Class II restorations in primary teeth: 7-year study on three resin-

modified glass ionomer cements and a compomer, april 2004,

European j of oral science
Keywords:

 cariostatic effects;
 clinical trials;
 dental restorations;
 long-term behavior;
 pedodontics

The aim of this randomized study was to compare the longevity and cariostatic effects of 1565 class
II restorations in primary teeth placed by 15 clinicians in the Danish Public Dental Health Service in
971 children, aged 3.6–14.9 yr. The restorations were performed using three resin-modified glass
ionomer cements and one compomer (polyacid-modified composite resin) with and without their
respective cavity conditioners. The restorations were in contact with 1023 unrestored proximal
surfaces in 853 primary and 170 permanent teeth. The study was terminated after 7 yr with 1% of the
restorations in function, 7% patient dropouts, 18% failed restorations, and operative treatment on
24% of the adjacent surfaces. Multivariate survival analyses showed that the restorative material and
cavity conditioning influenced the survival of restorations but not the progression of caries on
adjacent surfaces. The 50% survival times were estimated to exceed 5 yr for the restorations and 4.5
yr for the adjacent unfilled surfaces in all treatment groups. It was concluded that resin-modified glass
ionomer cement and compomer are both appropriate materials for class II restorations in primary
teeth. The differences in longevity and cariostatic effects among the four materials used with and
without conditioner were less than the intra-individual differences between clinicians.

n vitro wear of resin-based materials—

Simultaneous corrosive and abrasive wear, Journal
of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials

1. Gisele Maria Correr1,2,*,

2. Roberta Caroline Bruschi Alonso1,2,
3. Lourenço Correr Sobrinho1,
4. Regina Maria Puppin-Rontani2,
5. Jack Liborio Ferracane3

Article first published online: 16 NOV 2005

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the wear of resin-based materials caused by the association of
abrasive and corrosive processes. Twenty specimens were prepared for each material, cast in epoxy in
acrylic rings, polished, and profiled with an MTS 3D Profiler. Antagonists were made from
deciduous molars. Specimens were distributed into eight groups (n = 10), according to the material
(Filtek Supreme, Point 4, Dyract AP, and Fuji II LC) and the type of slurry (neutral and acidic), and
then cycled 100,000 times in the OHSU oral wear simulator. The specimens were cleaned and
reprofiled. Volume loss and maximum depth were determined. ANOVA and Tukey's test were used
for data analysis (p < 0.05). The area of the wear facet on the antagonist was also measured.
Composites displayed less wear than the compomer and the resin-modified glass ionomer. Significant
differences also were found for cusp wear, with a significant positive correlation shown between cusp
and material wear. The acidic slurry significantly increased the wear of the materials compared to the
neutral slurry. Exposure to acidic slurry accelerated the wear of resin-based materials. © 2005 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006

Marginal seal of sealant and compomer

materials with and without enameloplasty,
International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry

1. F. S. Salama,
2. N. S. Al-Hammad

Article first published online: 1 FEB 2002

Summary. Objectives. This in vitro study evaluated the quality of marginal seal and fissure
penetration of a resin-sealant (Concise) and a compomer restorative material (F2000) with and
without enameloplasty.

Sample and design. Thirty extracted sound human permanent third molar teeth were divided into six
groups of five and used in this in vitro study.

Methods. Occlusal surfaces of the teeth in different groups were either left intact or prepared using a
#582 S diamond bur. Teeth were then restored with Concise and F2000 restorative materials using
combinations of different surface treatments. Teeth were prepared for microleakage, then immersed
in 5% methylene blue for 4 h, and subsequently sectioned into four bucco-lingual sections. Sections
(20 per group) were examined using a stereomicroscope. The following parameters were evaluated:
marginal leakage, marginal gap, voids and filling defects, as well as enamel fissure penetration.

