Therefore,
in a previous work a database was created [1–81] and with it dif-
ferent adjustments have been proposed to predict the basic
mechanical properties of structural recycled concrete (compressive
strength, modulus of elasticity and splitting tensile strength) tak-
ing into account, not only the recycled percentage and quality of
the recycled aggregates used, but also the production method
[84]. Furthermore, that analysis concludes with the proposal of
simple expressions which allow engineers to estimate properties
of recycled concrete similarly to how those of conventional con-
crete are estimated [84].
Regarding self-compacting concrete (SCC), in general, its com-
pressive strength should be higher than that of conventional
vibrated concrete since SCC is designed with relatively low water
to cementitious materials ratio (w/cm) necessary to enhance resis-
tance to segregation [82].
Even at the same w/cm, properly designed SCC can exhibit
higher compressive strength than conventional vibrated concrete
due to the incorporation of supplementary cementitious materials
and fillers that can serve as nucleation sites and refine the porosity
of the cement paste. In fact, limestone powder, a commonly used
addition in SCC, contributes significantly to strength at ages up
to at least 28 days [83].
Regarding the modulus of elasticity of SCC, it can be in reason-
able agreement with the elastic stiffness assumed during the
design of conventional slump concrete structures [85].
However, it is also reported that for some SCC mixtures, the
modulus of elasticity may be 80% of that typically found in high-
performance concrete of normal consistency [82]. The modulus
of elasticity of the parent rock and the relative volume of the aggre-
gate in the concrete mixture has significant influence on the mod-
ulus of elasticity of the concrete. In addition to the total aggregate
volume, also adjustments of the sand-to-aggregate ratio can influ-
ence the elastic modulus of SCC. Spread of up to 20% could be
obtained compared to the modulus of elasticity of vibrated high-
performance concrete due to the lower coarse aggregate volume
of SCC. However, under air-drying curing conditions, the elastic
modulus of SCC can be higher than that of conventional vibrated
concrete in long term. These results can be attributed to the lower
loss of water that may occur in the case of SCC.
Domone [83] concluded that the elastic modulus of SCC can be
up 40% lower than that of normal vibrated concrete at low com-
pressive strength, but the difference can be reduced to less than
5% at high strengths. This behaviour will be consistent with the
lower coarse aggregate quantities in SCC.
Finally, some authors stated that code expressions predict
higher modulus of elasticity than that experimentally obtained
[82]. However, in spite of this fact, it is accepted that code expres-
sions used with vibrated concrete can be used with SCC.
Regarding splitting tensile strength, the common use of supple-
mentary cementitious materials (and in some cases fillers) and the
high content of ultra-fine materials can contribute to the densifica-
tion of the cement matrix and to the reduction of the extent of
interfacial transition zone with the aggregate. These parameters
are of decisive importance when the tensile load bearing behaviour
is analysed. Therefore, it was reported that higher tensile strength
values can be obtained with SCC compared to those with conven-
tional vibrated concrete [82].
On the other hand, some author state that, in general, no signif-
icant difference can be observed in the splitting tensile strength of
SCC and vibrated concrete [85]. Moreover, the ratio of splitting ten-
sile strength to compressive strength for SCC is similar to that of
conventional vibrated concrete [83].
Therefore, it can be expected that hardened-state behaviour of
self-compacting recycled concrete (compressive strength, modulus
of elasticity and splitting tensile strength) can be predicted using
equations developed with vibrated recycled concrete.
1.2. Objectives
According to the background, the main objective of this study is,
then, to prove that the adjustments obtained with vibrated recy-
cled concrete in a previous work [84] can be accurately applied
when self-compacting recycled concrete behaviour is analysed.
This will demonstrate that the mechanical properties (compressive
strength, modulus of elasticity and splitting tensile strength) of
SCRC are affected by the incorporation of recycled aggregates to
a similar extent as the ones of vibrated recycled concrete.
The methodology used to develop this objective was the same
as the one described in [84]:

Firstly, the experimental results obtained were used to compare
the mechanical properties of the control self-compacting con-
crete (SCC) with those of different self-compacting recycled
concretes (SCRC) made with the same dosage and materials
except for the coarse aggregate, which was replaced with recy-
cled concrete coarse aggregate (by volume) at different percent-
ages. With the experimental results obtained, and using linear
regression, a coefficient was adjusted which allows the estima-
tion of the SCRC property as a function of that of SCC. This coef-
ficient takes into account the recycled content and the mixing
procedure used. Once obtained, the coefficients were compared
with those obtained with vibrated concretes.

Secondly, code predictions (some of them adjusted specifically
for SCC) were analysed to observe that they are not able to pre-
dict SCRC properties with the same approximation degree as in
SCC, as it occurs with vibrated concretes. So, the correction coef-
ficients adjusted with vibrated concretes were used. The new
predictions were analysed and the suitability of the correction
coefficients when SCRC is used was evaluated.

Lastly, the specific expressions adjusted with vibrated recycled
concrete have been used to predict SCRC properties (modulus of
elasticity and splitting tensile strength). Actually, as aforemen-
tioned, although some authors state that mechanical properties
of SCC are quite different from those obtained with vibrated
concrete, they finally conclude that code expressions regarding
vibrated concrete can be used with SCC. So, in this case, the suit-
ability of the specific expressions adjusted with vibrated recy-
cled concrete was analysed comparing their predictions with
those obtained using the expressions proposed by codes (that
is the expressions used with vibrated conventional concrete).
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Experimental program
This work belongs to a wide research work, so the experimental
program was divided into three working phases.
In the first one, called ‘‘Phase 1”, four types of self-compacting
concrete were studied: a reference concrete and three recycled
concretes. The replacement percentages of natural with recycled
coarse aggregate were 20%, 50% and 100% (by volume).
According to literature review, in order to control the high
absorption of recycled aggregates, two different mixing procedures
have been developed. The first one consists of working with the
aggregates in their natural moisture state while increasing the
amount of water incorporated in the mix to compensate up to a
 I. González-Taboada et al. / Construction and Building Materials 131 (2017) 641–654 643

fixed percentage of the water absorption capacity (usually the 80%) Table 1
[22,27,32,33,74–81]. In this case, it is well-known that the initial Physical properties of cement and limestone filler.

