Comprehensive Health Assessment General Appearance:: Head

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Cotabato Medical Foundation College, Inc.

Quezon Ave. Poblacion 8, Midsayap, Cotabato


Tel: 064-229-8207

COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH ASSESSMENT

General Appearance:
Apparent age: The appearance is younger than her age
• General appearance: Looks well, No signs of distress, appears comfortable
• Grooming: Well groom/wearing clean clothes/neat
• Hygiene: My Patient is clean and has good hygiene
• Odors: My Patient has No bad odors
• Nutritional status: Overweight but manifest weight loss
• Level of consciousness: Conscious
• Speech: Normal speech/Normal Volume
• Affect: Normal
• Gait: Normal Gait
• Posture: Regular/Posture erect/Normal spinal curve
• Movements: Can flex, can move, can extend, Can Walk
• Gross deformities: No deformities
• Signs of distress: Appears Comfortable

Integumentary:
1. Inspect color and lesions throughout examination
My Patient’s skin color is fair, No lesions and No edema, My Patient has scar at
her left leg, and her skin is oily and no excessive dryness.

2. Palpate temperature, turgor, and texture throughout examination


My Patient’s skin is warm which mean in normal range, The turgor skin springs
back to previous state is elastic.

HEENT:
Head:
1. Inspect size, shape, symmetry, position, hair distribution, and lesions
The head of my Patient is rounded shape, symmetric nasolabial, the position is
center at her body and No lesions or scar.

2. Palpate scalp mobility, tenderness, and hair texture


My Patient’s hair texture is smooth and oily, evenly distributed and has no
tenderness.

Face:
1. Inspect symmetry of nasolabial folds and palpebral fissures
The face of My Patient is symmetrically aligned and symmetric nasolabial folds.

2. Palpate temporal arteries and TMJ


My Patient’s temporal arteries can be felt, smooth symmetrical motion with no
pain.
Cotabato Medical Foundation College, Inc.
Quezon Ave. Poblacion 8, Midsayap, Cotabato
Tel: 064-229-8207

3. Test ROM
My Patient’s facial movement are symmetrical, and there is no dropping of
eyelids or mouth, No involuntary movements of my patient’s face.
4. Test facial sensation (CN V), facial expression, and ability to smile and frown (CN
VII)

My Patient’s Facial sensation and Facial expression is Normal and appropriate in


situations, also ability to smile and frown.

Eyes:
1. Test visual acuity near/far with Snellen chart (CN II)
My Patient’s both eye visual have myopia or nearsightedness

2. Color vision
The color vision of My Patient is appropriate to the situation.

3. Peripheral vision by confrontation


When looking straight ahead, My Patient can see the object in the periphery.

4. EOM in 6 cardinal fields (CN III, IV, VI)


My Patient can able to see EOM in 6 Cardinal directions of gage of the object.

5. Corneal light reflex


The eye pupils of My Patient constrict when looking at the near object or when
using a pen light.

6. Cover/uncover test
My Patient can see the object clearly when she cover/uncover her one eye with
her arms when its near or far.

7. Corneal reflex/blink reflex


My Patient can blink normally or bilateral blinking both eyes coordinated and
can move with parallel alignment.

8. Inspect external structures of the eye


The eyebrows of My Patient is evenly distributed, the skin quality and movement
is symmetrically aligned the Eyelashes is equally distributed and the eyelids is
intact, no lesions, no discharges and no discoloration.

9. Test pupillary reaction


My Patient pupils constricted when looking at the near object and dilated when
looking at far object.

10. Palpate lacrimal glands and ducts


There has no swelling and no tenderness.

11. Perform fundoscopic examination


Cotabato Medical Foundation College, Inc.
Quezon Ave. Poblacion 8, Midsayap, Cotabato
Tel: 064-229-8207

Ears:
1. Inspect/palpate external ear
My Patient’s external ear is distal contains hair follies and glands.

2. Check angle of attachment


My Patient’s ear angle attachment is symmetrically aligned.

3. Perform Weber, Rinne, and whisper tests (CN VIII)


My Patient can response normal voice tones audible, and able to repeat the
phrases correctly in both ears, And the sound is heard in both ears.

4. Perform orthoscopic exam


The ear canal of my patient is clear and has no tenderness or swelling, The
hearing is intact.