Results. Kruskal–Wallis one-way anova showed statistically significant differences between the
groups for marginal leakage (P < 0·0001), marginal gap (P < 0·001), and enamel fissure penetration
(P < 0·001). No statistically significant differences between the groups for voids and filling defects
were detected. Non-parametric Tukey’s multiple range test showed that microleakage of sealant with
acid etch and tooth preparation and compomer with acid etch, bonding agent and tooth preparation
were statistically significantly less than that of compomer with bonding agent and no tooth
preparation (P < 0·0001) and compomer with bonding agent and tooth preparation (P < 0·01).

Conclusions. Microleakage is similar when sealant with acid etching, and compomer with acid
etching and bonding agent, are used with and without enameloplasty. Marginal gap is more evident in
the compomer group with bonding agent and without enameloplasty. Enamel fissure penetration is
better when enameloplasty and acid etching are used.

The effect of temperature on viscoelastic

properties of glass ionomer cements and
compomers, journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials

1. M. Helvatjoglu-Antoniades1,*,
2. Y. Papadogiannis1,
3. R. S. Lakes2,3,4,
4. G. Palaghias1,
5. D. Papadogiannis5

Article first published online: 21 JUL 2006

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine the viscoelastic properties of different types of glass
ionomer cements (GICs) and compomers under varying temperature conditions found in the mouth.
The materials tested were a conventional GIC (Aqua Ionofil U), a resin modified GIC (Fuji II LC), a
highly viscous GIC (Voco Ionofil Molar), and two polyacid modified composite resins/compomers
(Glasiosite and Dyract Flow). Six groups of four specimens were prepared from each material. One
group was stored dry for 24 h and was subsequently tested dry at 21°C. Each of the remaining five
groups was stored for 24 h in distilled water at the temperatures 21, 30.5, 37, 43.5, and 50°C,
respectively, and was subsequently tested at that temperature. Shear storage modulus and loss tangent
were determined by conducting dynamic torsional loading. Static shear moduli were determined by
applying a constant torque (below the proportional limit of the materials) for 10 s and recording the
angular deformation of the specimens. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Duncan's test (α= 0.05).
It was found that the viscoelastic properties varied significantly (p < 0.05) across the different
materials. The compomer Glasiosite, with the highest filler content, and the highly viscous GIC Voco
Ionofil Molar exhibited the highest elastic moduli and lowest loss tangents. Viscoelastic properties
varied also significantly (p < 0.05) with temperature levels, but changes in the tested region were not
indicative of a glass transition. Dynamic shear storage moduli were highly correlated to the static
ones. Storage in water lowered the values of elastic moduli. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed
Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007

Compomers in restorative therapy of children:

a literature review, international Journal of Paediatric Dentistry
1. NORBERT KRÄMER1,
 2. ROLAND FRANKENBERGER2

Article first published online: 22 NOV 2006

 Objective. The restoration of carious primary teeth plays an underestimated role in paediatric
dentistry. This is astonishing for many reasons, not least because many new materials have been
introduced in recent years. New or modified techniques and materials, with better aesthetics and
flexural properties, allow minimally invasive treatment. A transfer of techniques between different
dentitions, however, may be problematic because of both micromorphological differences and
compliance. Therefore, this paper deals with options for restoring primary teeth and the early stages
of the mixed dentition using polyacid-modified composites, the so-called compomers.

 Methods. Medline and Embase were scanned from 1990 through 2006. Furthermore, a hand-search
of nonlisted but peer-reviewed papers was performed. The search items were compomer*, dent*,
primary* and deciduous*, which identified 109 relevant publications.

 Conclusions. Based on high clinical success rates, compomers are now an effective alternative to
other materials for restorative therapy in the anterior and posterior primary teeth. A minimum amount
of compliance is still mandatory in order to allow for a few minutes of adhesive pretreatment and
layering without contamination. If this is not the case, compomers make no sense. Stainless steel
crowns are still the most effective from of restoration for severely decayed primary molars.