moisture content has influence on the absorption during the mix- Physical property Cement Limestone filler
ing process influencing, then, some recycled concrete properties Value Limit [89] Value
[2–3]. The second procedure consists of pre-soaking recycled
Density 3.11 t/m3  2.71 t/m3
aggregates for a fixed time, generally the time needed to achieve Loss on ignition (1000 °C) 3.2 % 65 % 41.8%
the 80% of the water absorption at 24 h [1,4–9,12,21– Specific surface (BET) 1.04 m2/g  1.77 m2/g
23,69,70,72,73]. Initial setting time [90] 190 min P40 min 
Therefore, in this first phase two mixing procedures were Final setting time [90] 260 min 612 h 
Soundness [90] 0.3 mm 610 mm 
studied:

‘‘Air-dry with extra-water-ADwEW”: an extra quantity of water

is added during mixing. This is calculated to compensate the Table 2
Basic properties of aggregates.
recycled aggregate absorption at 10 min (i.e. 80% of that at
24 h). Using this procedure, to consider the influence of the ini- Property NFA NCA RCA
tial moisture content, two mixing methods were used, M1 Fineness modulus [96] 4.19 7.14 6.47
method where aggregates are introduced in the mix in dry- Fines percentage [96] (%) 8.40 0.84 3.00
state conditions, and M3 method where recycled aggregates Saturated-surface-dry density [97] (t/m3) 2.72 2.56 2.34
Water absorption [97] (%) 1.00 1.12 6.96
presented an initial natural moisture of 3%.
Flakiness index [98] (%) – 5.41 5.33

‘‘Pre-soaked-PS”: with this procedure only one mixing method Shape Crushed Crushed Crushed
(M2 method) was used. Whit it the recycled aggregate is pre-
soaked up to the 80% of its total water absorption capacity
immediately before mixing.
Recycled aggregate: the size fraction used was a 4–11 mm with a
fineness modulus of 6.47. The grading curves of recycled and nat-
Hence, in ‘‘Phase 1” ten types of concretes were obtained
ural coarse aggregate presented similar particle size distribution.
(SCRC0, SCRC20M1, SCRC50M1, SCRC100M1, SCRC20M2,
This recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) was obtained from real demo-
SCRC50M2, SCRC100M2, SCRC20M3, SCRC50M3 and SCRC100M3)
lition debris of structural concrete. Actually, according to EN 933-
to study their basic hardened properties.
11 [91], it is made up mainly of concrete and stone (more than 90%
In the second phase, called ‘‘Phase 2”, mixes made with the first
of natural aggregate and aggregate with mortar). On the basis of
procedure ‘‘Air-dry with extra-water-ADwEW” (M1 method and
this result, it can be classified as recycled coarse aggregate from
M3 method) where modified to obtain other 42 self-compacting
concrete demolition waste and named as RCA (recycled concrete
recycled concretes. To do that, each of the seven mixes (baseline
aggregate) using the BS 8500:02 classification [92], as type II
mixes) were modified using two levels of water (3%,+3%), two
according to the RILEM [93], as type I according to DIN 4223 stan-
levels of superplasticiser (5%,+5%) and two levels of cement
dards [94] and as GBSB-II according to Belgium specifications [95].
(3%,+3%).
Table 2 summarizes the basic properties of the aggregates used.
In these two phases, ‘‘Phase 1” and ‘‘Phase 2”, a Sika ViscoCrete-
70 superplasticiser was used.
In the third phase, called ‘‘Phase 3”, other four SCRC mixes were 2.3. Concrete mixes
produced according to the mix procedure ‘‘Air-dry with extra-
water-ADwEW” and using the M1 method (SCRC0, SCRC20M1, Using different databases [99–101], a reference conventional
SCRC50M1, SCRC100M1). In this case, to easily make the study self-compacting concrete with 400 kg of cement, a filler mass to
wider one of the materials was changed, the superplasticiser (a cement mass ratio of 0.45 and 300 L of coarse aggregate was
Sika ViscoCrete-500). This modification allows the authors to change designed. Once these data were defined, the other parameters
the mix proportions using, however, the same other materials. (water to cement ratio and quantity of superplasticiser) were fixed
To analyse the hardened-state behaviour of self-compacting using equivalent mortar analysis [102–106]. Finally, recycled con-
recycled concrete, in ‘‘Phase 1” and ‘‘Phase 2” working phases, den- cretes were obtained replacing the natural coarse aggregate with
sity of fresh and hardened concrete and compressive strength at 3, recycled aggregate, using volume replacements of 20%, 50% and
7 and 28 days were determined for each mix. 100%.
In ‘‘Phase 3” working phase, compressive strength, splitting ten- Table 3 shows the mix proportions for each SCRC baseline mix
sile strength and modulus of elasticity at 28 days were measured in ‘‘Phase 1” working phases. These mixes were modified in the
for each mix.

Table 3
2.2. Materials
Mix proportions (1 m3) – ‘‘Phase 1” and ‘‘Phase 2”.

The following materials were used in this research: Concrete SCRC % RCA

Cement and filler: Portland cement without admixtures labelled Dosage 0% 20% 50% 100%
CEM-I 52.5 R according to European Standard EN 197-1 [88] and a Cement, c (kg) 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00
limestone filler were used as powder fraction. Properties of both Filler, f (kg) 180.00 180.00 180.00 180.00
materials can be seen in Table 1. Water, w (kg) 184.00 184.00 184.00 184.00
Natural sand (kg) 865.59 865.59 865.59 865.59
Superplasticiser: two modified polycarboxylate superplasticisers
Natural coarse aggregate (kg) 768.00 614.40 384.00 0.00
were used, the Sika ViscoCrete-70 (Phase 1 and Phase 2) and the Recycled coarse aggregate (kg) 0.00 140.40 351.00 702.00
Sika ViscoCrete-500 (Phase 3). Effective w/c (M1 and M3 methods) 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46
Natural aggregates: as fine aggregate (NFA), a limestone sand Effective w/c (M2 method) 0.46 0.46 0.48 0.52
with nominal size 0–4 mm and a fineness modulus of 4.19 was Superplasticiser/(c + f) (%) 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70
w/(c + f) (M1 and M3 methods) 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32
used. A crushed granitic coarse aggregate (NCA) with nominal size
w/(c + f) (M2 method) 0.32 0.32 0.33 0.36
4–11 mm and a fineness modulus of 7.14 was also used.
644 I. González-Taboada et al. / Construction and Building Materials 131 (2017) 641–654