Nose and Sinuses:


1. Palpate sinuses and nasal patency
My patient nasal has no tenderness or no masses, and the air moves freely as the
client breathes.

2. Test sense of smell (CN I)


My Patient’s sense of smell is normal she can smell scents or odors

3. Inspect nasal mucosa, septum, and turbinate’s


My Patient nasal mucosa is pink and has no tenderness the
nasal septum is intact.

Mouth:
1. Inspect/palpate lips, oral mucosa, teeth and gingiva, tongue
My Patient lips is smooth and no excessively dryness her teeth is 32 and the
tongue of My patient is no discoloration

2. Test sense of taste on anterior/posterior tongue (CN VII, IX)


My Patient sense of taste on anterior and posterior tongue is Normal.

3. Test mobility of tongue (CN XII)


The tongue of My patient can move freely in lateral and inferior movement.

4. Test gag reflex (CN IX, X)


My patient gag reflex is normal or regular.

5. Palpate parotids and submandibular gland


My patient’s parotids and submandibular gland has no signs of enlargement and
has no tenderness, and its normal.
Cotabato Medical Foundation College, Inc.
Quezon Ave. Poblacion 8, Midsayap, Cotabato
Tel: 064-229-8207

Neck:
1. Inspect, palpate, and auscultate thyroid
My patient has not visible on glands ascends during swallowing.

2. Palpate and auscultate carotids and jugulars


My patient carotid is elastic arterial wall and no sound heard in auscultation.

3. Measure JVP
The JVP measures 6cm which is in normal range

4. Palpate lymph nodes


My Patient’s Lymph nodes has not palpable, No enlargement and no tenderness.

5. Palpate tracheal position


My Patient tracheal position is at the central placement in midline of neck.

6. Fist/blunt percuss stroke Tenderness


My Patient first blunt stroke is resonant sound and there has no presence of
asymmetry in position notes.

Anterior Thorax/Breast:
1. Inspect and palpate breast and lymph nodes with patient in various positions
The breast of My patient is even with the chest wall, the skin is uniform in color,
smooth and intact, No discoloration and hyper Pigmentation, No edema and
masses.

Anterior Thorax/Lungs:
1. Inspect AP: lateral ratio
My Patient has normal ches5 ratio which is 1:2

2. Palpate excursion and fremitus


The Respiratory excursion is fully symmetry, thumbs separated in 3 to 5 cm, the
fremitus decreased over heart and breast, has a bilateral symmetry of vocal
fremitus.

3. Percuss chest
The percussion notes resonate down to the sixty rib at the level of the
diaphragm, flat over areas of heavy muscles and bone heard, No dullness and
areas over lungs.

4. Auscultate breath sounds


The breath sound of My patient are vesicular and broncho vesicular, and there is
no presence of crackles.
Cotabato Medical Foundation College, Inc.
Quezon Ave. Poblacion 8, Midsayap, Cotabato
Tel: 064-229-8207

Anterior Thorax/Heart:
Inspect and palpate precordium for pulsations
The precordium of My Patient has no pulsations and no irregularities.

2. Note PMI
Noted PMI is the 4th or 5th intercostal space.

3. Auscultate heart sounds


The result is 85Bpm which is in normal, nor abnormalities and the pulsation is
normal and has no turbulent blood flow or murmur sound.

Upper Extremities:
Palpate brachial, radial, and ulnar pulses
MY Patient has normal brachial, radial, ulnar pulses are easily palpated and
equal in strength.

2. Perform Allen test


My Patient Allen test shows that the color of her palm return immediately to its
pinkish color after blacking the radial within 2 seconds.

3. Perform Tinel and Phalen tests for carpal tunnel


My Patient cannot feel any tingling sensation upon doing the tinel and phalen
test.
4. Check color, temperature, capillary refill, deformities, clubbing
My Patient has pinkish skin color and the temperature is warm and the capillary
refill immediately return to its color and has no deformities.

5. Inspect joints for deformities


My Patient has no presence of any joints deformities.

6. Test hand grip


The Patient has normal hand grip in both hands.

7. Check ROM and strength


My patient has symmetrical movement and have a 100% strength without any
presence of deformities.

8. Measure arm lengths and circumferences


My Patient costal angle is less than 90° and the ribs insert into the spine approx.

9. Test pronator drift


My Patient both arms and legs motion are normal she can flex, bend, and extend
properly.