Color Stability of Compomer after Immersion

in Various Media, Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry

1. NEAMAT ABU-BAKR BDS, MDSc1,*,

2. LINLIN HAN DDS, PHD1,
3. AKIRA OKAMOTO DDS, PHD1,
4. MASAAKI IWAKU DDS, PHD2

Article first published online: 1 JUL 2007

ABSTRACT

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of various media on the color stability
of compomer and to compare these results to those of other materials that could be used in similar
clinical circumstances.

Materials and Methods: In this test, six materials (shade A2) were used: four compomers (Dyract,
Compoglass F, Xeno, F2000), one composite resin (Clearfil AP-X), and one resin-modified glass
ionomer cement (Fuji II LC). There were four test solutions: one alcoholic (whiskey), two low pH
soft drinks (Coca Cola, orange juice), and deionized water as a control. A plastic ring mold (9-mm
diameter x 1-mm height) was used to prepare 120 disk specimens. For 60 days, the test specimens
were immersed in the various media daily for 3 hours then transferred to the deionized water. Color
was measured by CIE L* a* b* relative to CIE source against a white background, using a
colorimeter. Color change (Δ*) was calculated as Δ*= [(δ*)2+ (δ*)2+ (Δ*)2]1/2. Color changes (Δ*)
were recorded after 1, 7, 30, and 60 days.

Results: The results indicated that compomer and resin-modified glass ionomer were susceptible to
discoloration in various solutions over an extended period of time. Composite resin showed minimal
perceptible color change. Specimens immersed in whiskey showed a significantly high perceptible
color change (p < .0001). Water caused no perceptible color changes.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Compomer and resin-modified glass ionomer materials are susceptible to discoloration by various
media.

Dentine bond strength and microleakage of

flowable composite, compomer and glass
ionomer cement, aus dental journal
1. H Xie1,
2. F Zhang1,
3. Y Wu2,
4. C Chen2,
5. W Liu2

Article first published online: 27 NOV 2008

Abstract

 Background: To assess in vitro the dentine bond strength and microleakage of three Class V
restorations viz. flowable composite, compomer and glass ionomer cement.

 Methods: Eighteen dentine specimens were prepared and randomly distributed among three groups.
Three kinds of restoration materials were each bonded on prepared dentine surfaces in three groups as
per the manufacturers’ instructions. Group Aelite: Tyrian SPE (a no-rinse, self-priming
etchant) + One Step Plus (an universal dental adhesive) + Aeliteflo (a flowable composite); Group
Dyract: Prime & Bond NT (a no-rinse, self-priming dental adhesive) + Dyract AP (a compomer);
Group GlasIonomer: GlasIonomer Type II (a self-cured restorative glass ionomer). Fifteen
dentine/restoration microtensile bond test specimens were prepared from each group and were
subjected to microtensile bond strength testing. The bond interfaces were observed morphologically
using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Twenty-four cervical cavities of 4.0 mm mesiodistal
length, 2.0 mm occlusogingival height and 1.5 mm depth were prepared at the cemento-enamel
junction (CEJ) on both buccal and lingual surfaces of each tooth. The cavities were each filled with
flowable composite (Group Aelite), compomer (Group Dyract) and glass ionomer cement (Group
GlasIonomer) using the same material and methods as for the microtensile bond tests. Microleakage
of each restoration was evaluated by the ratio of the length of methylene blue penetration along the
tooth-restoration interface and the total length of the dentine cavity wall on the cut surface.

 Results: One-way ANOVA and least significant difference (LSD) tests revealed statistically
significant differences among the dentine bond strength for Group Aelite (28.4 MPa), Group Dyract
(15.1 MPa) and Group GlasIonomer (2.5 MPa). SEM images showed intimate adaptation in the
restoration/dentine interfaces of Group Aelite and Group Dyract. All of the systems tested in this
study presented microleakage. However, both Group Aelite (0.808) and Group Dyract (0.863) had
significantly less microleakage than Group GlasIonomer (0.964). There were no statistically
significant microleakage differences between Group Aelite and Group Dyract, and no statistically
significant microleakage differences between the occlusal margin and gingival margin.