Table 4 900
Mix proportions (1 m3) – ‘‘Phase 3”.
850
Concrete SCRC % RCA
800
Dosage 0% 20% 50% 100%
750

Slump flow (mm)

Cement, c (kg) 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00
700
Filler, f (kg) 180.00 180.00 180.00 180.00
Water, w (kg) 196.00 196.00 196.00 196.00 650
Natural sand (kg) 832.76 832.76 832.76 832.76
600
Natural coarse aggregate (kg) 768.00 614.40 384.00 0.00
Recycled coarse aggregate (kg) 0.00 140.40 351.00 702.00 550
Effective w/c (M1 method) 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 Base(M1)-P1 Base(M2)-P1 Base(M3)-P1 Base(M1)-P3
500 W+(M1)-P2 W+(M3)-P2 W-(M1)-P2 W-(M3)-P2
Superplasticiser/(c + f) (%) 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80
w/(c + f) (M1 method) 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 450 S+(M1)-P2 S+(M3)-P2 S-(M1)-P2 S-(M3)-P2
C+(M1)-P2 C-(M1)-P2
400
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% RCA
case of ‘‘Phase 2” with the aforementioned variations in water
(3%,+3%), superplasticiser (5%,+5%) and cement (3%,+3%). Fig. 2. Slump flow diameter vs recycled coarse aggregate percentage Note: Base
In the ‘‘Phase 3”, the superplasticiser was changed and new (baseline mix), Mx (mixing method), Py (Phase), W (water), S (superplasticiser), C
mixes were designed modifying the w/c ratio and the superplasti- (cement); + (increase),  (decrease).

ciser dosage (Table 4).

2.4. Mixing protocol
Mixes were prepared in a planetary mixer with a vertical axis
and with a capacity of 250 L. In the ‘‘Phase 1” and ‘‘Phase 2” work-
ing phases, batches of 100 L were produced for each type of con-
crete. In the ‘‘Phase 3”, they were of 120 L.
The mixing protocol is shown in Fig. 1. The same sequence was
followed in all working phases. Firstly, the aggregates (sand and
coarse aggregates) were mixed with the extra water (that calcu-
lated to compensate the recycled aggregate absorption at 10 min)
during 2 min and left to rest for another 8 min. This was done in
M1 and M3 methods. In the pre-soaking method (M2 method),
the period at rest from the second to the tenth minute was
removed.
The cement was added along with the filler after the first
10 min. After 2.5 min of mixing, water was added (98.5%). After
2 min of mixing, the superplasticiser and the remaining water
were introduced. The mixing was maintained for other 3 min, then
the concrete was left to rest for 2 min and finally mixed again for 2
additional minutes.
Slump flow test was made in all mixes according to the Euro-
pean Standard EN 12350-8 [107]. The results obtained showed that
all SCRCs presented a slump flow diameter in the range of 600–
850 mm (Fig. 2).
100  100  100 mm size that were tested at different ages (3, 7
and 28 days). All concrete cubes were demoulded after 24 h casting
and placed in a curing chamber until the testing age. Then, the
cubes were tested perpendicular to the casting direction. The com-
pression machine exerted a constant progressing load until failure,
being the loading rate 0.6 ± 0.2 MPa/s.
In the ‘‘Phase 3”, the testing program to determine the basic
mechanical properties included the following tests: compressive
strength, modulus of elasticity and splitting tensile strength.
Three cylindrical specimens of 150  300 mm were made to
determine the compressive strength (EN 12390-3) [110]. They
were all tested at 28 days. The modulus of elasticity and the split-
ting tensile strength were also measured at 28 days, each property
with three cylindrical specimens of 150  300 mm, using EN
12390-13 and EN 12390-6 standards respectively [111,112].
Four strain gauges were fitted over the specimens used in mod-
ulus of elasticity tests. Two were used to measure axial strain and
the other two were used to measure transverse strain. Thus,
throughout these tests, loads and strains were measured, making
it possible to define the stress–strain curves under controlled load
rate up to the maximum stress and for the elastic branch.
3. Results of SCRC hardened properties

2.5. Test methods 3.1. Density

In both ‘‘Phase 1” and ‘‘Phase 2”, the testing program to deter- Regarding density in fresh-state, it can be seen that the SCRC
mine the basic mechanical properties included the following tests: presented values between 2.29 and 2.40 t/m3 (Tables 5 and 6).
density and compressive strength. These values are in agreement with the common range for fresh
Density of fresh concrete was obtained according to EN 12350-6 density values of vibrated recycled concretes (between 2.13 and
[108]. Moreover, density of hardened concrete was evaluated one 2.40 t/m3 [21,94,113]).
day after concrete cubes were demoulded according to EN The hardened SCRC density values obtained (between 2.34 and
12390-7 [109]. To do that nine 100  100  100 mm cube speci- 2.47 t/m3) display, as fresh-state density, a decrease as the replace-
mens were used. ment ratio of recycled coarse aggregate increases (Tables 5 and 6).
Compressive strength tests were carried out according to EN The values obtained are, also, in agreement with those correspond-
12390-3 [110] using nine cube specimens of ing to vibrated recycled concrete.

Fig. 1. Mixing protocol.