10. Test coordination with RAM and finger-thumb opposition


The finger and thumb of my patient can rapidly touch each finger to thumb with
each hand.

11. Test accuracy of movements with point-to-point localization


My Patient point to point localization can perform with accuracy and rapidly.
Cotabato Medical Foundation College, Inc.
Quezon Ave. Poblacion 8, Midsayap, Cotabato
Tel: 064-229-8207

12. Test superficial and deep sensations


My Patient superficial and deep sensation can rapidly determine the position of
fingers and toes.

13. Test DTRs of upper Extremities


The DTRs of upper extremities of My patient shows normal with no presence of
abnormalities.

Abdomen:
Inspect size, shape, symmetry, and movements (respirations, pulsations, peristalsis)
My Patient has rounded abdomen and symmetrical movement caused by
respiration and not visible aortic pulsations.

2. Test for hernias


My Patient has no signs of hernias.

3. Auscultate bowel sounds and vascular sounds


My Patient has audible bowel sounds and has absence of arterial bruits.

4. Percuss abdomen and organs


My Patient has tympani over the stomach and gas filled bowel in the epigastric
region.

If ascites is present, test for shifting dullness or fluid wave


No ascites present in the patient abdomen.

5. Palpate abdominal organs (liver, spleen, kidneys), aorta, inguinal nodes, and femoral
Arteries
My Patient has no presence of tenderness, relaxed abdomen with smooth
consistent tension.

Extremities:
Inspect color, hair distribution, varicose veins
My Patient skin integrity is uniform in color the hair is evenly distributed and
has no varicose veins.

2. Perform Trendelenburg test or manual compression test to check venous circulation,


if indicated
There is no veins present in My patient lower extremities.

3. Palpate popliteal and pedal pulses, and temperature


The temperature of my patient is warm which is in normal range.

4. Inspect condition of feet and toenails, note lesions and deformities


The feet of My patient and toenails is in good condition No lesions and no
deformities.
Cotabato Medical Foundation College, Inc.
Quezon Ave. Poblacion 8, Midsayap, Cotabato
Tel: 064-229-8207

Test ROM of lower extremities


My Patient can demonstrate bilateral equal condition and can move smoothly
with coordination.

6. Measure leg lengths and circumferences


The leg lengths of My Patient are equal in size on both side of the body.

7. Perform straight leg test if indicated


My Patient can perform straight leg.

8. Perform patellar tap or bulge sign if fluid is suspected


My Patient has no signs of any fluid suspected

9. Perform Apley’s and McMurray’s tests if indicated


My Patient can flex and extend lower extremities, no clicks sound heard and no
inflammation or swelling.

10. Perform Lachman test if indicated


My Patient can move the joints side to side and up and down, There is no injury
noted.

11. Test muscle strength of lower extremities


My Patient has equal strength on each muscles area, 100% normal strength,
normal full movement against gravity.

12. Test superficial and deep sensations of lower extremities


My Patient has no superficial and able to discriminate “sharp” and “dull”
sensations can rapidly determine.

13. Inspect gait, toe and heel walking tandem walk, deep knee bend
My Patient has upright posture and strength gait with opposing arm swing,
maintaining balance.

14. Perform Romberg test


My Patient is Ability maintain balance within 5 seconds.

15. Have patient toe-tap and run heel down shin


My patient has coordination of motor strength. There is no abnormal loss of
strength.

Test Achilles, patellar, and plantar reflexes and DTRs


My Patient patellar responds percussion done in deep tenders, there is no injury
found.

Female Genitalia/Rectum:
Inspect/palpate external and internal genitalia
My Patient genitalia/rectum shows kinky or curly pubic hair and skin is intact
and no lesions
Cotabato Medical Foundation College, Inc.
Quezon Ave. Poblacion 8, Midsayap, Cotabato
Tel: 064-229-8207

2. Obtain specimens as indicated


_________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Inspect and palpate rectum for masses
My Patient rectum has no masses.