 Conclusions: None of the systems tested in this study completely eliminated microleakage.
However, both the flowable composite and compomer provided stronger dentine bond strengths and
better margin sealing than the conventional glass ionomer cement. Occlusal forces exerted the same
effects on microleakage of the occlusal margin and gingival margin in cervical cavities.

Calculation of colour resulting from

composite/compomer layering techniques,
journal of oral rehabilitation
1. Y.-K. Lee1,
2. J. M. Powers1,2

Article first published online: 1 NOV 2004

summary  This study determined the influence of optical properties of constituent layers on the colour of
double-layer aesthetic filling materials. Multiple regression equations for the Commission Internationale de
I'Eclairage (CIE) L*, a* and b* of layered materials were calculated from the optical values of the covering and
underlying layers. Specimens (10 mm diameter, 1 mm thickness) of two light-cured resin composites and one
compomer of seven to 11 shades were used. CIE L*, a* and b* values of each specimen were measured with
a colour spectrophotometer backed by a standard white background. The scattering coefficient (S),
absorption coefficient (K), contrast ratio (C) and translucency parameter (T) were calculated. Double-layered
specimens were formed in optical contact by joining two different shades from the same material, or resin
composite as covering with a compomer underlying layer. Each of the L*, a* and b* of layered material was
used as a dependent variable, and 14 optical values of underlying and covering layers were used as
independent variables in forward regression analysis (P = 0·01). CIE L* after layering had a positive correlation
with S of covering layer (correlation coefficient; β = 0·79–0·91, P < 0·01) and a correlation with L* of
underlying layer (β = 0·14–0·16). CIE a* after layering had a correlation with a* of covering layer (β = 0·83–
0·94) and a correlation with a* of underlying layer (β = 0·30–0·56). CIE b* after layering had a correlation with
b* of covering layer (β = 0·77–0·90) and a correlation with T of covering layer (β = 0·40–0·59). The layered
colour of these materials can be predicted by the derived regression equations within the limitations of this
study. CIE L*, a* and b* values of double-layer material are mainly influenced by S, CIE a* and b* of covering
layer, respectively.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Water sorption and solubility of contemporary

resin-based filling materials,journal of
biomedical material research
1. Ralf Janda1,*,
2. Jean-François Roulet2,
3. Mark Latta3,
4. Stefan Rüttermann1

Article first published online: 6 FEB 2007

Abstract

Purpose: Evaluation of water sorption and solubility of contemporary resin-based filling materials.
Methods: Specimens of Herculite (HE), Point 4 (P4), TetricCeram (TC), Miris (MI), TetricCeram HB
(HB), Solitaire 2 (SO), SureFil (SU), Definite (DE), Admira (AD), Dyract AP (DY), Compoglass F
(CO), and TetricFlow (TF) were prepared according to ISO 4049. Water sorption and solubility were
measured after water storage at 37°C for 7 days. Results: Water sorption was HE 14 μg mm−3, P4 17
μg mm−3, TC 12 μg mm−3, MI 13 μg mm−3, HB 9 μg mm−3, SO 18 μg mm−3, SU 9 μg mm−3, DE 14 μg
mm−3, AD 27 μg mm−3, DY 19 μg mm−3, CO 23 μg mm−3, and TF 19 μg mm−3. Solubility was HE 3
μg mm−3, P4 3 μg mm−3, TC 1 μg mm−3, MI 0 μg mm−3, HB 0 μg mm−3, SO 3 μg mm−3, SU 0 μg
mm−3, DE 1 μg mm−3, AD 2 μg mm−3, DY 4 μg mm−3, CO −2 μg mm−3, and TF 1 μg mm−3.
Conclusion: All materials met the corresponding requirement in ISO 4049. Filler load negatively
correlated with water sorption but not with solubility. There was an influence of the resin matrix, too.
No significant differences were found between composites, ormocers, and compomers. © 2007 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007