 I. González-Taboada et al. / Construction and Building Materials 131 (2017) 641–654 645

Table 5 5.5%
Results of SCRC density (‘‘Phase 1”). M1
5.0%

Reduction of fresh-state density (%)

M2
Mix Fresh-state Hardened-state 4.5% M3
density (t/m3) density (t/m3)
4.0%
0 2.41 2.49
3.5%
20M1 2.40 2.45
50M1 2.39 2.43 3.0%
100M1 2.35 2.39 2.5%
20M2 2.38 2.46
2.0%
50M2 2.37 2.44
100M2 2.30 2.36 1.5%
20M3 2.41 2.47 1.0%
50M3 2.40 2.45
100M3 2.32 2.38
0.5%
0.0%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% RCA
The SCRC density in both hardened and fresh states is lower
Fig. 3. Reduction of SCRC fresh-state density vs recycled coarse aggregate
than conventional SCC one due to the lower density of recycled percentage.
aggregate. This lower aggregate density is due to the adhered mor-
tar of recycled coarse aggregates.
Figs. 3 and 4 show the reduction of density (fresh and hardened,
respectively) obtained as an average of the results from Phase 1 5.5%

Reduction of hardened-state density (%)

and 2. 5.0%
M1
According to Fig. 3 and regarding fresh-state density of the ref- M2
4.5% M3
erence concrete, the reductions obtained were between 0.47% and
4.0%
1.24% for 20% of RCA, between 1.62% and 1.97% for 50% of RCA, and
between 3.41% and 4.62% for 100% of RCA. 3.5%
Now, according to Fig. 4 and regarding hardened-state density 3.0%
of the reference concrete, the reductions obtained were between 2.5%
0.60% and 1.27% for 20% of RCA, between 1.98% and 2.35% for 2.0%
50% of RCA, and between 3.97% and 4.96% for 100% of RCA. 1.5%
These reductions are in the same range than those of vibrated 1.0%
recycled concretes: 1–5% when the recycled coarse aggregate per-
0.5%
centage is lower than 50% and 4–15% when 100% of replacement is
0.0%
used [6,94,114,115]. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Then, it can be concluded that the effect of the incorporation of % RCA
recycled coarse aggregate in SCC density is similar to the effect in
vibrated concrete. Consequently, as some authors reported in their Fig. 4. Reduction of SCRC hardened-state density vs recycled coarse aggregate
percentage.
researches about vibrated recycled concrete [116], SCRC shows
lower fresh and hardened density than conventional SCC mainly
due to the adhered mortar of recycled coarse aggregates.
Table 7
Results of SCRC mechanical properties (‘‘Phase 1”).
3.2. Mechanical properties
Mix fc,cub,3 (MPa) fc,cub,7 (MPa) fc,cub,28 (MPa)
Tables 7–9 list the basic properties of hardened self-compacting 0 68.3 73.8 80.4
recycled concrete: cube compressive strength (‘‘Phase 1” and 20M1 64.2 70.2 76.9
50M1 64.2 68.1 75.5
‘‘Phase 2”), cylinder compressive strength, modulus of elasticity
100M1 59.9 64.2 70.5
and splitting tensile strength (‘‘Phase 3”). 20M2 64.8 71.5 77.8
In general terms, regarding mechanical strengths, as in vibrated 50M2 62.1 66.7 72.4
recycled concrete, SCRC compressive and splitting tensile strengths 100M2 54.9 61.6 66.4
decrease when the content of recycled aggregate increases. The 20M3 66.8 70.9 79.0
50M3 64.8 69.5 75.9
results also state that, as with mechanical strengths, the modulus
100M3 60.0 65.3 69.3
of elasticity is affected by the use of recycled coarse aggregate. This

Table 6
Results of SCRC density (‘‘Phase 2”).

Mix Fresh-state density (t/m3) Hardened-state density (t/m3)

W+ W S+ S C+ C W+ W S+ S C+ C
0 2.41 2.42 2.40 2.40 2.46 2.40 2.48 2.50 2.47 2.47 2.50 2.47
20M1 2.39 2.39 2.40 2.37 2.34 2.39 2.46 2.47 2.47 2.45 2.45 2.45
50M1 2.35 2.36 2.37 2.36 2.34 2.34 2.43 2.44 2.44 2.42 2.40 2.40
100M1 2.32 2.34 2.30 2.31 2.31 2.29 2.38 2.40 2.37 2.36 2.35 2.34
20M3 2.41 2.40 2.39 2.39 2.42 2.40 2.47 2.47 2.47 2.46 2.47 2.46
50M3 2.37 2.38 2.36 2.37 2.37 2.37 2.43 2.43 2.43 2.42 2.44 2.43
100M3 2.32 2.36 2.32 2.34 2.34 2.32 2.37 2.40 2.37 2.39 2.40 2.37

Note: W (water), S (superplasticiser), C (cement); + (increase),  (decrease).

646 I. González-Taboada et al. / Construction and Building Materials 131 (2017) 641–654

Table 8
Results of SCRC mechanical properties (‘‘Phase 2”).

Mix W+ W S+ S C+ C
fc,3 fc,7 fc,28 fc,3 fc,7 fc,28 fc,3 fc,7 fc,28 fc,3 fc,7 fc,28 fc,3 fc,7 fc,28 fc,3 fc,7 fc,28
0 67.2 73.2 79.6 68.6 74.9 80.8 67.0 73.9 81.5 66.6 73.7 80.8 69.8 75.7 80.6 66.2 71.4 79.8
20M1 64.8 70.2 75.5 66.5 74.4 80.5 68.5 72.3 79.3 64.9 70.1 76.9 65.1 71.1 78.5 63.7 70.9 76.7
50M1 63.8 67.9 73.6 64.5 68.1 76.3 66.5 70.2 76.2 63.7 67.6 73.6 60.8 67.6 73.8 60.5 62.2 69.5
100M1 59.5 64.9 70.0 60.6 66.6 70.4 58.3 62.2 69.4 59.5 63.8 70.4 56.8 62.0 67.0 55.1 59.3 63.9
20M3 66.3 70.7 79.0 66.9 71.4 80.8 69.7 73.5 81.0 67.0 72.4 78.6 69.1 73.3 80.6 66.5 70.8 79.5
50M3 63.9 69.3 74.2 64.9 69.2 76.1 66.1 71.4 76.1 62.9 68.6 72.2 65.7 70.0 76.6 62.2 68.4 73.5
100M3 59.1 61.6 69.3 63.1 67.5 72.0 58.5 63.3 69.0 60.2 65.6 69.9 63.0 67.9 74.5 57.3 60.8 66.1

Note: W (water), S (superplasticiser), C (cement); + (increase),  (decrease)

Table 9 Table 12
Results of SCRC mechanical properties (‘‘Phase 3”). Correction coefficients to estimate fc,SCRC, Ec,SCRC, fsp,SCRC (‘‘Phase 3”).