4. Test stool for occult blood

Male Genitalia/Rectum:
1. Inspect and palpate male genitalia
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Inspect and palpate rectum for masses, prostate
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Test stool for occult blood
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Cotabato Medical Foundation College, Inc.
Quezon Ave. Poblacion 8, Midsayap, Cotabato
Tel: 064-229-8207

NURSING HEALTH HISTORY

Biographical Data (10 points):


Name (Optional): ELLA S. MATABALAO Address: Poblacion Datu Piang Maguindanao
Phone number (Optional: 09275400798 Contact: 09275400798
Age: 48 Birth date: August 8 Birthplace: COTABATO CITY
Gender: FEMALE Civil Status: Married. Ethnicity/Nationality: __Maguindanaon_____
Referral: ____________ Number of dependents _3_ Health Insurance: __Philhealth_______
Educational level: ____College Graduate____
Informant: ____________________________

Reason for Seeking Health Care (5 points):


Primary level: (Usual state of health, major health problems, usual patterns of health care, health
concerns)
___Frequent acid reflux__________________________________________________________

Secondary and tertiary levels: (Identify chief complaint and do symptom analysis)
Upper abdominal pain and sometimes a burning sensation in chest usually after eating which
becomes worst at night

Past Health History (20 points):


Childhood illnesses:
My patient had chickenpox when she was child and also had fever and cough.

2. Hospitalizations
My Patient said that she was hospitalized several times.

Surgeries
My Patient has no experience with surgeries.

4. Serious injuries
No Serious injuries

5. Chronic illnesses
No Chronic illnesses

6. Immunizations
My Patient said that she is already immunized, she has been vaccinated with covid vaccine last
month.

7. Allergies
My Patient has no allergies on skin or drugs.

8. Medications
She used to take medicine before but now she said that she already stop taking medicine because
she’s feeling well now.

9. Recent travel
No recent travel

10. Military service


No military service
Cotabato Medical Foundation College, Inc.
Quezon Ave. Poblacion 8, Midsayap, Cotabato
Tel: 064-229-8207

Family Health History (10 points):


Patient
_____The sometimes complain of hyperacidity and upper abdominal pain______________

2. Spouse
Her husband is high blood

3. Children
Patient’s children are all well and so far no problem with their health
______________________________________________________________________

4. Parents
____The patient’s parents are both hypertensive

5. Siblings
_____The patient has no siblings______________________________________________

6. Aunts/uncles
_____The patient’s aunts and uncles had high blood and some had diabetes_________

7. Grandparents
_____One of the grandparents is hypertensive____________________________________

Review of Systems (20 points):

General health status


The patient’s general health status has no unusual problems, no exercise intolerance and does not
manifest easy fatigability _________________________
2. Integumentary
She had no problem with her skin, and no allergies

3. HEENT
My patient said that she doesn’t have pain in her nose, mouth and eyes

4. Respiratory
My Patient has normal breathing and no any abnormalities in her respiratory.

5. Cardiovascular
___the patient has no chest pain, palpitations, murmurs and no noted weakness, does not feel
dizziness and hands and feet do not feel cold numb and cold

6. Breasts
No nodules and lumps were noted, no tenderness and the breasts are symmetrical in size, no
unusual redness _______________________________________________________

7. Gastrointestinal
There is no tenderness but GERD is being suspected as there is heartburn.

8. Genitourinary
The patient does not have painful urination, no backpain and urine is pale yellow in color
Cotabato Medical Foundation College, Inc.
Quezon Ave. Poblacion 8, Midsayap, Cotabato
Tel: 064-229-8207

9.Female/male reproductive
My Patient has normal and regular menstruation.

10. Musculoskeletal
Since I already assessed her musculoskeletal there has no abnormalities or deformities on her
bones or muscles and has no tenderness, swelling.

11. Neurological
My Patient seems oriented.

12. Lymphatic/hematological
___There is no visible lumps and nodes are accessible to palpitation but not large or firm enough
to be felt. No unusual bleeding and normal complete blood count_______________

Developmental (5 points):

Current developmental level


_____Current developmental level is normal and appropriate for her age, the patient is in the
middle adulthood stage

Psychosocial (20 points):

Health practices and beliefs/self-care activities


___The patient is fond of skipping breakfast and her type of work is sedentary___________

Typical day
She said that she cleans the house every day and cooks for her family.

