Republic of the Philippines Quarter 1: Week 11

Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences SELF LEARNING KIT #9

University of Northern Philippines
Lesson 1: Inductive Reasoning
Learning Competencies
The learner will be able to:

● Use different types of reasoning to justify statements and

arguments made about mathematics and mathematical
concepts
● Write clear and logical proofs
● Solve problems involving problems and recreational
problems following Polya’s Four Steps
● Organize one’s methods and approaches to proving and
solving problems

Students’ Perspective

WORKSHEET 9
PROBLEM SOLVING

Name of Teacher: HELEN R. SIEMBRE, MAME

School: University of Northern Philippines-Laboratory Schools
 Generally, it is a situation you want to change!
A problem is a situation that conforms the learner, that requires resolution,
and for which the path of the answer is not immediately known.
There is an obstacle that prevents one from setting a clear path to the
answer.
What is a Problem Solving

🙣 Problem Solving has been defined as higher-order cognitive process

that requires the modulation and control of more routine or
fundamental skills" (Goldstein & Levin, 1987).
Barriers to Effective Problem Solving

🙣 Failure to recognize the problem

Teachers’ perspective
🙣 Conceiving the problem too narrowly

🙣 Making a hasty choice

🙣 Failure to consider all consequences

🙣 Failure to consider the feasibility of the solution

A. Understanding Reasoning
Mathematical reasoning refers to the ability of a person to analyze
problem situations and construct logical arguments to justify his process or
hypothesis, to create both conceptual foundations and connections, in
order for him to be able to process available information.
NCTM pointed out that….

What is a problem? People who can reason and think analytically tend
 A baby cries, then cries, then cries to get a milk.
🙣 To note patterns, structure, or regularities in both real-world situations
and symbolic objects; We conclude that if a baby cries, he/she gets a milk.
Example 2:
🙣 To ask if those patterns are accidental or if they occur for a reason
Here is a sequence of numbers: 3, 6, 9, 12, ____
🙣 To conjecture and prove What is the 5th number?

Reasoning We can easily conclude that the next number is 15.

Students are expected to: Example 3:

1. Define a statement You are asked to find the 6th and 7th term in the sequence:

2. Identify the hypothesis and conclusion in a statement 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ______ , _____

3. Write conditional statements The first two numbers differ by 2. The 2nd and 3rd numbers differ by 3.
The next difference is 4, then 5. So, the next difference will be 6 and Thus the
4. Write the Converse, Inverse, Contrapositive of a given conditional
6th term is 15+ 6 = 21 while the 7th is 21 + 7 = 28.
statement.
Take note!
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
What kind of thinking is used when solving problems? 🙣 Inductive reasoning is not used just to predict the next number in
a list.
🙣 Inductive or deductive?
🙣 We use inductive reasoning to make a conjecture about an
Inductive Reasoning
arithmetic procedure.
The type of reasoning that forms a conclusion based on the examination
of specific examples is called inductive reasoning. 🙣 Make a conjecture about the example 2 and 3 in the previous slide…
Specific Examples Conclusion Take note:
The conclusion formed by using inductive reasoning is often called a Conclusions based on inductive reasoning may be incorrect.
conjecture, since it may or may not be correct.
As an illustration, consider the circles shown. For each circle, all possible line
Examples segments have been drawn to connect each dot on the circle with all the
Example 1: other dots on the circle. For each circle, count the number of regions formed
by the line segments that connect the dots on the circle.
 For all numbers x:
a. |𝑥| > 0
2
b. 𝑥 > 𝑥
−1
c. 𝑥 < 𝑥

🙣 Verify that each of the following statements is a false statement by

finding a counterexample.
For all numbers x:

REFERENCES:
MMW FACULTY
Chapter 3 Module (2020). Problem Solving- Department of Mathematics and
Natural Sciences. University of Northern Philippines Vigan City

Counterexamples

🙣 A statement is a true statement provided that it is true in all cases. If you

can find one case for which a statement is not true, called a
counterexample, then the statement is a false statement

🙣 Verify that each of the following statements is a false statement by finding

a counterexample.