Mix fc (MPa) Ec (GPa) fsp (MPa) Mix fc,SCRC/fc,SCC Ec,SCRC/Ec,SCC fsp,SCRC/fsp,SCC

0 54.8 30.2 4.6 20M1 0.916 0.907 0.923
20M1 50.2 27.4 4.2 50M1 0.905 0.877 0.901
50M1 49.6 26.5 4.1 100M1 0.885 0.848 0.879
100M1 48.5 25.6 4.0

The coefficients were obtained using results of the three differ-

property decreases when the replacement percentage rises, as it is ent phases, ‘‘Phase 1” (Table 10), ‘‘Phase 2” (Table 11) and ‘‘Phase
well studied in vibrated RC. 3” (Table 12).

4. Discussion of SCRC hardened properties 4.1.1. Compressive strength (fc)

Figs. 5–10 show the ‘‘recycled concrete compressive strength vs
4.1. SCC property vs SCRC property conventional concrete compressive strength” relationship for the
different recycled percentages and different production methods,
The coefficients to estimate the SCRC mechanical properties as a using a wide range of compressive strength values (in general,
function of those of conventional SCC were calculated. Tables 10– between 15 and 80 MPa) [84]. In these figures, some points in
12 show these coefficients. In this section, these are going to be red have been included. They represent the values obtained with
compared with those obtained with vibrated concretes [84] to con- SCRC (Tables 10–12) of the different phases. It can be seen that
firm that they are similar, which indicates that mechanical proper- the points are very well correlated with the straight lines obtained
ties (compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and splitting
tensile strength) of SCRC are affected by the incorporation of recy-
100
cled aggregates to a similar extent as the ones of vibrated recycled ADwEW 20%
concrete. 90 SCRC20M1
SCRC20M3
80
70
fc,RC (MPa)

Table 10 60 y = 0.969x
Correction coefficients to estimate fc,SCRC (‘‘Phase 1”). R² = 0.954
50
ADwEW
Mix fc,SCRC,3/fc,SCC,3 fc,SCRC,7/fc,SCC,7 fc,SCRC,28/fc,SCC,28
40
20M1 0.940 0.951 0.956
30
50M1 0.940 0.923 0.939
100M1 0.877 0.870 0.877 20
20M2 0.949 0.969 0.968
10
50M2 0.909 0.904 0.900
100M2 0.804 0.835 0.826 0
20M3 0.978 0.961 0.983 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
50M3 0.949 0.942 0.944 fc,CC (MPa)
100M3 0.878 0.885 0.862
Fig. 5. fc,RC vs fc,CC; fc,SCRC vs fc,SCC (20%-ADwEW).

Table 11
Correction coefficients to estimate fc,SCRC (‘‘Phase 2”).

Mix W+ W S+ S C+ C
3 7 28 3 7 28 3 7 28 3 7 28 3 7 28 3 7 28
20M1 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.97 0.99 1.00 1.02 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.95 0.95 0.93 0.94 0.97 0.96 0.99 0.96
50M1 0.95 0.93 0.92 0.94 0.91 0.94 0.99 0.95 0.93 0.96 0.92 0.91 0.87 0.89 0.92 0.91 0.87 0.87
100M1 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.87 0.87 0.84 0.85 0.89 0.87 0.87 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.80
20M3 0.99 0.97 0.99 0.97 0.95 1.00 1.04 1.00 0.99 1.01 0.98 0.97 0.99 0.97 1.00 1.01 0.99 1.00
50M3 0.95 0.95 0.93 0.95 0.92 0.94 0.99 0.97 0.93 0.94 0.93 0.89 0.94 0.92 0.95 0.94 0.96 0.92
100M3 0.88 0.84 0.87 0.92 0.90 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.85 0.90 0.89 0.87 0.90 0.90 0.92 0.87 0.85 0.83
 I. González-Taboada et al. / Construction and Building Materials 131 (2017) 641–654 647

100 100
ADwEW 50% PS 50%
90 SCRC50M1 90
SCRC50M2
SCRC50M3
80 80
70 70
y = 0.937x
fc,RC (MPa)

fc,RC (MPa)
60 60
R² = 0.911
50 ADwEW 50
40 40 y = 0.861x
R² = 0.874
30 30 PS
20 20
10 10
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
fc,CC (MPa) fc,CC (MPa)

Fig. 6. fc,RC vs fc,CC; fc,SCRC vs fc,SCC (50%-ADwEW). Fig. 9. fc,RC vs fc,CC; fc,SCRC vs fc,SCC (50%-PS).

100 100
ADwEW 100% PS 100%
90 SCRC100M1 90
SCRC100M2
SCRC100M3 80
80
70 70
fc,RC (MPa) 60
fc,RC (MPa)

60
50 50

y = 0.888x 40 y = 0.828x
40
R² = 0.960 R² = 0.908
30 30 PS
ADwEW
20 20

10 10

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

fc,CC (MPa) fc,CC (MPa)

Fig. 10. fc,RC vs fc,CC; fc,SCRC vs fc,SCC (100%-PS).

Fig. 7. fc,RC vs fc,CC; fc,SCRC vs fc,SCC (100%-ADwEW).