3. Nutritional pattern
___Usually skips breakfast and have her brunch at noontime and usually does not eat for dinner

4. Activity/exercise
The patient usually does household chores every morning which becomes her exercise everyday

5. Recreation, pets, hobbies


Her hobbies are cooking and eating, she also like cats

6. Sleep/rest patterns
Usually has sleep disturbance when her acid reflux attacks, but usually sleeps at 10PM and
wakes up at 4 to 5AM in normal situation

7. Personal habits (tobacco, alcohol, caffeine, and drugs)


No Personal habits

8. Occupational health patterns


___Usually goes to work at morning and goes home in the afternoon, annual medical check-up is
also required in their type of work
Cotabato Medical Foundation College, Inc.
Quezon Ave. Poblacion 8, Midsayap, Cotabato
Tel: 064-229-8207

9. Socioeconomic status
_____The patient belongs to the average income group of economic status

10. Environmental health patterns


______The patient is very careful in using products that may cause danger to environment and
people’s health

11. Roles, relationships, self- concept


_____The patient is a family oriented person and has a good relationship with her family and
friends

12. Cultural/religious influences


My Patient said that she is Islam.

13. Family roles/relationships


Mother of 2 sons and 2 daughters

14. Sexuality patterns


The patient has moderately active sexual life with her husband

15. Social supports


___The patient is active in her advocacy towards social health especially precautionary measures
in preventing diseases

Stress/coping patterns
____The patient has a very positive outlook in life and handle problems and stresses smoothly,
she does not think or focus much on problems
Cotabato Medical Foundation College, Inc.
Quezon Ave. Poblacion 8, Midsayap, Cotabato
Tel: 064-229-8207

Documentation (10 points)


Cluster the data and formulate at least 5 nursing diagnosis.

Cluster of Data Nursing Diagnosis


S: Hindi po ako masyado nakakatulog pag
umaatake ang sakit ko sa tiyan Sleep disturbance related to frequent
abdominal pain
O: Eyebags are visible in her eyes

S: masakit po masyado ang aking tiyan lalo na sa


bandang taas parang may pressure na Acute abdominal pain related to gastro
nagpupush pataas esophageal reflux disease

O: Gimace on her face


S: Parang kumikirot po banda dito sa aking
dibdib mam Chest pain related to inflammation of
esophageal tissues caused by gastric reflux
O: put hands on her chest with a grimace on her
face
S: hindi na po ako masyadong kumakain ngayon
mam kasi pag nalalagyan ng pagkain ang tiyan Imbalanced Nutrition related to inability to
ko ay sumaskit intake food because of epigastric pain after
eating
O: Weight loss manifested by her weight records
from 83kls. Down to 73kls.

S: Nasusuka ako mam Nausea and vomiting related to gastric


reflux
O: vomitous comes out of her mouth
Cotabato Medical Foundation College, Inc.
Quezon Ave. Poblacion 8, Midsayap, Cotabato
Tel: 064-229-8207

Nursing Objective of Nursing Actions


Date / Cues Needs Evaluation
Diagnosis w/ Rationale Care with Rationale
1. Assess reports of abdominal cramping or pain, Outcome met.
S- “Masakit P Acute abdominal pain After 8 hours of noting location, duration, intensity (0-10 scale) The client still
masyado ang aking related to ulcers, hyper nursing
H interventions, the
Report changes in pain characteristic. verbalizes pain
tiyan lalo na sa acidity or acid reflux and discomfort
bandang taas Y pain and
S discomfort will be Rationale: change in pain characteristics may indicate but on minimal
parang may
reduced and pain developing complications scale. States “the
pressure na I
nagpupush pataas” scale will reduce pain is a 2” (on a
O from 8/10 to 2/10 2. Provide comfort measures such as back rub, scale of 0–10) 30
O- Pain scale of
L therapeutic touch. minutes after a
8/10, facial O parenteral
grimace, guarding G Rationale: Provides non- pharmacologic pain analgesic
behavior, body I management. administration.
weakness, C
abdominal
distension
N 3. Provide the patient optimal pain relief with
E prescribed analgesics.
E
D Rationale: Each client has a right to expect maximum
S pain relief. Optimal pain relief using analgesics includes
determining the preferred route, drug, dosage, and
frequency for each individual. Medications ordered on
a prn basis should be offered to the client at the
interval when the next dose is available.
4. Evaluate the effectiveness of the pain control
measures used through ongoing assessment of
the patient’s pain experience.

Rationale: Research shows that the most common


reason for unrelieved pain is failure to routinely assess
pain and pain relief. Many clients silently tolerate pain
if not specifically asked about it.