100
4.1.2. Modulus of elasticity (Ec)
PS 20% The same analysis as with compressive strength has been devel-
90
SCRC20M2 oped with modulus of elasticity. Using the relationships previously
80 obtained with the vibrated recycled concrete database [84], Figs. 11
70 and 12, the new red points have been included. They show SCRC
60
behaviour regarding modulus of elasticity for the different replace-
fc,RC (MPa)

ment percentages (Table 12). Again, it can be seen that the points
50
are very well correlated with the straight lines obtained using lin-
40 y = 0.936x ear regression with the database of vibrated recycled concrete.
R² = 0.958
30 PS
20
50000
10 ADwEW <50%
0 SCRC20M1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 40000
fc,CC (MPa)
Ec,RC (MPa)

Fig. 8. fc,RC vs fc,CC; fc,SCRC vs fc,SCC (20%-PS). 30000 y = 0.882x

R² = 0.931
ADwEW
20000
using linear regression and with the database of vibrated recycled
concrete [84]. 10000
Therefore, this confirms that, regarding compressive strength,
the incorporation of recycled concrete coarse aggregate affects
SCC to a similar extent as vibrated concrete. The reduction in SCRC 0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
compressive strength depends on the percentage of recycled Ec,CC (MPa)
aggregate and on the mixing procedure used and it is comparable
to that experimented by recycled vibrated concretes. Fig. 11. Ec,RC vs Ec,CC; Ec,SCRC vs Ec,SCC (<50%).
648 I. González-Taboada et al. / Construction and Building Materials 131 (2017) 641–654

50000 7
ADwEW 50-100% ADwEW 50-100%
SCRC50M1 6 SCRC50M1
40000 SCRC100M1 SCRC100M1
5

fsp,RC (MPa)
Ec,RC (MPa)

30000 4
y = 0.856x y = 0.902x
R² = 0.763 R² = 0.931
ADwEW 3
20000 ADwEW

2
10000
1

0 0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ec,CC (MPa) fsp,CC (MPa)

Fig. 12. Ec,RC vs Ec,CC; Ec,SCRC vs Ec,SCC (50–100%). Fig. 14. fsp,RC vs fsp,CC; fsp,SCRC vs fsp,SCC (50–100%).

Therefore, as with compressive strength, it can be stated that
the incorporation of recycled concrete coarse aggregate affects
the modulus of elasticity of SCC to the same extent as the modulus
of elasticity of vibrated concrete.
4.1.3. Splitting tensile strength (fsp)
Finally, the same analysis as with compressive strength and
modulus of elasticity has been developed with splitting tensile
strength. Using the relationships previously obtained with the
recycled vibrated concrete database, Figs. 13 and 14, the new red
points have been included. They show SCRC behaviour regarding
splitting tensile strength for the different replacement percentages
(Table 12). Again, it can be seen that the points are very well cor-
related with the straight lines obtained using linear regression and
with the database of vibrated recycled concrete [84].
This confirms that, regarding splitting tensile strength, the
incorporation of recycled concrete coarse aggregate affects SCC to
a similar extent as vibrated concrete.
4.2. Suitability of correction coefficients to code expressions
As it has been said, the prediction expressions proposed in
codes to estimate the modulus of elasticity and the splitting tensile
were analysed. To do that, the code predictions were compared
with the experimental results using the ‘‘experimental property/cal-
culated property” ratios. The calculated values were obtained using
the experimental compressive strength of concretes.
In order to assess the suitability of code expressions when SCRC
is used, the ‘‘experimental property/calculated property” ratios
obtained with SCC was compared with those obtained with SCRC.
If these ratios are similar, it can be considered that code expres-
sions used with SCRC provide the same approximation degree as
that of conventional SCC, and hence, they do not need to be cor-
rected. Nevertheless, if the ratio decreases as the percentage of
recycled aggregate increases, it will be necessary to correct code
expressions.
However, as it has been also said, it is expected that code
expressions are not able to predict SCRC properties with the same
approximation degree as in SCC, as it occurs with vibrated con-
cretes. So, once confirmed this issue, the correction coefficients
adjusted with vibrated concretes [84] were used and with them
new predictions were obtained. These new predictions were anal-
ysed and the suitability of the correction coefficients when SCRC is
used was evaluated.
4.2.1. Modulus of elasticity (Ec)
Firstly, the analysis regarding the need of adapting the code
expressions to predict the modulus of elasticity of SCRC to achieve
the same approximation degree as the one obtained with the con-
ventional SCC is made. For said purpose, the ‘‘experimental modu-
lus/calculated modulus” ratios in conventional and recycled self-
compacting concretes were compared. The predictions have been
made using the proposal of Eurocode [117].
As can be observed in Fig. 15, the SCC ratio is higher than those
obtained with SCRC mixes and it decreases as the replacement
percentage of recycled coarse aggregate increases. This means that
the code expression does not provide the same approximation
degree in SCRC as in SCC when calculating modulus of elasticity.

7 1.00
ADwEW <50% Ec,exp/Ec,calc
0.95
Ec,experimental/Ec,calculated

6 SCRC20M1 Ec,exp/(Ec,calc*CF)
0.90
5 y = 0.946x
R² = 0.959
fsp,RC (MPa)

0.85
4 ADwEW
0.80
3
0.75
2
0.70

1 0.65

0 0.60
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
fsp,CC (MPa) % RCA

Fig. 13. fsp,RC vs fsp,CC; fsp,SCRC vs fsp,SCC (<50%). Fig. 15. Ec,experimental/Ec,calculated-Eurocode in SCRC mixes.
 I. González-Taboada et al. / Construction and Building Materials 131 (2017) 641–654 649

Consequently, it will be necessary to modify that expression by 1.3

ADwEW Eurocode
introducing a correction coefficient.
AASHT0 2007 CEB-FIP MC 90
Secondly, the correction coefficient (Eq. (1)) that was adjusted

Ratio RC (corrected) - Ratio SCRC (corrected)

1.2
ACI 363-92 ACI 318-99
by multivariable regression with the vibrated RC database [84]
20 %
has been considered. 1.1 50 %

100 %
1  0:0677  %RCA  WA
CF ADwEW ¼  
100 5
ð1Þ 1.0
f c;RC ð0:3ð0:0697Þ 100 Þ
%RCA


10
 1 þ 0:1044  %RCA
100
0.9
Being fc,RC = recycled concrete compressive strength (MPa); %
RCA = replacement ratio (recycled concrete coarse aggregate per- 0.8
centage, %); WA = recycled coarse aggregate water absorption (%)
With this coefficient, the new ‘‘experimental modulus/calculated 0.7
modulus” ratios were calculated and, as it can be seen in Fig. 15,
the new ratios obtained with SCRC are similar to the ones of SCC.
0.6
This means that this proposed correction coefficient allows the
Eurocode expression to calculate SCRC modulus of elasticity with
0.5
the same approximation degree as that of conventional SCC. 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
Once this fact has been confirmed, the next step consisted of Ratio CC - Ratio SCC
analysing the modulus predictions obtained with different modi-
fied code expressions adapted specifically to SCC [82]. It is known Fig. 17. Ratio RC corrected with CF vs Ratio CC. Ratio SCRC corrected with CF vs
that, when conventional SCC is studied, code expressions predict Ratio SCC (Ec).

higher modulus of elasticity than that experimentally obtained.

Therefore, some authors [82] have proposed modified expressions
(Eqs. (2)–(5)) that aim to improve accuracy of the SCC modulus
1.10
prediction. Although these new models are suggested for SCC, they
go on overestimating the modulus values experimentally obtained. 1.05
fsp,experimental/fsp,calculated

1.00
¼ c1:5
0:5
EcAASHTO 2007ðsuggestedÞ c  45  ðf c Þ ð2Þ 0.95
0.90
0:77
EcCEB—FIPMC 90ðsuggestedÞ
¼ 1:6  ðf c þ 8Þ ð3Þ 0.85
0.80
0:5
EcACI363—92ðsuggestedÞ ¼ 5:08  ðf c Þ þ 0:64 ð4Þ 0.75
0.70
0:5
EcACI318—99ðsuggestedÞ ¼ 5:18  ðf c Þ ð5Þ 0.65 fsp,exp/fsp,calc

where Ec = elastic modulus of concrete (GPa); cc = unit weight of 0.60

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
concrete (kg/m3); fc = compressive strength of concrete (MPa)
% RCA
The same analysis as with the Eurocode expression has been
made with the suggested SCC expressions, that is, the ‘‘experimen- Fig. 18. fsp,experimental/fsp,calculated-Eurocode in SCRC mixes.
tal modulus/calculated modulus” ratios in conventional SCC and self-
compacting recycled concretes were compared. Fig. 16 shows the

1.3 1.2
ADwEW Eurocode Eurocode
AASHT0 2007 CEB-FIP MC 90 ADwEW
1.2 1.1
ACI 363-92 ACI 318-99 20 %
20 % 50 %
1.1 50 % 1.0 100 %
100 %
Ratio RC - Ratio SCRC
Ratio RC - Ratio SCRC

1.0 0.9

0.9 0.8

0.8 0.7

0.7 0.6

0.6 0.5

0.5 0.4
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Ratio CC - Ratio SCC Ratio CC - Ratio SCC

Fig. 16. Ratio RC vs Ratio CC. Ratio SCRC vs Ratio SCC (Ec). Fig. 19. Ratio RC/SCRC vs Ratio CC/SCC (fsp).
650 I. González-Taboada et al. / Construction and Building Materials 131 (2017) 641–654

AD: air-dry without extra-water

ADwEW: air-dry with extra-water
PS: pre-soaked
fc,RC: compressive strength of recycled concrete
Ec,RC: modulus of elasticity of recycled concrete
fsp,RC: splitting tensile strength of recycled concrete
%RCA: recycled concrete coarse aggregate percentage
WA: recycled coarse aggregate water absorption

Fig. 20. Final research proposal.[84]

ratios for the different recycled percentages and for ‘‘air-dry with
extra-water-ADwEW” method obtained with vibrated recycled
concrete [84]. In this figure, new points have been included. They
represent the new ratios obtained with SCRC versus SCC using
Eurocode and the suggested expressions. Again, in this case, the
ratios of conventional SCC are higher than those obtained with
SCRC (Fig. 16), to a similar extent as the ratios of conventional con-
crete are higher than those of vibrated recycled concrete. This
means that the suggested expressions will not provide the same
approximation degree in SCC as in SCRC when calculating the mod-
ulus. Therefore, it is necessary to modify them by introducing a
correction coefficient.
Results obtained by applying the correction coefficient (Eq. (1))
to SCRC predictions are shown in Fig. 17, where points regarding
SCRC are added to the ones of vibrated recycled concrete. This fig-
ure presents the new ‘‘experimental modulus/calculated modulus”
ratios of recycled vs conventional self-compacting concretes. As
can be observed, at this stage, the ratios of SCRCs are similar to
those obtained with conventional SCC and the relationship
between SCRC vs SCC ratios and vibrated recycled concrete vs con-
ventional concrete ratios is also similar.
It should be mentioned that AASHTO 2007 expression (Eq. (2))
provides a SCRC ratio slightly higher than the general trend
(Fig. 17). This is due to the fact that it takes into account concrete
density. Then, in this term recycled aggregate incorporation effect
is being already considered, due to the fact that density of recycled
concrete decreases as the replacement percentage increases. As
corrections coefficients have been adjusted to be applied to equa-
tions where this term does not exist, it can be expected that the
results obtained with this equation are slightly higher, especially
when high replacement percentages are used.
However, in conclusion, it can be stated that the correction
coefficient obtained with RC can be used to predict SCRC modulus
providing the same approximation degree as that obtained with
 I. González-Taboada et al. / Construction and Building Materials 131 (2017) 641–654 651

SCC. It means, again, that regarding modulus of elasticity, the 7.0

Eurocode
incorporation of recycled concrete coarse aggregate affects SCC to
Proposal (RC)
a similar extent as vibrated concrete. 6.0
0%

fsp,SCRC experimental value (MPa)