Cotabato Medical Foundation College, Inc.


Quezon Ave. Poblacion 8, Midsayap, Cotabato
Tel: 064-229-8207

DRUG STUDY

Generic Dosage and Pharmacologic


Ordered Classificatio Name Route of Effects / Nursing
Indication Contraindication Side Effects
Medicine n (Brand Administratio Mechanism of Responsibilities
Name) n Action

Omeprazol Proton pump PRILOSEC Dosage: 40mg Gastric acid-pump  Symptomatic  Clostridium CNS: headache, Assess other
e inhibitor inhibitor: Suppresses gastroesopga eal reflux difficile infection  dizziness, medications patient may
Frequency: OD gastric acid secretion disease (GERD) Inadequate Vitamin asthenia GI: be taking for
by specific inhibition without esophageal B12  low amount diarrhea, effectiveness and
Route: IVTT of the hydrogen- lesions  Erosive of magnesium in abdominal pain, interactions (especially
esophagitis and the blood  Liver nausea, vomiting, those dependent on
potassium ATPase
accompanying Problems  constipatio n, cytochrome P450
enzyme system at
symptoms caused by Interstitial flatulence metabolism or those
the secretory surface Musculosk eletal:
GERD  Maintenance Nephritis  dependent on acid
of the gastric parietal back pain environment for
of healing erosive subacute cutaneous
cells; blocks the final Respirator y: absorption). Monitor
esophagitis  lupus
step of acid cough, upper therapeutic effectiveness
Pathologic erythematosus 
production hypersecretor y respiratory tract and adverse reactions at
Systemic Lupus
conditions eg infection Skin: beginning of therapy
Erythematosus 
ZollingerEllison rash and periodically
Osteoporosis 
syndrome  Duodenal throughout therapy.
Broken Bone 
ulcer (short term Assess GI system:
CYP2C19 Poor
treatment)  bowel sounds every
Metabolizer 
Helocobacter pylori 8hours, abdomen for
Hypersensitivity to
ibfection and duodenal pain and swelling,
drug or its
ulcer disease, to appetite loss.
components
eradicate H.pylori with
clarithromycin (dual
therapy)  H.pylori
infection and duodenal
ulcer disease, to
eradicate H.pylori with
clarithromycin and
amoxicillin (triple
therapy)  Short -term
treatment of active
benign ulcer
Cotabato Medical Foundation College, Inc.
Quezon Ave. Poblacion 8, Midsayap, Cotabato
Tel: 064-229-8207

JOURNAL READINGS RELATED TO THE CASE


(Attach the photocopy of your journal reading)

Summary

An international consensus group has defined GERD as a condition that develops when reflux of
stomach contents causes troublesome symptoms with or without complications. Typical symptoms that
lead to the diagnosis of GERD are regurgitation and heartburn. As much as 16% of the US
population complains of regurgitation, and 6% report clinically troublesome heartburn. However,
while these symptoms are specific for the disease, they are insensitive markers of reflux. GERD
symptoms can worsen with lying recumbent, especially after meals.
Of note, dysphagia can be a symptom of uncomplicated GERD, but its presence warrants more
intensive examination and potential intervention, as it can be caused by strictures, rings, malignancy,
or esophageal dysmotility. Chest pain is another symptom often associated with GERD, but a cardiac
cause should be considered and ruled out before GERD is considered. Other symptoms of GERD
include dyspepsia, nausea, bloating, sore throat, globus sensation, and epigastric pain.

Reaction

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is mainly a clinical diagnosis based on typical symptoms of
heartburn and acid regurgitation as manifested by my patient. Current guidelines indicate that
patients with typical symptoms should first try a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). If reflux symptoms
persist after 8 weeks on a PPI, endoscopy of the esophagus is recommended, with biopsies taken to
rule out eosinophilic esophagitis. The key point here is the diagnosis of GERD is mainly symptom-
based and often does not require endoscopic confirmation. Endoscopy is warranted in patients with
red-flag symptoms such as dysphagia, anemia, weight loss, bleeding, and recurrent vomiting. PPIs
are the first-line medical therapy. Histamine 2 receptor antagonists are mainly used to treat
breakthrough nocturnal symptoms. Endoscopic and surgical options exist but are pursued only if
medical therapy fails.

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