20 %
4.2.2. Splitting tensile strength (fsp) 50 %
5.0 100 %
The same analysis as with modulus of elasticity has been made
with splitting tensile strength. Therefore, this property was calcu-
lated using the Eurocode expression [117] and the predicted values 4.0
were compared with those experimentally obtained using the
‘‘experimental splitting tensile strength/calculated splitting tensile 3.0
strength” ratio.
As can be observed in Fig. 18, the SCC ratio is similar to those
2.0
obtained with SCRC mixes. This means that code expressions pro-
vide the same approximation degree in SCRC as in SCC when calcu-
lating splitting tensile strength. Consequently, it will not be 1.0
necessary to modify that expression.
Also in this case, the results have been presented with those
0.0
obtained with vibrated recycled concrete. Then, Fig. 19 shows the 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
ratios for different recycled percentages and for ‘‘air-dry with fsp,SCRC predicted value (MPa)
extra-water-ADwEW” method obtained with vibrated recycled
Fig. 22. fsp,SCRC predicted value vs fsp,SCRC experimental value (RC proposal and
concrete [84]. In this figure, new points have been included. They
codes).
represent the new ratios obtained with SCRC and SCC using Euro-
code expression. In this case, the ratios of conventional SCC are crete, was analysed, comparing their predictions with those
similar to those obtained with SCRC (Fig. 16), and the relationship obtained using the expressions proposed by codes.
between SCRC vs SCC ratios and vibrated recycled concrete vs con- Firstly, code expressions (Eurocode) were used to calculate
ventional concrete ones is also similar. modulus of elasticity and splitting tensile strength in the reference
This means that code expressions provide the same approxima- concrete, SCRC – 0%. Secondly, the final research proposals (Fig. 20)
tion degree in SCC and in SCRC when calculating the splitting ten- to predict recycled concrete modulus and splitting tensile strength
sile strength. Therefore, it is not necessary to modify them by respectively, were applied to SCRC mixes – 20%, 50% and 100%.
introducing any correction coefficient. In this case, the use of the These results are shown in Figs. 21 and 22.
experimental compressive strength to predict splitting tensile In agreement with different authors [82,83], it can be seen that
strength is enough to achieve the same approximation degree in code expression, used in vibrated concrete, overestimates SCC
SCRC and in SCC. modulus (Fig. 21). In the same line, the specific expression adjusted
The results also state that, again in this case, that is, regarding with vibrated recycled concretes also overestimates SCRC modu-
splitting tensile strength, the incorporation of recycled concrete lus. This result confirms that due to the lower coarse aggregate vol-
coarse aggregate affects SCC to a similar extent as affects vibrated ume of SCC, its elastic modulus is going to be reduced and,
concrete. therefore, when it is predicted using expressions adjusted with
vibrated concretes, the prediction is going to overestimate the
4.2.3. Suitability of specific expressions value in SCC and to a similar extent in SCRC. As can be seen in
Lastly, the specific expressions adjusted with vibrated recycled Fig. 21, SCRC and SCC predicted values are in the below area. This
concrete (Fig. 20) have been used to predict SCRC properties (mod- means that specific expressions should be necessary to predict
ulus of elasticity and splitting tensile strength). The suitability of SCRC modulus as also should be necessary to predict SCC modulus.
these specific expressions, adjusted with vibrated recycled con- On the other hand, also in agreement with different authors
[82,83], it can be seen that code expression, used in vibrated con-
45 crete, underestimates SCC tensile splitting strength (Fig. 22). In the
Eurocode
same trend, the specific expression adjusted with vibrated recycled
Proposal (RC)
40 concretes also underestimates SCRC tensile splitting strength. This
0%
result confirms that due to high content of ultra-fine materials, SCC
Ec,SCRC experimental value (GPa)

20 %
50 % splitting tensile strength is going to be increased and, therefore,
35 100 %
when it is predicted using expressions adjusted with vibrated con-
cretes the prediction is going to underestimate the value in SCC
30 and to a similar extent in SCRC. As can be seen in Fig. 22, SCRC
and SCC predicted values are in the upper area. This means that
25 specific expressions should be necessary to predict SCRC splitting
tensile strength as also should be necessary to predict SCC one.
In any case, accepting that code expressions (used in vibrated
20
concrete) are suitable for the prediction of SCC modulus and split-
ting tensile strength, also specific expressions adjusted with
15 vibrated recycled concrete in this work can be accepted to predict
SCRC modulus and splitting tensile strength.
10
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
5. Conclusions
Ec,SCRC predicted value (GPa)

Fig. 21. Ec,SCRC experimental value vs Ec,SCRC predicted value (RC proposal and The prediction proposals obtained with vibrated recycled con-
codes). crete have been used to study self-compacting recycled concrete
652 I. González-Taboada et al. / Construction and Building Materials 131 (2017) 641–654
behaviour (with compressive strength values in the range of 60–
80 MPa), analysing their accuracy when this concrete is used.
Regarding these results, the main conclusions are as follows:

As in vibrated recycled concrete, SCRC compressive strength,
modulus of elasticity and splitting tensile strength decrease
when the content of recycled coarse aggregate increases. It
has been confirmed that, regarding these properties, the incor-
poration of recycled concrete coarse aggregate affects SCC to a
similar extent as vibrated concrete.

It has been stated that code expression does not provide the
same approximation degree in SCRC as in SCC when calculating
modulus of elasticity. Consequently, it has been corroborated
that it is necessary to modify this expression by introducing a
correction coefficient. Therefore, the suitability of the correction
coefficient adjusted to maintain the same approximation degree
in conventional and recycled vibrated concrete modulus predic-
tion was analysed. The results aim to conclude that it can be
used with the same accuracy in vibrated recycled concrete as
in SCRC.

Regarding splitting tensile strength, it has been stated that code
expression provides the same approximation degree in SCRC as
in SCC. Consequently, it has been corroborated that, as in
vibrated recycled concrete, it is not necessary to modify this
expression by introducing any correction coefficient.

Finally, accepting that code expressions (used in vibrated con-
crete) are suitable for the prediction of SCC modulus and split-
ting tensile strength, also specific expressions adjusted in a
previous work with vibrated recycled concrete can be accepted
to predict SCRC modulus and splitting tensile strength. In this
case, it has to be expected that, as occurs in conventional SCC,
modulus prediction is going to overestimate SCRC modulus
and splitting tensile prediction is going to underestimate SCRC
splitting tensile strength.
In conclusion, results state that the incorporation of recycled
concrete coarse aggregate affects SCC to a similar extent as affects
vibrated concrete.
Acknowledgements
The study is part of two projects entitled: (a) ‘‘Industrial Inves-
tigation about Concrete for a Sustainable Market (InHorMeS)”
funded by the Innovation Galician Agency; (b) ‘‘Robust self-
compacting recycled concretes: rheology in fresh state and
mechanical properties (Ref: BIA2014-58063-R)” funded by
MINECO (Spain).
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